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Background Most of the previous studies, investigating determinants of 6-minute walk test (6MWT), were conducted on small sample sizes and/or have not explored different aspects such as freezing of gait, physical activity, gender, dual-task cost, and/or have not been able to explain large portion of variation in 6MWT in people with Parkinson's disease. Aims This study aimed to investigate the determinants of 6MWT, including aspects that previous studies have not explored. Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 6MWT determinants were investigated upon 42 people with Parkinson's disease. After recording participants' demographic data, walking capacity, disease stage, severity of motor symptoms, freezing of gait, balance, physical activity, fear of falling, functional balance, and dual-task cost values were evaluated and grouped into modifiable and unmodifiable variables to investigate possible therapeutic benefits aiming improvement in walking capacity. Results The mean distance for 6MWT was 401.7 +/- 92.7 m. Significant differences between women and men were found for height, walking capacity and speed, fear of falling, and functional balance (p

The aim was to investigate the effects of a single session action observation training (AOT) on hand function and evaluate whether observing self-actions would be more effective than observing someone else.A total of 60 right-handed healthy young adults, (32 female, 28 males and the mean age was 21.32 ± 1.07 years) were included in the study. The participants were randomly divided into five groups, self-action observation (sAO), observation of a third person (AO), action practice (AP), non-action observation (nAO), and control. A single session was performed for all participants. The primary outcome was the Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) assessed by a masked assessor.Significant differences were observed between the sAO and control group in total left side JTHFT performance (It was observed that a single session of action observation training improved hand function in healthy adults. The better performance achieved in the group watching the self-video may suggest that watching the self-image activates more mirror neurons.

People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) can develop cognitive and physical impairments. There is limited evidence on the association between executive function and physical function in people with PD. We aimed to investigate the association between the executive and physical functions in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) by comparing healthy controls. Thirty-three patients diagnosed with PD and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. PD group was divided into two subgroups according to their scores on executive tests as high performers (PD-HPs; n = 17) and low performers (PD-LPs; n = 16). The severity of motor symptoms disease severity, executive function, global cognitive function, reaction time, hand function, functional capacity, physical activity, and balance confidence was assessed by the validated instruments. The PD group had less physical function and executive function compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). The PD-LPs group had less physical and cognitive function than the PD-HPs group (p < 0.05). The executive functions were significantly correlated with almost all variables in both people with PD and healthy people, and correlations were moderate to strong (p < 0.05). However, the correlation coefficients were relatively higher in people with PD compared to healthy controls. There was a significant association between executive and physical function in people with PD. Future studies should be conducted to determine whether the treatment of one of these dysfunctions affects the other.

Bu çalışma, beş ekmeklik buğday genotipi (Pehlivan, Aldane, Selimiye, Gelibolu ve Bereket) ve üç ileri hatta (TE-5843, TE-5427 ve TE-5857) tane verimi ve bazı kalite kriterleri üzerine genotip x çevre interaksiyonunun etkilerini temel bileşen ve biplot analizi ile değerlendirmek amacıyla, 2010-11, 2011-12 ve 2012-13 ürün yıllarında Edirne, Kırklareli ve Tekirdağ lokasyonlarında (toplam dokuz farklı çevrede) yürütülmüştür. Deneme, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada tane verimi (TV), bin tane ağırlığı (BinTA), hektolitre ağırlığı (HL), protein oranı (PO), gluten oranı (GO), gluten indeksi (GI) ve zeleny sedimentasyon (ZS) özellikleri incelenmiştir. Genotip, çevre ve genotip x çevre interaksiyonları incelenen tüm özellikler bakımından istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre genotiplere ait en düşük, en yüksek ve ortalama TV 598.5-708.3 (661.6) kg da-1, BinTA 35.3-46.5 (40.7) g, HL 80.4-83.3 (82.2) kg/hl, PO % 10.9-12.6 (11.7), GO % 28.1-36.5 (33.0), GI % 62.9-94.2 (85.1), ZS ise 38.4-56.2 (47.6) ml olarak belirlenmiştir. Çevre ortalamalarına göre en yüksek TV (708.3 kg da-1) Bereket çeşidinden, BinTA (46.48 g) Pehlivan çeşidinden, PO (% 12.60) ve ZS (56.22 ml) Aldane çeşidinden, HL (83.27 kg hl-1) Selimiye çeşidinden, GO (% 36.50) TE-5427 genotipinden ve GI (% 94.21) ise TE-5857 genotipinden elde edilmiştir. Temel bileşenler biplot analizleri (PCA) incelenen özelleklikler ile genotipler arasındaki ilişkileri % 86.1 oranında açıklamıştır. Buna göre TV ve PO arasında ise negatif bir kolelasyon belirlenmiştir. Tane veriminde GGE biplot analizleri genotip + genotip x çevre ilişkisini % 72.07 oranında açıklamıştır. Tane verimine göre üç mega çevre oluşmuş, Bereket ile Gelibolu çeşitleri altı çevrenin yer aldığı en büyük mega çevrede yer alarak öne çıkan çeşitler olmuşlardır.

This study was conducted at two locations (Edirne and Kırklareli) in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2013 and 2014 growing season in order to determine grain yield, yield parameters and quality traits of the oat genotypes. Overall, 9 oat lines and 5 commercial varieties (Checota, Kırklar, Kahraman, Sebat ve Y-330) were usud in the experiment. The traits such as grain yield, plant height, grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, thousand grain weight, test weight, groat percentage and husk rate quality parameter performances of genotypes were investigated. The difference between genotype, environment and variety x environment interaction were found statistically significant in terms of all properties studied except genotype x location interaction of grain yield and between location of groat percentage. According to the average of two locations of the grain yield, plant height, grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, 1000 grain weight, test weight, goat percent and husk rate of oat lines ranged between; 413.6-810.4 (684.4) kg da-1, 128.1-172.5 (154.7) cm, 64.1-143.5 (92.7) %, 2.50-4.15 (3.06) g, 21.1-41.3 (33.5) g, 47.0-59.8 (54.4) kg hl-1, 64.7-78.0 (71.3) % and 20.8-34.9 (28.6)%, respectively. In Kırklareli location, the grain yield, 1000 grain weight and husk rate of the genotypes were higher, while plant height, grain number per panicle, grain weight per panicle, test weight and groat percentage were higher in Edirne. The oat line 6 sustained the highest grain yield with 810.4 kg da-1 and followed by oat line 7 with 776.6 kg da-1 and oat line 4 with 768.7 kg da-1 in terms of grain yield for mean of two locations. In the check varieties, Kahraman sustained the highest grain yield with 746.4 kg da-1 and followed by Kırklar with 716.5 kg da-1 while the lowest grain yield was obtained from the Y-330 with 413.6 kg da-1 and Checota variety with 512.6 kg da-1. The oat lines 6, 12 and 3 and Kahraman variety were better for the purpose of observed traits., Bu çalışma, yulaf genotiplerin tane verimi, verim öğeleri ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2013-14 üretim sezonunda iki lokasyonda (Edirne ve Kırklareli) tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede 9 yulaf hattı ve 5 standart çeşit (Checota, Kırklar, Kahraman, Sebat ve Y-330) kullanılmıştır. Genotiplerin tane verimi, bitki boyu, salkımda tane sayısı, salkımda tane ağırlığı ile kalite özelliklerinden 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, tane iç oranı ve kavuz oranı incelenmiştir. Tane verimi yönünden genotip x lokasyon ile tane iç oranı yönünden lokasyonlar arası hariç incelenen tüm özellikler yönünden genotip, lokasyon ve genotip x lokasyon interaksiyonları istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. İki lokasyon ortalamasına göre genotiplerin tane verimi; 413.6-810.4 (684.4) kg da-1, bitki boyu; 128.1-171.3 (154.7) cm, salkımda tane sayısı; 64.1-143.5 (92.7) adet, salkımda tane ağırlığı; 2.50-4.5 (3.06) g, 1000 tane ağırlığı; 21.1-41.3 (33.5) g, hektolitre ağırlığı; 47.0-59.8 (54.4) kg hl-1, tane iç oranı %64.7-74.1 (70.9) ve kavuz oranı; %26.0-34.9 (29.0) arasında değişim göstermiştir. Kırklareli lokasyonunda genotiplerin tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı ve kavuz oranı daha yüksek olurken, Edirne lokasyonunda ise bitki boyu, salkımda tane sayısı, salkımda tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve iç tane oranı daha yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir. Tane verimi yönünden lokasyon ortalamalarına göre 810.4 kg da-1 ile 6, 776.6 kg da-1 ile 7 ve 768.7 kg da-1 ile 4 nolu genotipler en yüksek tane verimine ulaşmıştır. Standart çeşitlerden 746.4 kg da-1 ile Kahraman ve 716.5 kg da-1 ile Kırklar en yüksek tane verimine ulaşırken, 413.6 kg da-1 ile Y-330 ve 512.6 kg da-1 ile Checota en düşük tane verimi veren çeşitler olmuşlardır. İncelenen özellikler yönünden 6, 12 ve 3 nolu hatlar ile Kahraman çeşidi ön plana çıkmıştır.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a radical lifestyle change, which may unintendedly change physical activity levels. We aimed to perform a systematic review to investigate the physical activity changes in people with neurological diseases, and to examine the relationship between physical activity and disease symptoms, and psychosocial factors. The review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. A systematic search of the literature across five databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library) was carried out using the keywords relating to COVID-19, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, exercise, and the name of the neurological diseases. The systematic search was updated on 4 February 2021 with the same keywords. Fourteen studies (n = 7662 persons with neurological diseases, n = 1663 healthy controls) were eligible for this review. The study populations were Parkinson disease (n = 7), dementia (n = 1), multiple sclerosis (n = 1), spinal cord injury (n = 1), hereditary spastic paraplegia (n = 1), neuromuscular diseases (n = 1), Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (n = 1), and epilepsy (n = 1). Thirteen studies reported a decreased physical activity level, one study reported a high interruption rate of physiotherapy/rehabilitation. Furthermore, the physical activity reduction was associated with worse disease symptoms, depression, perceived health, and mental and physical components of quality of life. The COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on the physical activity levels of people with neurological diseases, and this change was related to the worsening of disease symptoms and psychosocial factors. Registration number A protocol of the review was registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42020207676). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10882-022-09836-x.

Background: Pain is one of the most critical issues in older adults, and the place of residence may play an important role in pain characteristics and related factors. However, it is an understudied subject. This study investigated differences in pain characteristics and functional associations between nursing home residents and community-dwelling older adults.Methods: Older adult participants were recruited from nursing homes (n=73) and the community (n=73). Pain characteristics, including type, intensity, and number of pain sites, were evaluated. Other outcome measures were functional mobility, walking speed, functional independence, physical activity, anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life.Results: Nursing home residents experienced musculoskeletal pain more frequently and had a greater number of pain sites than community-dwelling older adults (p

Background/aim The aim of the study was to carry out the cultural adaptation and translation of the ICU mobility scale (IMS) into Turkish and research the psychometric properties. Materials and methods This study was based on methodological design. The IMS was translated from English to the Turkish through a regularised translation process. Two physiotherapists assessed patients independently in the coronary intensive care unit. The measures such as construct validity, intra and interrater reliability, and internal consistency of the IMS Turkish version were assessed. Results A total of 70 intensive care patients were included in the study. The intrarater and interrater reliability of the IMS was excellent. The weighted Kappa value was 0.92 (0.87–0.96) for the intrarater reliability, and 0.87 (0.80–0.93) for the interrater reliability. There were significant correlations between the IMS and functional status score for the intensive care unit (r = 0.83), Perme intensive care unit mobility score (r = 0.84), Katz activities of daily living (r = 0.73), handgrip strength (r = 0.62), knee extension strength (r = 0.46), and age (r = –0.44). Conclusion This study suggests that the IMS Turkish version is a reliable and valid scale for assessing functional status and mobility level in ICU patients.

The Pain Resilience Scale (PRS) is a useful tool that evaluates behavioral engagement and adaptively regulates cognitions and emotions despite the pain. This study aimed to translate the PRS to Turkish and investigate its psychometric properties. The Turkish version of PRS was completed online by 332 healthy adults, and a subset of 105 respondents was re-assessed after 7–14 days. The reliability of the adapted measure was evaluated in terms of internal consistency, relative, and absolute test-retest reliability. Validity was evaluated in terms of structural, construct, and known-group validity using positive and negative psychological scales. The Turkish version of PRS has a three-factor structure and its cumulative variance is 78.06%. The total PRS score and its subscales correlated positively with pain self-efficacy, general resilience, and quality of life, and negatively with pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, anxiety, depression, and disability. The PRS scores were significantly higher in those with high general resilience ( p < 0.001). The PRS had high internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and Minimum Detectable Difference (MDD) were calculated as 2.9 and 8.0, respectively. The Turkish version of PRS is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring pain resilience in terms of behavioral perseverance and cognitive positivity.

Objective There is limited information about gait patterns during prolonged walking in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The aim of this review was to report on gait metrics during and immediately after the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) in PwMS with different levels of disability. Methods The systematic search was performed in 3 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS) using keywords related to multiple sclerosis and 6MWT. Studies that reported on quantitative gait outcomes before and after the 6MWT or multiple time points during the 6MWT were included. The Hedges g effect size (ES) was calculated to determine the magnitude of change in each gait parameter. Results Fourteen studies (n = 534 PwMS; n = 166 healthy controls) were eligible. Five studies investigated gait parameters prior to and immediately after the 6MWT. Nine studies collected gait measures during the 6MWT. Speed (ES = −0.43 to 0.19), cadence (ES = −0.46 to 0.16), step length (ES = −0.46 to 0.14), stability (ES = −0.35 to 0.33), and regularity (ES = −0.25 to −0.15) decreased in most studies. In the majority of included studies, step time (ES = 0 to 0.35), stance period (ES = 0.12 to 0.58), double support phase (ES = 0.03 to 0.62), variability (ES = −0.19 to 1.13), and asymmetry (ES = −0.79 to 0.62) increased following the 6MWT. The kinetic and kinematic (mainly in dorsiflexion angle [ES = −0.08 to −0.36]) features of gait were also negatively changed after 6 minutes of walking. Walking speed, cadence, step length, stride length, and stride time after 6MWT at a comfortable speed all increased. Changes in the majority of spatiotemporal parameters were more pronounced in PwMS with moderate-to-severe disability compared with PwMS with mild disability. Conclusion Most quantitative gait parameters deteriorated during the 6MWT, especially in PwMS with moderate-to-severe disability. Impact The deterioration of gait patterns should be considered when designing therapeutic interventions to increase sustained walking capacity.

Aim: To investigate the acute effects of action observation training on upper extremity functions, cognitive functions and response time in healthy, young adults. Materials & methods: A total of 60 participants were randomly divided into five groups: the self-action observation group, action observation group, action practice group, non-action observation group and control group. The Jebsen–Taylor hand function test (JTHFT), nine-hole peg test, serial reaction time task and d2 test of attention were applied to the participants before and after the interventions. Results: JTHFT performance with both non-dominant and dominant hands improved significantly compared with baseline in all groups (p Conclusion: Action observation training seems to enhance the performance of upper extremity-related functions. Observing self-actions resulted in statistically significant positive changes in more variables compared with other methods. However, its clinical effectiveness over the other methods should be investigated in future long-term studies. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04932057 ( ClinicalTrials.gov )

El fonksiyonlarının incelenmesi, uygun bir tedavi planı oluşturma ve tedavinin etkinliğini değerlendirme sırasında, limitasyonların ve fonksiyonel kapasiteninbelirlenmesindeki en önemli unsurlardan biridir. Literatürde, üst ekstremite ile ilişkili aktiviteler sırasında erkek bireylerin daha yüksek miktarda kas kuvveti açığaçıkardığı gösterilmiştir. Ancak fonksiyonel aktiviteleri tamamlama süreleri bakımından cinsiyetler arasında fark olup olmadığı yeterince araştırılmamıştır. Bu nedenle,bu çalışmada sağlıklı genç yetişkinlerde cinsiyetler arasında el performansı ve el becerilerini karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 20-30 yaş arasında çalışmayakatılmak için gönüllü olan, üst ekstremite performansını etkileyecek herhangi bir problemi bulunmayan, sağ el dominant sağlıklı bireyler dahil edildi. Çalışmakapsamında katılımcıların yaş, boy, vücut ağırlığı gibi demografik verileri toplandıktan sonra, bireyler Jebsen-Taylor El Fonksiyon Testi (JTEFT) ve Dokuz DelikliÇivi Testini (DDÇT) yazı-tura yöntemi kullanılarak rastgele şekilde uyguladı. Çalışmayı 49 kadın 36 erkek olmak üzere toplam 86 sağlıklı birey dahil edildi. Kadınkatılımcıların yaş ortalaması 21,20±0,979 yıl, erkeklerin yaş ortalaması 21,16±1,068 yıl idi. Cinsiyetler arasında dominant olmayan el performansı karşılaştırıldığındasadece JTEFT geniş-ağır cisimleri toplama alt testinde erkek bireylerin kadınlara göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede testi daha hızlı tamamladıkları bulundu(p=0,024). Diğer alt testler, toplam süre ve DDÇT performansları incelendiğinde cinsiyetler arasında fark bulunmadı (p>0,05). Dominant el performanslarıincelendiğinde erkek katılımcılar kadın katılımcılara göre kart çevirme, geniş-hafif cisimleri toplama ve geniş-ağır cisimleri toplama alt testlerini istatiksel olarakanlamlı derecede hızlı tamamladı (sırasıyla; p=0,004, p=0,009, p=0,006). Ayrıca, erkek katılımcıların testi tamamlama süreleri kadın katılımcılara göre daha kısaydı(p=0,008). Kadın katılımcıların yazı yazma alt testi süreleri daha kısaydı (p=0,024). Obje toplama, beslenme simülasyonu, pul dizme ve DDÇT performanslarıbakımından cinsiyetler arasında fark yoktu (p>0,05). Çalışmada el hızının cinsiyetler arasında benzer olduğu fakat özellikle dominant elde olmak üzere elfonksiyonlarının kadın ve erkek genç sağlıklı bireylerde farklılıklar gösterdiği bulundu. Bu öncü çalışmanın sonuçlarının daha geniş yaş gruplarını ve hastalığa sahipbireyleri dahil edecek şekilde ileriki çalışmalarda genişletilmesi önerilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Cinsiyet; el fonksiyonları; Jebsen-Taylor el fonksiyon testi; dokuz delikli çivi testi&nbsp

Objective Restless legs syndrome is one of the most reported sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS). The study aims to investigate the possible factors related to the occurrence and severity of restless legs syndrome in persons with MS (pwMS) comparing with healthy controls. Methods This is a case-control study that included 447 pwMS and 57 healthy controls. Demographic and clinical data such as gender, age, duration of education, body mass index, marital status, disease duration, and MS type were recorded. Neurological disability was assessed by the Expanded Disability Status Scale. The Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of restless legs syndrome. Results The prevalence of restless legs syndrome in pwMS was 133 (29.8%) and 3 (4.9%) in healthy controls (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gender, body mass index, and MS type (p > 0.05). Patients with restless legs syndrome have more advanced age, longer disease duration, and higher Expanded Disability Status Scale scores than patients without restless legs syndrome (p < 0.05). The correlation between restless legs syndrome severity and age, Expanded Disability Status Scale score, disease duration was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions This study has shown that the presence of restless legs syndrome is high in persons with MS compared to healthy controls. Advanced age, disease duration, and higher disability level could be related to the increased rate of restless legs syndrome in persons with MS, especially those with high-frequency symptoms.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical therapy services for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) is unknown. Therefore, the Special Interest Group for Mobility (SIG Mobility) of the European Network for Best Practice and Research in Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation (RIMS) has undertaken the initiative to examine the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on physical therapy services and physical activity participation in pwMS across Europe, Israel and Australia.To describe the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on physical therapy practice from the perspective of the therapist.An online survey was developed and conducted from December 2020 to July 2021. The survey (50 questions), included multiple-choice questions and open-ended responses.In total, 215 physical therapists (PT's) from 9 countries (Australia, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Spain, and Turkey) participated in the study. The therapy most affected during the pandemic was aerobic training/conditioning exercises; 33.5% reported that these activities were either reduced or unavailable. In contrast, 15% of the PTs reported increased use of relaxation/mind body techniques and/or fatigue management programs during the pandemic. PTs reported a mixture of positive and negative feelings about the therapeutic sessions offered during the pandemic. Most reported positive feelings included "positive" (26.5%), and "optimistic" (24.7%). Negative feelings most frequently reported included "worried" (30.7%), and "hesitant" (20.9%). The PTs reported a 10% decrease in the use of hands-on techniques and a 10% increase in the use of oral instructions when treating moderately and severely pwMS during as compared to before the pandemic.The COVID-19 pandemic has affected physical therapy services in pwMS internationally in terms of content, frequency of use and format.

Objective: This systematic review evaluates and summarizes the effects of pelvic floor muscle training on urinary incontinence and sexual function in people with multiple sclerosis.& nbsp;Data sources: PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ULAKBIM databases with keywords multiple sclerosis, urinary incontinence, sexual function, and pelvic floor muscle training were screened for randomized controlled studies and clinical trials from the beginning until July 2020 (updated in August 2021).& nbsp;Review methods: Two authors independently made the study selection. Turkish and English publications were taken into consideration. The risk of bias for the included studies was assessed using the Revised Cochrane risk -of-bias tool for randomized trials. The Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEXT) was used to assess the methodological quality of studies. Data extraction was performed by two researchers independently.& nbsp;Results: Initial search identified a total of 2831 studies, after removing duplicates, 2180 records were screened and 7 studies with 248 participants [mean age (years): 50.0 +/- 11.11 and range: 20-67; mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score: 4.2 +/- 1.64 and range: 1.5-7.5] met the inclusion criteria. Only one study included male people with multiple sclerosis. Five studies were judged as being of some concerns and two studies were judged as being of high risk of bias. The TESTEXT scores ranged from 5 to 9 out of 15. The outcome measures were the health-related quality of life (6 studies), severity of overactive bladder (5 studies), leakage episodes (4 studies), severity of urinary incontinence (3 studies), 24-h pad test (2 studies), pad usage, sexual function, and anxiety and depression (1 study). Significant improvements were observed in all specified outcome measures in the groups that received pelvic floor muscle training in majority of the studies.& nbsp;Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that pelvic floor muscle training seems to be an effective treatment mo-dality for improving health-related quality of life and reducing the severity of urinary incontinence and over-active bladder symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis. It also can reduce leakage episodes, pad usage, anxiety, and depression and improve sexual function. However, it should be noted that all included studies had some concerns or a high risk of bias in at least one domain of risk of bias assessment, and most of the studies did not have high quality.

This study was carried out during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 growing seasons in Edirne. This study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The five varieties (Kirklar, Kahraman, Kucukyayla, Yeniceri and Sebat) and 10 lines were used as material in the study. It was aimed to determine the genotypes suitable for animal nutrition. The traits such as green forage (GFY) and hay yield (HY), plant height (PH), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content (CP) as well as dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter consumption (DM) and relative feed value (RFV) quality parameter performances of the genotypes were investigated. There were statistically significant differences among genotypes for green forage, hay yield and plant height. The effects of genotype x year interaction on green forage, hay yield and plant height were found statistically significant. According to the results of two years of research, correlations between hay yield with green forage (0.8865**) and plant height (0.6141**) were determined as significant and positive. In terms of two years average, GFY, HY, PH, ADF, NDF, CP and RFV of oat lines ranged between 39.90-56.69 (50.84 t ha-1), 10.52-15.09 (12.93 t ha-1), 84.4-105.4 (95.8 cm), 36.0-44.0 (39.7%), 50.6-59.0 (55.1%), 8.9-17.2 (12.6% ) and 86.1-108.3 (98.2%). The oat G6 had the highest hay yield with 15.18 t ha-1 and G8 had highest RFV with 107.8%. G2 (Kahraman), the oat G9 and G8 were suitable for hay yield and RFV in Trakya-Marmara region., Bu çalışma, 2016-17 ve 2017-18 üretim sezonlarında Tesadüf Blokları Deneme Deseninde dört tekerrürlü olarak Edirne’de yürütülmüştür. 15 yulaf genotipin kullanıldığı denemede, 5 standart çeşit (Kırklar, Kahraman, Küçükyayla, Yeniçeri ve Sebat) yer almıştır. Araştırmada, yulaf genotiplerin yeşil ot ve kuru ot verimi ile bazı kalite özellikleri incelenerek hayvan beslemesi için bölgeye uygun genotiplerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda genotiplerin yeşil ve kuru ot verimi, bitki boyu ile kalite özelliklerinden ADF(Asit Deterjan Lif), NDF (Nötral Deterjan Lif), HP (Ham Protein), KMS (Kuru Madde Sindirebilirliği), KMT (Kuru Madde Tüketimi) ve NYD (Nispi Yem Değeri) incelenmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda iki yılda da yeşil ot verimi, kuru ot verimi ve bitki boyları arasında genotipler arasındaki fark istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ADF, NDF, HP, KMS, KMT ve NYD yönünden genotipler arasında farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Genotip x yıl interaksiyonunun genotiplerin yeşil ot, kuru ot ve bitki boyu üzerine etkilerinin istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur. İki yıllık çalışma sonucuna göre genotiplerin kuru ot verimi ile yeşil ot verimi (r=0.8865**) ve bitki boyu (r=0.6141**) arasında pozitif ve önemli bir ilişki belirlenmiştir. İki yıl ortalamasına göre genotiplerin yeşil ot verimi; 39.90-56.69 (50.84) t ha-1, kuru ot verimi; 10.52-15.09 (12.93) t ha-1, bitki boyu; 84.4-105.4 (95.8) cm, ADF; %36.0-44.0 (39.7), NDF; %50.6-59.0 (55.1), HP; %8.9-17.2 (12.6), KMS; %2.0-2.4 (2.2), KMT; %54.6-60.8 ( 58.0) ve NYD; %86.1-108.3 (98.2) arasında değişim göstermiştir. İki yıllık çalışma sonucunda 15. 18 t ha-1 kuru ot verimi ile 6 nolu genotip, %107.8 NYD ile 8 nolu genotip en kaliteli olarak öne çıkmıştır. Kuru ot verimi ve nispi yem değeri yönünden Kahraman, 9 ve 8 nolu genotipler bölge için en uygun olarak öne çıkmıştır.

Background: There is no information about the effects and usability of rehabilitation during corticosteroid treatment. This randomized clinical trial was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects and safety of exergaming and conventional rehabilitation (CR) on persons with multiple sclerosis (MS, pwMS) during corticosteroid treatment. Methods: The participants were randomly divided into two groups: Exergaming (n=15) and CR (n=15). Rehabilitation was applied by a physiotherapist who has expertise in MS. Measurements were done at baseline (T1), immediately after discharge (T2), and 1 month after discharge (T3). The outcome measures included upper extremity functions, walking, balance, cognitive functions, quality of life, depression, and fatigue. Results: The Nine Hole Peg Test, California Verbal Learning Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, MS Walking Scale 12, Six Spot Step Test showed a significant difference between T1 to T2 and T1 to T3 in the exergaming and CR groups (p < 0.05). The Timed 25 Foot Walk and Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life Questionnaire were significantly different between T1 to T3 in the exergaming and CR groups (p < 0.05). Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised was significantly different between T1 to T3 and T2 to T3 in the exergaming and CR groups (p < 0.05). The MFIS showed a significant difference between T1 to T2 and T1 to T3 in the exergaming group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that exergaming and CR are effective and safe methods for improving upper extremity, cognitive functions, fatigue, quality of life, balance, and walking ability in pwMS during the hospitalization period.

To translate Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index (PBMSI) into Turkish, investigate its psychometric properties and differences between its two scoring algorithms: PBMSI-Rating Scale (PBMSI-RS) and PBMSI-Standard Gamble (PBMSI-SG). An expert committee supervised the translation process. Psychometric properties were evaluated in 104 people with multiple sclerosis. Exploratory common factor analysis was used to investigate structural validity. Convergent validity was assessed by formulating hypotheses about correlations between PBMSI and other HRQL measures, disability level, walking-related measures, and MS symptoms. Known-groups validity was assessed against different measures of disability and walking capacity. Test-retest reliability was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC95%). Factor analysis revealed one factor (Eigenvalue = 2.46). PBMSI-RS and PBMSI-SG correlated significantly with other measures (p < .001). Both could differentiate between individuals with different levels of disability and walking capacity (p < .05, d ≥ 0.50). Relative test-retest reliability was moderate for PBMSI-RS (ICC = 0.75) and good for PBMSI-SG (ICC = 0.83). SEM and MDC95% values were 0.16 and 0.44 for PBMSI-RS and 0.10 and 0.28 for PBMSI-SG, respectively. Turkish version of PBMSI has good psychometric properties to assess health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis. PBMSI-SG should be preferred over PBMSI-RS.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONHealth-related quality of life is often used as a primary or secondary endpoint in multiple sclerosis research.The Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index is the first preference-based health-related quality of life measure developed in multiple sclerosis using patient preferences.Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index was translated to Turkish and demonstrated good psychometric properties, including structural, convergent, known-groups validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability.Professionals working in the field of multiple sclerosis research and rehabilitation may benefit from using the Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index as it is a short and psychometrically robust instrument. Health-related quality of life is often used as a primary or secondary endpoint in multiple sclerosis research. The Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index is the first preference-based health-related quality of life measure developed in multiple sclerosis using patient preferences. Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index was translated to Turkish and demonstrated good psychometric properties, including structural, convergent, known-groups validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Professionals working in the field of multiple sclerosis research and rehabilitation may benefit from using the Preference-Based Multiple Sclerosis Index as it is a short and psychometrically robust instrument.

Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a sensory-motor disorder characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the lower extremity, triggered by sitting and lying positions and release with motion. There is strong evidence that RLS prevalence is higher in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS, pwMS) than in the general population. Current literature has shown that exergaming as non-pharmacological therapy may be an effective method for symptoms such as balance, walking, fatigue, cognitive functions in pwMS, but the effects on RLS are not known. Therefore, the study's main aim is to investigate the effects of exergaming in pwMS with RLS.Methods: Thirty-one pwMS with RLS and 34 pwMS without RLS were randomly divided as exergaming group and control group. The outcome measures were International RLS Study Group Rating Scale, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, MS Walking Scale, Timed 25-Foot Walk Test, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 6 min Walk Test, Timed and Up Go, MS International Quality of Life questionnaire, MS-Related Symptom Checklist.Results: 26 pwMS with RLS (11 exergaming group, 15 control group) and 27 pwMS without RLS (12 exergaming group, 15 control group) were included in 8-week post-treatment analyses. After an 8-week long-term follow-up, 16 pwMS with and without RLS completed the protocol. The RLS severity (p = 0.004), anxiety level (p = 0.024), sleep quality (0.005), walking (0.004), and balance functions (0.041) were improved in pwMS with RLS exergaming group, while RLS severity increased in control group (p = 0.004). At 8-week follow-up, the effect of exergaming on RLS severity, quality of life, sleep quality, and walking capacity was preserved. There was significant improvement in gait and balance functions in pwMS without RLS exergaming group, there was no significant differences control group. In 8-week follow-up, improvement obtained in pwMS without RLS exergaming group was not preserved.Conclusions: This study suggests that exergaming training could be an effective method for managing RLS severity, anxiety, sleep quality, gait, balance, and quality of life in pwMS with RLS.

Most of the previous studies, investigating determinants of 6-minute walk test (6MWT), were conducted on small sample sizes and/or have not explored different aspects such as freezing of gait, physical activity, gender, dual-task cost, and/or have not been able to explain large portion of variation in 6MWT in people with Parkinson's disease.This study aimed to investigate the determinants of 6MWT, including aspects that previous studies have not explored.In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 6MWT determinants were investigated upon 42 people with Parkinson's disease. After recording participants' demographic data, walking capacity, disease stage, severity of motor symptoms, freezing of gait, balance, physical activity, fear of falling, functional balance, and dual-task cost values were evaluated and grouped into modifiable and unmodifiable variables to investigate possible therapeutic benefits aiming improvement in walking capacity.The mean distance for 6MWT was 401.7 ± 92.7 m. Significant differences between women and men were found for height, walking capacity and speed, fear of falling, and functional balance (p0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis showed that gender, age, and time since diagnosis significantly explained 52.4% of the variance in 6MWT and disease stage, freezing of gait, dual-task cost, and functional balance added an extra 35.6% to the explained variance.These results showed that gender, age, disease stage, freezing of gait, dual-task cost, and functional balance values are significant contributors to the variance in 6MWT. Therefore, while planning rehabilitation strategies to improve walking capacity, one should focus on these aspects in people with Parkinson's disease.

Smoking is associated with increased multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. In addition, some studies have reported that smoking is associated with anxiety and depression. However, the associations between smoking, walking, and fatigue are needed to be investigated. The objective was to investigate the associations between cigarette smoking and walking, fatigue, depression symptom severity, and health-related quality of life in persons with MS. Two hundred seventy-nine persons with MS were evaluated in this cross-sectional study. Study outcomes were neurological disability level, walking speed, walking endurance, perceived walking impact of MS, fatigue, depression symptom severity, and health-related quality of life. There were 95 (34.1%) current smokers who had significantly higher fatigue (p = 0.003, p eta(2) = 0.031) and depression (p = 0.044, p eta(2) = 0.015), and lower health-related quality of life (p = 0.003, p eta(2) = 0.031) after adjusting for age, gender, neurological disability level, and disease duration compared to non-smokers (n = 184). There was no significant difference between smokers and non-smokers in walking measures (p > 0.05). Smoking intensity was significantly correlated with age (r = 0.487), neurological disability level (r = 0.227), disease duration (r = 0.30), walking speed (r = 0.574), walking endurance (r = - 0.461), perceived walking impact of MS (r = 0.684), fatigue (r = 0.370), health-related quality of life (r = - 0.259), and depression (r = 0.269) in current smokers. Cigarette smokers with MS had significantly more fatigue and depression symptom severity and less health-related quality of life compared to non-smokers. Increased pack-years of cigarette smoking was associated with worse walking ability and health-related quality of life, and greater depression symptom severity and fatigue.

Context Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive and neurodegenerative disease. Exercise programs are needed to maintain and increase functional status in persons with MS (pwMS). Pilates exercises designed by a physiotherapist can enhance participation and functionality in pwMS. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Clinical Pilates training on balance, walking, fall risk, respiratory, and cognitive functions in pwMS compared with an active comparator (home exercise training). Design This study was a randomized controlled study. Settings This study was designed by researchers at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey. Participants Forty-two pwMS were included in this randomized controlled trial. Main outcome measures Walking, core stability, balance confidence, respiratory muscle strength, and cognitive functions were assessed before and after the program. Interventions The participants were randomly divided into two groups. The Pilates exercises group (n = 21) received therapy weekly for 8 weeks along with a home exercise program. The home exercise group (n = 21) was given standardized exercises reflecting routine clinical practice. The program compliance was monitored by telephone calls once a week. Results There were no significant differences in walking speed (p = 0.096), perceived walking ability (p = 0.165), and fear of falling (p = 0.385) between the Pilates and home exercise groups. Clinical Pilates training was superior to the home exercise program in walking endurance (p = 0.001), postural stability (p = 0.028), core stability (p = 0.016), respiratory (maximum inspiratory pressure: p = 0.037, maximum expiratory pressure: p = 0.008), and cognitive functions (p = 0.001–0.007). Clinical Pilates training may be preferred as an alternative method to improve balance, walking, respiratory, and cognitive functions in pwMS.

Objectives: Since listeningto music is very common while performing various activities of daily livingamong young adults, it is important to know its effects on balance control.This study aimed to examine the effects of different genres of music on staticand dynamic balance control, especially during common activities of dailyliving such as sit-to-stand and walking, using both clinical and computerizedbalance assessment tools.Materials and Methods: Thirty-sixhealthy young adults participated in this cross-sectional study. Static balancewas assessed using the modified Clinical Test Sensory Interaction on Balance ina computerized balance assessment device. Moreover, the dynamic balance duringthe common activities of daily living was assessed using the sit-to-stand testand walk across test in the same device and the timed up and go test as aclinical measure was also used to assess dynamic mobility. All the tests were performed in different conditions, includingwithout listening to the music, listening to pop, rock, and, classical music.Results: There were18 female and 18 male participants with a mean age of 23.0 (1.0) years. Nostatistically significant differences were found in the static and dynamicpostural control variables (p>0.05).Partial eta squared values indicated that the effect sizes were small.Conclusion: Thisstudy suggests that different genres of music including classical, rock, andpop do not influence the static and dynamic balance control in young adults.The influence of different genres of music with different frequency or grooveproperties on balance control and chronic effects of music should beinvestigated in future studies., DOI:10.17681/hsp.472302Amaç: Müzikdinlemek, genç erişkinler arasında çeşitli günlük yaşam aktiviteleri sırasındaçok yaygın yapılan bir aktivite olduğu için müziğin denge kontrolüne etkisinibilmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, farklı müzik türlerinin statik denge ve özellikleoturup ayağa kalkma ve yürüme gibi günlük yaşam aktiviteleri sırasındaki dinamikdenge kontrolü üzerindeki etkilerinin klinik ve bilgisayarlı dengedeğerlendirme araçlarını kullanarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Otuz altı sağlıklı genç erişkin bu çapraztasarımlı çalışmaya katıldı. Statik denge, bilgisayarlı denge değerlendirmecihazında modifiye Denge Duyu İnteraksiyonu Klinik Testi kullanarakdeğerlendirildi. Ayrıca, yaygın günlük yaşam aktiviteleri sırasındaki dinamikdenge aynı cihazda, otur-kalk testi ve yürüme testiyle değerlendirildi. Klinikbir test olarak zamanlı kalk ve yürü testi de dinamik mobiliteyi değerlendirmekiçin kullanıldı. Tüm testler, müzik dinlemezken, pop, rock ve klasik müzikdinlerken olmak üzere farklı koşullar altında gerçekleştirildi. Bulgular:Ortalama yaşları 23,0 (SS = 1,0) yılolan 18 kadın ve 18 erkek katılımcı vardı. Statik ve dinamik postürel kontroldeğişkenlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmadı (p>0,05). Parsiyel eta kare değerleri,etki büyüklüklerinin küçük olduğunu gösterdi. Sonuç: Buçalışma, klasik, rock ve pop gibi farklı müzik türlerinin genç erişkinlerdestatik ve dinamik denge kontrolünü etkilemediğini gösterdi. Gelecektekiçalışmalarda farklı müzik türlerinin farklı frekans ve ritim özellikleri iledenge kontrolü ve bu müziklerin kronik etkileri araştırılmalıdır.

Although growing evidence has shown beneficial effects of motor imagery (MI) training in different populations including people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), not all patients with neurological diseases may benefit from MI.To investigate factors and strategies affecting and enhancing MI ability in pwMS.MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, Web of Science and REHABDATA databases, clinical trials registries, dissertation repositories, study bibliographies and internet search engines were searched through August 2021.Any study type but single case studies investigating factors or strategies contributing to MI ability in pwMS.Risk of bias (RoB) was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Case-Control and Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies and Cochrane RoB-2.0 tool for randomised trials. A qualitative synthesis was performed summarising main results.Eight databases, 4 trial registries, 9 dissertation repositories, and 1 internet search engine were searched. Fourteen studies including 366 pwMS and 236 healthy controls were included. Most frequently, cognitive impairment was reported as a negative factor influencing MI ability in pwMS. Other negative factors were cognitive fatigue and disability. Inconsistent evidence was found on the contribution of MS phenotype, anxiety, and depression. Using a theory-based MI framework and familiarisation to MI and external cueing may enhance MI ability.Eligible studies were highly heterogeneous.Cognitive impairment, cognitive fatigue and disability negatively influence MI ability in pwMS. Visual and/or auditory cueing of MI are strategies for facilitating MI ability.PROSPERO CRD42020173081 CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER.

Background Examining physical activity in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) from different environmental backgrounds might increase understanding and awareness of inactivity in PwMS.Objectives To compare the level of physical activity in PwMS in Israel and Turkey and to examine the relationship between the level of physical activity with common disease-related symptoms and demographical characteristics of PwMS. Methods Cross-sectional data collected by two centers were combined. The physical activity level was determined by the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire, and subsequently, classified into one of three subgroups: "active", "moderately active" and "insufficiently active". Logistic regressions determined the risks of insufficiently active PwMS, according to age, gender, body mass index, disability, impact of walking impairment, disease duration, type of MS and perceived fatigue. The analysis of variance test determined the differences between countries in terms of outcome variables.Results The study comprised 458 patients from Israel and 575 from Turkey; 68.2% Turkish PwMS were classified as insufficiently active compared with 52.0% of Israeli PwMS. The percentage of insufficiently active PwMS was significantly higher in those categorized as fatigued compared to non-fatigued in the total cohort (72.4% vs. 51.9%, pInterpretation PwMS with increased fatigue tend to be physically inactive compared with the non-fatigued. This observation is supported by the merged data collected from two countries, Turkey and Israel, representing PwMS from different environmental backgrounds.