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© 2023 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.Antiproliferative activity of Achillea vermicularis extracts was calculated on glial (C6) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines using XTT assay. It was observed that all extracts of A. vermicularis at the determined concentration were not cytotoxic in HaCaT cell lines. The nanoparticles (NPs) of the extract with the best cytotoxic activity was prepared, and necessary characterization studies were performed. Results showed that NP containing the extract has a lower IC50 value and more cytotoxic activity in C6 cells compared to the only extract. Furthermore, the antiepileptic potentials of these substances were explored in this study. The effect of A. vermicularis extracts on the enzyme activities of carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) was measured using spectrophotometry to achieve this goal. A. vermicularis extracts demonstrated high inhibitory activities compared to standard inhibitor (acetazolamide, AAZ), with IC50 values in the range of 5.04–10.8 μg/ml for hCA I, and 5.40–9.22 μg/ml for hCA II. High-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was used in this investigation to assess the main chemicals found in the extract and NPs. The results showed that the ethanol extract (157.636 μg/mg extract) and NPs (4.631 μg/mg extract) had a significant amount of the 8-hydroxy salvigenin component.

SciVal Topics Metrics Abstract Lamiaceae is one of the largest families in the plant kingdom, including the genus Stachys and Scutellaria, which are used in many folk medicines throughout the world for the prevention and also the treatment of several disorders. In vitro biological potential of Stachys iberica subsp. stenostachya and Scutellaria orientalis subsp. sosnowskyi were investigated in the current study. The aerial parts of the plants were extracted using different solvents such as n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. In addition, infusions of each plant were prepared. The antioxidant potential of the samples was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS assays, ferrous ion-chelating, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anticholinesterase activity of the extracts was also determined. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to assess the total phenolic content of the samples. The antimicrobial activities of samples were determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against seven bacteria and three Candida spp. yeast. According to the findings, the infusion demonstrated significant antioxidant properties, whilst the extracts demonstrated high-to-moderate antioxidant effects. The n-hexane extracts showed higher antifungal activity against C.parapsilosis and C.tropicalis. These outcomes suggest that these two species from Turkey could be employed in the manufacture of phytopharmaceuticals. 2-s2.0-85120816133

Acute wounds are a common health problem, with millions of people affected and decreased granulation tissue formation and vascularization, it is also a big challenge for wound care researchers to promote acute wound healing around the globe. This study aims to produce and characterize Satureja cuneifolia plant extract (SC)-blended with sodium alginate (SA) /polyethylene glycol (PEG) scaffolds for the potential treatment of diabetic ulcer. SA/PEG scaffolds were prepared by adding different concentrations (1, 3, and 5 wt%) of PEG to 9 wt% SA. The morphological and chemical composition of the resulting 3D printed composite scaffolds was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Mechanical and thermal properties, swelling, and degradation behaviours were also investigated. The release kinetics of SC were performed. The antimicrobial analysis was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus strains. 3D printed scaffolds have shown an excellent antibacterial effect, especially against gram-positive bacteria due to the antibacterial SC extract they contain. Furthermore, the cell viability of fibroblast (L929) cells on/within scaffolds were determined by the colourimetric MTT assay. The SA/PEG/SC scaffolds show a great promising potential candidate for diabetic wound healing and against bacterial infections.

Equisetum L. is the only genus of the Equisetaceae family, which commonly known as horsetails, in English and atkuyruğu or kırkkilit in Turkish. In traditional medicine, Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. is used in diseases of the urinary system, such as pyelonephritis, prostatic hypertrophy, and cystitis. Besides, this species is known to be used by humans to treat kidney stones or kidney sand. The extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of the E. telmateia using three different extraction methods (maceration, Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath) and their antioxidant (ABTS, CUPRAC), anti-urease and anticholinesterase activities were examined. Also, calcium oxalate anti-crystallization activity of Soxhlet methanol extract showing strong antioxidant activity was determined. Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited stronger ABTS radical scavenging (0.0676 mM Trolox/mg extract) and cupric ion reducing/antioxidant (4.351 mM Trolox/mg extract) activity than other extracts. Soxhlet methanol (65.528%) and maceration methanol (61.965%) extracts showed the strongest anticholinesterase activity. In the anti-urease assay, it was found that Soxhlet petroleum ether extract (15.302%) had the highest anti-urease activity. Furthermore, the data obtained showed that the Soxhlet methanol extract had high efficacy in the nucleation and aggregation phase of calcium oxalate crystals. These results prove that Soxhlet methanol extract has antioxidant, anticholinesterase and anti-crystallization capabilities. Therefore, this extract can be used in the future as an antioxidant and anticholinesterase agent as well as the treatment and / or prevention of stone formation.

Free radicals are shown as the main reason of many chronic and degenerative diseases. Because of the toxicity and undesirable effects of synthetic antioxidants, finding of new antioxidant natural agents is very important, especially edible plants. As an edible plant, valerian is used for various aims. Also, Valeriana species are known with their antioxidative compounds. In our previous study, some biological activities of Valeriana alliariifolia Adams roots extracts, collected in 2012, and the chemical compositions of active samples were determined. For this study, after 5 years collected plant materials were investigated again to determine and compare the antioxidant activities, the total phenolic contents and the chemical composition profile of the extracts from different plant-parts and to compare obtained results with the previous data. While RWI, RWM1 and RWM1residue were found most active by DPPH method and AHM1 by FRAP method, REM1 showed the highest activity by CUPRAC method. The high activity of AHM1 is parallel to its phenolic content. It can be thought that the difference between the results of our two studies, is due to the change of plant content from year to year and various environmental factors. This is important for achieving standardization in the production of its preparations.

This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-urease, anticholinesterase, and antiproliferative activities of different extracts of A. magnifica. The active compounds were isolated from chloroform extract, which has the strongest antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. The structures of the isolated compounds (elenolic acid, luteolin, eupatilin) were examined using spectroscopic techniques (NMR, UV, HR-MS). The antioxidant and antiproliferative effects of isolated compounds showed lower biological activity than those of the chloroform extract. Therefore, chitosan nanoparticles were prepared with this extract and characterized. The cytotoxic activities of the chitosan nanoparticles were examined, and they were found to have a strong antiproliferative activity similar to that of the chloroform extract. The ethanol extract had strong anti-urease and anticholinesterase activity compared with other extracts. Therefore, phenolic compounds that might be responsible for the biological activity were analysed by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. The ferulic acid derivative, apigenin-6-C-pentoside-8-C-hexoside, apigenin 6,8-di C-hexoside, vitexin, and diosmetin 8-C-glucoside (orientin 4′-methyl ether) compounds from this plant were analysed for the first time. The results showed that the chloroform-loaded chitosan nanoparticles had a strong antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231) and no toxic effect on normal cell lines (L-929), which suggested that this extract might be a potential candidate as a herbal medicine that can be investigated and evaluated in future cancer studies. Additionally, the potential use of ethanol extract as an anti-urease and anticholinesterase agent was revealed.

Background: The genus Achillea is one of the most important genus of the Asteraceae family and many species of Achillea are used in traditional medicine to treat several ailments. Aim: The aim of the current research was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxic activities of n-hexan, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and to isolate the active compounds from the extract showing the strongest cytotoxic activity. In addition to this, it was aimed to evaluate the biological activities (cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-urease, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial) of different extracts and active compounds from Achillea monocephala. Methods and Materials: The in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities of different extracts from A. monocephala aerial parts were examined. The structures of the active compounds were determined by NMR techniques, UV, IR and LC-MS/MS analysis and their biological potential was examined. Results: The chloroform extract showed strong and selective cytotoxic activity on the cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7). Besides, this extract exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than other extracts. Therefore, through activity-guided procedures, luteolin, naringenin and 8-hydroxy-salvigenin compounds were isolated from this extract. The methanol extract showed stronger antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC) and anticholinesterase activity than other extracts. The n-hexan extract exhibited the highest anti-urease activity. In this study, it was determined that the isolated compounds had a strong biological activity. Naringenin compound had stronger ABTS radical cation scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity than other compounds. 8-hydroxy-salvigenin compound showed the highest urease and acetylcholinestease enzyme inhibition. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the extracts and isolated compounds from the A. monocephala may be used as antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial agents in the future.

Despite widespread traditional usage of Eryngium species in Anatolia (Turkey), only a limited number of scientific studies exists on E. kotschyi, an endemic species. Previously, extracts from E. campestre and E. kotschyi were reported to have significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, urease inhibitory activities of ethanol extracts of E. kotschyi and E. campestre var. virens roots as well as distilled water and ethanol extracts of E. kotschyi aerial parts. The NO and cytokine inhibitory effects were evaluated by Griess and ELISA assays. The antioxidant activities were tested on DPPH center dot, ABTS center dot+ and CUPRAC assays. The EtOH extract of E. kotschyi roots (EKr EtOH) and aerial parts (EKae EtOH) inhibited 50.08% and 41.52% of NO production at 100 mu g/ml, respectively. The EtOH extract of the roots of E. campestre var. virens (ECr EtOH) and EKr EtOH provided 36.22% and 65.23% IL-6 inhibition and 44.24% and 56.84% IL-1a inhibition at 100 mu g/ml. EKae EtOH exerted highest antioxidant activity on ABTS center dot+ (2.4 +/- 0.0005 mu M trolox/mg extract) and CUPRAC (0.97 +/- 0.07 mM trolox/mg extract). This extract was also found the richest among all in terms of phenolics content (6.1 +/- 0.001 mg/GAE/g extract). EKr EtOH and ECr EtOH exhibited strongest DPPH center dot (IC50 = 1.132 +/- 0.057 mg/ml) radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (0.36 +/- 0.005 mM Fe2+/mg extract) activity respectively. The extracts exerted low urease inhibitory activity. Consequently, the results of this study might contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts.

Salvia species have lately gained significant interest as a result of their suitable utilization in various industries. In the current study, S. hydrangea, one of the most consumed sages in the eastern region of Turkey, has been evaluated for phytochemical composition as well as in vitro pharmacological potential comparatively for the first time. The phytochemical composition of S.hydrangea was investigated by LC-MS/MS, GC-FID, and GC/MS. To reveal its biological activities, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and also acetylcholinesterase activities of different solvent extracts such as water, n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol were determined. According to GC/MS analysis, the primary components of the oil were identified as camphor (46.0%), 1,8-cineole (7.5%), camphene (6.8%), limonene (6.5%), a-pinene (5.6%) and b-pinene (6.1%). Additionally, in the infusion and methanol extract, rosmarinic acid and luteolin glycoside were detected as predominant phenolics by LC-MS/MS. In DPPH·, CUPRAC, and FRAP test results of the samples indicated strong to moderate antioxidant ability in all samples studied, additionally, among them, the infusion exhibited significant acetylcholine inhibition properties comparable with galanthamine. With regard to antimicrobial activity, all of the tested microorganisms had MIC values ranging from 15 to 2000 µg/mL. Based on these findings, S. hydrangea may have promising properties for a variety of industrial applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. © 2022 SAAB

Background: The aerial parts of Dipsacus laciniatus are traditionally used in the treatment of colds as cold tea; decoction prepared from its roots and aerial parts are used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer, respectively. The extraction procedures and solvents are important steps in the processing of bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities for the first time in plant’s different extracts. Methods: The antioxidant activities of extracts were examined using FRAP and CUPRAC methods, including total phenolic and flavonoids contents. In addition, the antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of extracts were investigated using microdilution, Ellman and MTT methods, respectively. Results: In the present study, methanol extract showed stronger iron (III) ion reduction (FRAP) and copper (II) ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) than other extracts and also contained higher total phenolic and flavonoid compounds. It was also found that there was a linear relationship between antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in this study. It was demonstrated that the chloroform and methanol extracts showed moderate antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis and C. albicans strains. The chloroform extract had a strong and selective cytotoxic activity for the MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines, while the methanol extract showed low cytotoxic activity on the same cell lines. In addition, according to the obtained data, chloroform extract showed a toxic effect on normal cell line (NIH/3T3), but other extracts showed no toxic effect. Conclusion: Since methanol extract has no toxic effect on normal cell line and has strong antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activity, it is thought that this extract may be useful as an antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antimicrobial agents in the future.

DOI : 10.26650/IstanbulJPharm.2019.18012 The methanol extracts from different parts of Rheum ribes were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical and in vitro biological activity (antioxidant, anti-urease, anticholinesterase). Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed using standard analysis methods and these studies revealed the presence of phenolics and tannins. Following this, a quantitative determination of total phenolics and tannins contents was carried out. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were assayed using DPPH, FRAP, TEAC/ABTS and CUPRAC techniques. In addition, the anti-urease and anticholinesterase activity of the extracts were examined using indophenol and Ellman methods, respectively. In this study, it was determined that the macerated flowers extract contained higher total phenolic and tannins contents than the other extracts. According to the results obtained from the antioxidant experiment, the macerated extract of flowers showed the strongest ABTS.+ scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power activity. The macerated leaves and Soxhlet radix extracts exhibited the strongest DPPH. scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant activity, respectively. The young shoots extracts obtained using the Soxhlet methods showed the highest anticholinesterase activity. All extracts obtained from different parts of the plant were found to have very low anti-urease activity when compared to the anti-urease activity of standard compound. Therefore, methanol extracts from plant’s flowers, leaves and young shoots can be used as a natural antioxidant and anticholinesterase agent respectively, for the pharmaceutical and food industry in the future. Cite this article as : Taskin T, Bulut G (2019). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and in-vitro biological activity of Rheum ribes L. different parts. Istanbul J Pharm 49 (1): 7-13.

Background: The bulbs and aerial parts of Ornithogalum are used in Turkey both as food and to treat various ailments, and some of its medical applications are well known. However, the biological activities of Ornithogalum orthophyllum have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the antioxidant, urease and cholinesterase enzyme inhibition, and cytotoxic activities of different extracts obtained from the bulb and aerial parts of the O. orthophyllum plant. In addition, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity properties of some phenolic compounds in plants were examined in silico. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the extracts obtained from the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum was investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ferric reducing antioxidant power, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity methods. Urease and cholinesterase enzyme inhibition were determined by using the indophenol and Gilman methods, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was measured using a test based on the luminometric readings of the adenosine triphosphate levels of the cells. pkCSM, a free online web server (http://structure.bioc.cam.ac.uk/pkcsm) was used to predict the properties of the compounds analyzed. Results: The methanol extract of the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum was observed to have strong antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition potential. The petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts showed the highest anti-urease activity. The chloroform extract of the aerial parts exhibited the highest cytotoxic effect against A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. The absorption percentages of protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and p-coumaric acid compounds from the small intestine were between 71.17% and 93.49%, which were quite high. All the compounds were predicted to be unable to penetrate the central nervous system due to their inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Not all compounds analyzed were predicted to have mutagenic, hepatotoxic, or minnow toxicity effects. Conclusion: The extracts obtained from the aerial parts of O. orthophyllum have strong biological activity and contain compounds that arc well-absorbed and do not have mutagenic, hepatotoxic, or minnow toxicity effects, suggesting that they can be used as natural medicinal and nutritional sources in the future.

Purpose: To evaluate the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, and casticin contents of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) fruit extract from five geographical regions of Turkey.Methods: Casticin determination in VAC fruit extracts was performed using HPLC-DAD method. The method was validated for linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and precision. The methanol extracts of the VAC fruits were analyzed for antioxidant effects using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging capacity, metal-chelation capacity assay, radical cation scavenging capacity (ABTS•+), and total phenolic content. The cytotoxic potential of the extracts against NRK-52E and HeLa cells were determined using MTT and LDH assays.Results: The casticin content of the extracts ranged from 0.048 and 0.152 %. Total phenol content was in the range of 36.67 ± 0.7 to 74.20 ± 1.02 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 mg of extracts. High-tomoderate antioxidant properties were observed in the extracts. Cytotoxicity data demonstrated that all extracts showed high cytotoxic effects on HeLa cell line when compared to the NRK-52E cell line (p < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that VAC fruits (Monk’s pepper fruits) from Aegean sea coasts have a potential for use in the preparation of phytopharmaceutical products. Keywords: Vitex agnus-castus, Casticin, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic activity, Anticancer

Ethnopharmacological relevance Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii (syn. Thymus praecox subsp. jankae (Celak.) Jalas) is consumed as a Turkish folk medicine for the treatment of spasm, sore throat and shortness of breath, also having strong antioxidant activity and the leaves of the plant have been utilized for the treatment of diabetes as the decoction in Turkey. Aim of the study In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of antidiabetic action of Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii methanolic extract (TPSE) on streptozotocin (STZ)/nicotinamide (NA)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and methods Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups; control, diabetes, TPSE (100 mg/kg b.w, p.o.) and metformin group (400 mg/kg b.w, p.o.). Diabetes was established in all groups except control group by 55 mg/kg STZ (i.p.) for once 15 min after 100 mg/kg NA injection. 3 days after STZ/NA injection, treatments were administered for three weeks and then rats were decapitated; tissue and blood samples were obtained for measuring the level of glucose transporters (both GLUTs and sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs)), enzymes related to glucose (Hexokinase (HK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), α-glucosidase) and lipid metabolism (Acetyl-coenzyme carboxylase (ACC)), AST, ALT, creatinine, insulin, anti-inflammatory (IL-10) and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) cytokines, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Histopathological alterations of the pancreas were examined. Results After three weeks of treatment, TPSE has exhibited a significant reduction of plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokines. Besides, TPSE treatment elevated plasma insulin levels and normalized blood glucose levels. Moreover, it improved the values of AMPK in liver and GLP-1 in pancreas. Increased α-glucosidase, PEPCK, GLUT-2 and SGLTs levels with the induction of diabetes considerably lowered with TPSE treatment. Especially on SGLT-2, TPSE achieved a more prominent decrease. After the atrophy in Langerhans islets due to diabetes induction, treatment was found to prevent the damage of islets. Conclusions Based on the findings presented here, it has been concluded that TPSE has marked antidiabetic effects through various pathways on STZ/NA-induced diabetic rats and it may potentially be used as an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Further research on isolation of the bioactive components is underway.

Satureja cuneifolia Ten. (wild savoury) belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is used to produce essential oil and aromatic water. This plant is also used as a condiment and herbal tea due to its stimulating, tonic and carminative effects. The in vitro antioxidant, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of the different extracts from the plant’s aerial parts were examined. Besides, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of the fraction and direct methanol extracts were determined comparatively. In the current study, fraction methanol extract exhibited the strongest ABTS (52.34 mM trolox/mg extract) radical scavenging and ferric reduction (17.22 mM Fe2+/mg extract) activity. It was also found that the fraction methanol extract had stronger anti-urease (12.52%) and anticholinesterase (69.02%) activity than other extracts. The XTT results showed that fraction methanol extract had the most cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell lines (39.92%). According to the results of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, it was found that both fraction and direct methanol extracts exhibited close and significant anti-inflammatory activity. The fact that methanol extracts have significant biological activity suggests that these may be used as a natural source in the future.

In Turkey, Helichrysum genus is represented by 26 taxa belonging to 20 species in Turkish flora of which 14 ones are endemic to Turkey. The aerial parts of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum are used kidney stones, kidney and stomach ailments. The extraction procedures and solvents are important step in processing of bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-urease, anticholinesterase and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Helichrysum plicatum subsp. plicatum different extracts. In addition, the phenolic characterization of the Soxhlet and maceration methanol extracts which showed significant antioxidant, anti-urease, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase activities were performed by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS. In the present study, the Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities than other extracts. The maceration methanol extract showed the strongest anti-urease activity. The Soxhlet methanol and maceration methanol extracts showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activities very close to each other. As a result of this study, chlorogenic acid, dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, naringenin-O-hexoside and isoquercitrin compounds were analysed in plant. Therefore, it is thought that methanol extracts can be used as a natural source in the future for food and pharmaceutical industries.

Thymus species are used as food and spices in several Mediterranean and other countries as well as for medical purposes on account of their biological properties. The extraction procedures and solvents are an important step in processing bioactive constituents from the plant materials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, anti-urease and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii using a variety of extracts. In addition, the phenolic characterization of the fraction methanol extract, which showed the highest phenolic contents and the strongest antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity were performed by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS techniques. In the present study, the fraction methanol and direct methanol extracts exhibited strong DPPH, ABTS, and ferric reducing activity and strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. The fraction chloroform and fraction petroleum ether extracts showed the strongest anti-urease activity and also, the petroleum ether extract exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the Staphylococcus aureus strain. The fraction methanol and direct methanol extracts showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity very similar to each other. As a result of this study, chlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-hexoside, and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide compounds were analyzed for the first time in the methanol extract of the plant. This latter study revealed the effects of the extraction methods and phenolic compounds on its biological properties.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively reveal for the first time the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects of Phlomis pungens and Coridothymus capitatus methanol extracts obtained by using maceration extraction method. According to the results of anti-inflammatory activity, P. pungens methanolic extract demonstrated a more prominent and intensive antiinflammatory effect with 24.7% of inhibitive capacity in the altered edema size after the first hour of carrageenan injection compared to C. capitatus methanolic extract. P. pungens methanolic extract inhibitory effect increased during three hours and reached maximum by 41.9%. According to the results obtained from antioxidant activity experiments, methanol extract of C. capitatus exhibited stronger free radical scavenging (DPPH), cupric reducing (CUPRAC), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity than P. pungens extract. In additon, C. capitatus extract had higher ABTS radical cation scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power activity than ascorbic acid, BHT and BHA, respectively. Therefore, this extract can be used in both medicine and food industry as a natural antioxidant source.

Muscari species have been used as antirheumatic, stomachic, diuretic, expectorant and anti verruca in folk medicine. The species have also been used as food for humans and animals in Turkey. In this study, the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of different extracts obtained from Muscari neglectum were studied. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated with DPPH free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating capacity and ABTS cation radical scavenging capacity assays. The cytotoxic potentials of the extracts were determined by MTT and LDH assays on HeLa-cells (human cancer cell line) and NRK-52E-cells (rat kidney cell line). The aqueous extracts from M. neglectum bulbs (IC50: 2.83± 0.54 mg/mL) and herba (IC50: 8.52± 1.3 mg/mL) exhibited stronger DPPH free radical scavenging activity than other extracts, respectively. The ethanol extract from M. neglectum bulbs showed the highest ABTS (27.88 %) cation radical scavenging activity. According to the metal chelating activity test results, the aqueous extracts from M. neglectum herba and bulbs showed the strongest metal chelating activity (28.99% and 28.07%, respectively). © 2017 Marmara University Press, All Rights Reserved.

Achillea species are widely distributed medicinal plant throughout the world and have been used since ancient time. There are many reports about the traditional use and highly bioactive compounds of these plants. Therefore, it is fundamental to study in detail the chemical composition and biological activities of Achillea species. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine for the first time the effects of methods/solvents on biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-urease) of Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek 15 extracts obtained from different extraction methods/solvents and then to analysis the phenolic contents of the active extracts. The phenolic contents in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, which showed strongest phenolic contents and antioxidant activity were analysed separately by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and were confirmed by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry using targeted mass spectra techniques with accurate mass. The active phenolic compounds were identified as dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, orientin, vitexin, luteolin, quercetin-methyl-ether, isorhamnetin-glucoside in ethyl acetate extract; chlorogenic acid luteolin-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-methyl-ether, luteolin, orientin, vitexin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside, luteolin hexoside hexoside in ethanol extract. As a result of this study, dicaffeoylquinic acid, isorhamnetin-glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside compounds were analysed for the first time in Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (Kerner) Formanek. Therefore, it is thought that ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts can be used as a natural source in the future for food and pharmaceutical industry.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively evaluate for the first time the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiurease effects of A. lycaonica extracts obtained using three extraction methods an...

The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time phenolic compounds amount, antioxidant and anti-urease effects of ethanol extract from Geranium purpureum aerial parts. Also the phenolic compounds in the ethanol extract were analysed by HPLC-DAD and confirmed by liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry using targeted MS/MS techniques with accurate mass measurement. The phenolic compounds were identified as caffeic acid derivative, quinic acid, galloyl-hexoside, malic acid, gallic acid, methyl gallate hexoside, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, dicaffeoyl quinic acid and quercetin. In the present study, the results of all three antioxidant assays showed that the ethanol extract had higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. In addition, according to the results obtained, ethanol extract showed moderate metal chelating and anti-urease activity. Therefore, ethanol extract can be used in both medicine and food industry as a natural antioxidant and anti-urease agents in the future.

Introduction: Capparis species (Capparaceae), also called caper, grow naturally in various regions of the world. Caper is a plant with medicinal and aromatic properties. Flower buds, root bark, and fruits of the plant areused in folk medicine due to their analgesic, wound healing,cell regeneration, tonic, and diuretic effects. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate in vitro (anti-urease, antioxidant, anticholinesterase) and in vivo (anti-inflammatory) biological activities of caper (C. ovatavar.canescens). In addition, we aimed to identify its major phenolic compounds using high performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and confirmate them using quadrupole time-of-flight liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-LC/MS). Also, we quantified the concentrations of several trace and major elements in plant samples using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: The antioxidant, anti-urease and anticholinesterase activities of different plant extracts were evaluated using DPPH, FRAP, ABTS/TEAC, Indophenol and Ellman tests. The identification of phenolic compounds and trace element contents was performed using HPLC and Q-TOF-LC/MS and ICP-MS. Results: Soxhlet methanol extract exhibited the strongest anti-urease, antioxidant (ABTS/TEAC) and anticholinesterase activity. Soxhlet and maceration methanol extracts demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effect in the altered edema size after the second hour of carrageenan injection. The active phenolic compounds in Soxhlet methanol extract were identified as rutin, quercetin-hexoside-hexoside, quercetin-3-O-hexoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. In addition, the average concentrations of vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, arsenic, selenium, zinc and lead were within the permissible limits defined by WHO for medicinal plants. However, it was found that the concentrations of cadmium and iron were higher than the maximum permissible limits. Conclusion: Our results suggest that although caper has a strong biological activity, it should be consumed carefully due to the excess amount of cadmium and iron elements it contains. Resumen Introducción: Las especies de Capparis (Capparaceae), también llamadas alcaparras, crecen naturalmente en varias regiones del mundo. La alcaparra es una planta con propiedades medicinales y aromáticas. Los botones florales, la corteza de la raíz y los frutos de la planta se usan en la medicina popular debido a sus efectos analgésicos, cicatrizantes, de regeneración celular, tónicos y diuréticos. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las actividades biológicas in vitro (anti-ureasa, antioxidante, anticolinesterasa) e in vivo (antiinflamatorio) de la alcaparra (C. ovata var. canescens). Además, nuestro objetivo fue identificar sus principales compuestos fenólicos mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento con un detector de matriz de fotodiodos (HPLC-DAD) y confirmarlos mediante cromatografía líquida con espectrometría de masas en tándem (Q-TOF-LC/MS). Además, cuantificamos las concentraciones de varios elementos traza y elementos mayores en muestras de la planta utilizando espectrometría de masas con plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP-MS). Métodos: Se evaluaron las actividades antioxidantes, anti-ureasa y anticolinesterasa de diferentes extractos de la planta usando las pruebas DPPH, FRAP, ABTS/TEAC, Indofenol y Ellman. La identificación de los compuestos fenólicos y el contenido de los elementos traza se realizó mediante HPLC y Q-TOF-LC/MS e ICP-MS. Resultados: El extracto de metanol Soxhlet exhibió la mayor actividad anti-ureasa, antioxidante (ABTS/TEAC) y anticolinesterasa. Los extractos de metanol Soxhlet y por maceración demostraron un efecto antiinflamatorio significativo en el tamaño alterado del edema después de la segunda hora de la inyección de carragenano. Los compuestos fenólicos activos en el extracto de metanol Soxhlet se identificaron como rutina, quercetina-hexósido-hexósido, quercetina-3-O-hexósido y kaempferol-3-O-rutinósido. Además, las concentraciones promedio de vanadio, cromo, manganeso, cobalto, cobre, níquel, arsénico, selenio, zinc y plomo estaban dentro de los límites permisibles definidos por la OMS para las plantas medicinales. Sin embargo, se encontró que las concentraciones de cadmio y hierro fueron más altas que los límites máximos permitidos. Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que, aunque la alcaparra tiene una fuerte actividad biológica, debe consumirse con cuidado debido al exceso de cadmio y hierro que contiene.

Objective: Novel investigations have confirmed that hyperglycemia is strictly associated with the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. Sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) inhibitors, which are oral antidiabetic drugs, are currently being investigated as the medication in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In our study, Camellia sinensis (green tea), which inhibits sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1 (SGLT-1), was used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced AD-like alterations via its antidiabetic effects.Methods: High-fat diet/streptozotocin-treated rat model was chosen to provide T2DM-induced AD-like alterations. Antidiabetic effects were evaluated with the measurement of blood glucose level (BGL), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT). On the other hand, novel object recognition test (NORT), open field test (OFT), passive avoidance test (PAT), and Morris’s water maze (MWM) test were performed to investigate the anti-Alzheimer's effects of C. Sinensis.Results: C. sinensis tolerated BGL for a short time but metformin, the first medication prescribed for T2DM, tolerated BGL during the test for 120 min. C. sinensis increased the number of square crosses and the frequency of grooming activity in a similar manner to metformin in OFT. C. sinensis treatment improved exploratory behavior and memory retention components in NORT. The step-through latency decreased in HFD/STZ-treated rat model but it improved with metformin and C. sinensis treatment in PAT. According to the results obtained by the MWM test, C. sinensis treatment slightly improved learning.Conclusion: C. sinensis improved short-term memory and increased the locomotor activity in rats according to the results obtained by NORT, OFT, and PA.

Micromeria fruticosa spp. brachycalyx species (Lamiaceae) is used as a spice and flavoring agent. Rhus coriaria (Sumac) is widely used both spice and medicinally. In this study, antioxidant, anti-urease, anticholinesterase, anti-proliferative and calcium oxalate anti-crystallization activities of different extracts from M. fruticosa spp. brachycalyx aerial parts and R. coriaria leaves were investigated. Besides, the phytochemical content of these species was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. R. coriaria methanol extract showed stronger antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, ABTS) and anticholinesterase (46.85%) activity than M. fruticosa spp. brachycalyx extracts. M. fruticosa spp. brachycalyx methanol extract was found to have the highest anti-urease (11.39%) and anti-proliferative (MCF-7: 53.51%) potential. It was observed that the methanol extracts of both plants had a significant inhibition effect on calcium oxalate crystallization. R. coriaria methanol extract was determined to contain high amounts of total flavonoids (0.177 mgQE/mg extract) and tannins (0.365 mg TAE/mg extract) contents. The extracts from both plants have no cytotoxic effects on the healthy cell (L-929) and have strong biological activities in parallel with traditional use, suggesting that these plants may be used as natural sources in the future.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the phenolic, tannins contents and biological activities (antioxidant, anticholinesterase) of four different black teas commercially valuable in Turkey. Subsequently, to examine the effect of the steeping time on the chemical contents (phenolic and tannins contents) and biological activities of the samples.Methods: The antioxidant activities of samples were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The amount of total phenolic and tannins contents contained in the samples was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method. In addition, the anticholinesterase activities of different samples were evaluated by Ellman method.Results: According to the results obtained, filtered tea bag (FT) sample obtained after 5 min steeping exhibited stronger DPPH radical scavenging activity than other samples. In addition, it was found that powder ceylon tea (PCT) samples obtained after 60 min and 10 min steeping had the highest FRAP and CUPRAC values respectively. In this study, it was also determined that the PCT samples obtained after 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, and 30 min steeping contained higher phenolic and tannins contents than the other samples. In anticholinesterase experiment, powder tea (PT) sample obtained after 5 min steeping was found to have the strongest anticholinesterase activity.Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that the amount of phenolic contents generally increased with the infusion time. It was also found that the antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities and tannins content of the tea samples did not show significant change due to the time of the infusion.

WOS: 000390621600079 Daphne oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides is an evergreen shrub which is known for its folkloric usage against various ailments such as arthritic and infectious diseases. The aim of the present study was to comparatively investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory (nitric oxide inhibitory effects), antioxidant (DPPH center dot,ABTS(center dot+) and FRAP tests) and antimicrobial activities of the extract/subextracts from the aerial parts of D. oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides (Thymelaeaceae). The powdered aerial parts were first extracted with methanol and then partitioned into five subextracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAC), n-butanol and remaining water) by succesive solvent extractions. The chemical compositions of the extracts were compared with regard to their total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and fatty acid compositions. The CH2Cl2 and n-hexane extracts exerted the highest inhibitory effect on NO production (61.67 +/- 13.97% inhibition at 50 mu g/ml and 67.91 +/- 11.17% inhibition at 100 mu g/ml, respectively) of LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. The EtOAC subextract showed the highest antioxidant effect evaluated by DPPH center dot (IC50: 0.35 +/- 0.12 mg/ml) and FRAP (4.54 +/- 10.01 mM FeSO4/mg extract) tests. The CH2Cl2 subextract was shown to contain the highest levels of flavonoids (0.837 +/- 10.035 mg QUE/mg extract) and was also found to be rich in phenolics (1.063 +/- 10.011 mg GAE/mg extract). Fatty acid analysis of the n-hexane extract revealed hexadecahoic acid and 9,15-octodecadienoic acids to be the major components. The n-hexane and CH2Cl2 subextracts exerted the'highest antimicrobial potential.

In this study, novel 7-oxy-3-ethyl-6-hexyl-4-methylcoumarin substituted lutetium(III) phthalocyanine compounds were synthesized, characterized and their photochemical, theoretical, and antioxidant properties were examined. All complexes were characterized by common spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, UV–vis, 1H NMR, MALDI-TOF-MS and elemental analysis as well. Geometry optimization of phthalocyanine compounds was calculated in the B3LYP functional using 6-31G (d, p) + SDD basis set of the Density Functional Theory. Aggregation, singlet oxygen generation, and photodegradation behavior under light irradiation of the complexes (1–4) were investigated in dimethylformamide. The three phthalocyanine compounds (1, 2, and 4) showed a high level of singlet oxygen efficiency were compared with the unsubstituted zinc(II) and lutetium(III) phthalocyanine compounds because their quantum yield values were found to be over 0.80. The radical cation scavenging activities of the compounds 3 (120.344 mM trolox/mg) and 4 (188.733 mM trolox/mg) are quite remarkable in 2,2?-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid analysis according to butylated hydroxyanisole (52.63 mM trolox/mg). © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Kiemer, Alexandra K./0000-0002-7224-9900; DAGISTAN, OZLEM AKBAL/0000-0002-6524-3535, WOS: 000489295500007, PubMed: 32597129, Valeriana is a common plant species used for various healing purposes in folk medicine since antiquity. This study investigates the phytochemical profile, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and insecticidal activity of Valeriana alliariifolia Adams, a species that has traditionally been used in Turkey. For the analyses we prepared four root extracts of V. alliariifolia Adams using hexane (HM1), chloroform (CM1), ethanol (EM1), and water (WM1) for maceration. Additionally, two extracts were also prepared from its roots by maceration separately with ethanol (EM2) and water (WM2). One sample was prepared as a water infusion (WI), according to the procedure used in Turkish traditional medicine. the 2,2-Diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity tests showed that ethanol extracts had the strongest antioxidant activity: EM1 (IC50 - DPPH: 17.694 mu g/mL; ABTS: 23.8 mu g/mL) and EM2 (IC50 - DPPH: 20 mu g/mL; ABTS: 21.5 mu g/mL). the hexane extract, HM1, was the most cytotoxic (IC50, Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program grants from the US Department of Defense Armed Forces Pest Management Board; US Department of Defense Armed Forces Pest Management Board, This study was partly funded by the Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program grants from the US Department of Defense Armed Forces Pest Management Board.

Some Salvia and Thymus species of Lamiaceae family come into prominence with strong antidiabetic effects. Compared to the other species, there are limited studies on antidiabetic activity of Salvia triloba (ST) and Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii (TPS). The aim of this study was to adjust the dosage and to determine the antidiabetic effects of methanol extracts of ST and TPS in streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1 M cold citrate buffer (pH 4.5) at a dose of 55 mg/kg/body weight (b.w.) and nicotinamide (100 mg/kg/b.w.) was given prior to STZ injection. For adjusting dosage, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used while insulin tolerance test (ITT), OGTT, blood glucose levels and animal weights were used to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of ST and TPS. According to the OGTT, the most effective doses for ST and TPS were 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively. At the end of three weeks, blood glucose levels of control goup reached to 462.50 mg/dl, whereas ST and TPS-treated groups blood glucose levels decreased less than 200.00 mg/dl. In conclusion, the present study suggests that both of ST and TPS methanolic extracts may be of therapeutic benefit in diabetes and thus need to further studies.

Objective: Terfezia claveryi is a dark brown color truffle and has been used extensively in human diet in Turkey. Therefore; it is an important issue to determine their biological activities and toxicity. This study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anti-urease effects of T. claveryi methanol extracts and to evaluate the genotoxicity of each extract. Methods: The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts were examined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonate (ABTS) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. The amount of total phenolic compounds contained in the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR) method. Anti-urease activities of methanol extracts were evaluated by indophenol method. In addition, potential DNA damaging effects of T. claveryi extracts on human lymphocytes were determined by the alkaline comet assay. Results: UM extract exhibited higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than MM extract [the concentration of the substance which provides the inhibition of 50% of the radical (IC 50 ):0.77±0.01 mg/mL, 1.17±0.02 mg/mL, respectively, p

Şahin, Yeşim Müge (Arel Author), The use of natural compounds such as biocompatible and non-toxic plant extracts, without undesired side effects, in tissue engineering applications, is highly preferred compared to chemical drugs. In this study, the characterization and performance of electrospun Achillea lycaonica-loaded (0.125, 0.250 and 0.500, wt%) poly(lactic acid) (PLA) (8%, w/v) nanofibrous mats for skin tissue engineering were investigated. SEM, FTIR, DSC, and tensile strength test of the electrospun nanofibers have been investigated. Drug releasing test and cell culture study were also carried out. Achillea lycaonica-loaded nanofibrous mats in 0.250 (wt%) and 0.500 (wt%) demonstrated excellent cell compatibility and increased the viability of NIH/3T3 (mouse embryo fibroblast) cells within 72 h. According to the results, Achillea lycaonica-loaded PLA nanofibers have proper tensile strength and controlled release. The working temperature range enlarged for the composites having higher plant extract content. Consequently, Achillea lycaonica-loaded nanofibrous mats have a great potential in skin tissue engineering applications. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd, Dr. Muhammet E. Cam was supported by a TUBITAK 2219 Research Programme Grant ( Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey -TUBITAK) and thanks UCL Mechanical Engineering for hosting his post-doctoral research in the UK.

Pedicularis L. cinsi Turkiye’de 2 tanesi endemik olmak uzere 11 tur ile temsil edilmektedir. Ulkemizde sormuk, sorma, sormuk otu isimleri ile bilinmektedir. Halk arasinda kullanimi pek bilinmemek ile birlikte Dogu Anadolu’da ciceklerindeki balozu nedeni ile gida olarak kullanimi kayitlidir. Bugune kadar Pedicularis condensata Bieb. turu uzerinde yapilan calismalar incelendiginde, sac boyasi arastirma calismalari sirasinda alinan patentlerde yer aldigi gorulmektedir. Ayrica Pedicularis (Kesgerotu) turleri uzerinde cesitli izolasyon ve aktivite calismalari literaturde mevcuttur. Bu turlerin iridoit ve feniletanoit bilesikleri tasidiklari gorulmektedir. Iridoitler antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antienflamatuvar, immunomodulator vb. etki gosterirken feniletanoit glikozitleri ise hepatoprotektif, antioksidan, antienflamatuvar, antibakteriyal, antiviral, vb. etkilere sahiptir. Pedicularis condensata bitkisinin izolasyon calismalari goz onune alindiginda bu etkilerden bazilarini gostermesi mumkundur. Daha once bu tur uzerinde anatomi ve aktivite calismasi yapilmamistir. Bu calisma ile turun anatomik ozellikleri ve farkli yontemler ile farkli cozuculer kullanilarak elde edilmis ekstrelerinin aktivite testlerinin sonuclari sunulmustur. Trabzon’dan toplanan bitkinin toprak ustu kisimlarindan maserasyon ve Soxhlet cihazinda surekli ekstraksiyon ile elde edilen cesitli ekstrelerin (hekzan, diklorometan, metanol ekstreleri; metanol maserati) sahip oldugu antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri arastirilmistir.

AIM: The aim of the present study is to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate (both residue and liquid extract) and aqueous extracts of Eremurus spectabilis young leaves and to determine their relationship with the phenolic composition. METHODS: The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were evaluated with DPPH radical-scavenging activity assay, including total phenolic content. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by the microbroth dilutions technique against six bacteria and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were defined. RESULTS: Ethyl acetate extract (residue) of E. spectabilis showed the highest total phenolic content (77±4.34 mg GAE/g extract) and the strongest antioxidant activity (EC50 = 0.07±0.03 mg/mL). Chloroform (MIC: 312μg/mL), ethyl acetate extract (residue) (MIC: 625 μg/mL) showed antifungal and antibacterial effect on Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. Aqueous extract showed both antifungal (MIC: 312 μg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC: 625 μg/mL) effect on Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that E. spectabilis young leaves have beneficial effects on DPPH radical-scavenging ability and may thus protect against oxidative damage. Aqueous extract of E. spectabilis can be used to protect against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus infection.