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We extended Carroll et al. (2018) by evaluating the predictive validity of an abbreviated error‐correction assessment (abbreviated assessment) for four adults with intellectual or developmental disabilities. One abbreviated assessment and one validation assessment were conducted for each participant. We used a ranking procedure similar to Carroll et al. to analyze results of the abbreviated assessment and identify the most efficient error‐correction procedure (ECP) for each participant. Results showed high correspondence between the ECP identified during the abbreviated assessment and the most efficient ECP identified during the validation assessment for one of four participants, and moderate‐to‐low correspondence for the remaining three participants. Each participant's average rate of responding during each ECP was comparable across abbreviated and validation assessments, so we conducted statistical analyses to evaluate the strength of relation (Pearson's r) between assessment results. Overall, there was high correspondence between measures taken during both assessments for all participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatlands play a critical role in the global carbon (C) cycle, encompassing ∼30% of the 1,500 Pg of C stored in soils worldwide. However, this C is vulnerable to climate and land‐use change. Ecosystem models predict the impact of perturbation on C fluxes based on soil C pools, yet responses could vary markedly depending on soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry. Here, we show that one SOM functional group responds strongly to environmental factors and predicts the risk of carbon dioxide (CO2) release from peatlands. The molecular composition of SOM in 125 peatlands differed markedly at the global scale due to variation in temperature, land‐use, vegetation, and nutrient status. Despite this variation, incubation of peat from a subset of 11 sites revealed that O‐alkyl C (i.e., carbohydrates) was the strongest predictor of aerobic CO2 production. This explicit link provides a simple parameter that can improve models of peatland CO2 fluxes. Plain Language Summary: Peatlands influence climate, because their soils contain the equivalent of two thirds of the Earth's atmospheric carbon. However, the carbon stored in peatlands is at risk due to climate and land‐use changes, which may increase microbial production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and promote future warming. We found that the chemical composition of soil organic carbon determines the amount of carbon loss from peatlands following drainage. Further, the chemical composition of organic carbon varied among global peatlands based on site characteristics. Therefore, CO2 emissions from soil due to climate and land‐use change vary globally depending on peat carbon chemistry. Information on the chemical composition of soil organic matter will help earth system models improve estimates of CO2 production from peatlands. Key Points: The global variation in soil organic matter chemistry (i.e., specifically the proportion of O‐alkyl carbon) in peatlands is determined primarily by mean annual temperatureO‐alkyl carbon concentration predicts CO2 production at the global scale across peatlands with contrasting environment and chemistry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron calorimeter for diagnostic support of both fission- and fusion-based pulsed neutron experiments is described. The calorimeter generates a voltage signal output via a pair of thermocouples contacting a sample material, which experiences a temperature increase due to interactions with an incident neutron fluence. Advantages of the calorimeter include the versatility derived from its small size, modularity, and the variety of employable neutron absorber materials and sizes. These characteristics permit use with neutron energies between the thermal and fast (up to 14 MeV) spectra. Design overview and requirements, Monte Carlo particle transport simulation results, test data, and possibilities for calorimeter development are provided and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogeochemical silicon cycle influences global primary productivity and carbon cycling, yet changes in silicon sources and cycling during long-term development of terrestrial ecosystems remain poorly understood. Here, we show that terrestrial silicon cycling shifts from pedological to biological control during long-term ecosystem development along 2-million-year soil chronosequences in Western Australia. Silicon availability is determined by pedogenic silicon in young soils and recycling of plant-derived silicon in old soils as pedogenic pools become depleted. Unlike concentrations of major nutrients, which decline markedly in strongly weathered soils, foliar silicon concentrations increase continuously as soils age. Our findings show that the retention of silicon by plants during ecosystem retrogression sustains its terrestrial cycling, suggesting important plant benefits associated with this element in nutrient-poor environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Retroperitoneal sarcoma (rps) encompasses a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a high recurrence rate after resection. Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (nrt) is often used in the hope of sterilizing margins and decreasing local recurrence after excision. We set out to compare local recurrence-free survival (lrfs) and overall survival (os) in patients treated with or without nrt before resection. Methods: Patients diagnosed with rps from February 1990 to October 2014 were identified in the Alberta Cancer Registry. Patients with complete gross resection of rps and no distant disease were included. Patient, tumour, treatment, and outcomes data were abstracted in a primary chart review. Baseline characteristics were compared using the Wilcoxon nonparametric test for continuous data and the Fisher exact test for dichotomous and categorical data. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank test. Cox regression was performed to control for age, sex, tumour size, tumour grade, date of diagnosis, multivisceral resection, and intraoperative rupture. Results: Resection alone was performed in 62 patients, and resection after nrt, in 40. Use of nrt was associated with multivisceral resection and negative microscopic margins. On univariate analysis, nrt was associated with superior median lrfs (89.3 months vs. 28.4 months, p = 0.04) and os (119.4 months vs. 75.9 months, p = 0.04). On multivariate analysis, nrt, younger age, and lower tumour grade predicted improved lrfs and os; sex, tumour size, date of diagnosis, multivisceral resection, and tumour rupture did not. Conclusions: In this population-based study, nrt was associated with superior lrfs and os on both univariate and multivariate analysis. When feasible, nrt should be considered until a randomized controlled trial is completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competition between photoionization and spontaneous dissociation involving the 3Π states of CO has been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. In this study we analyzed the mass and kinetic energy spectra of the photofragments generated after irradiating CO with a line narrowed (≊0.75 cm-1) tunable ArF* laser (λ≊193 nm) and calculated the cross section (3.2 Mb) for photoionizing the c 3Π Rydberg state of CO at the excitation energy. The basic conclusions of this study are that the interaction between the 3Π Rydberg states and the 3Π valence states near 12.8 eV causes rapid (picosecond time scale or faster) dissociation of CO which impedes photoionization and that multiphoton dissociation completely dominates multiphoton ionization at laser power densities up to at least 30 GW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the efficacy of (a) remote video‐based behavioral skills training (BST) with added speech outlines on teaching public speaking behaviors and (b) remote video‐based awareness training (AT) on speech‐disfluency rates. A multiple‐baseline design across speech behaviors was used to evaluate the training. Remote video‐based BST and AT were effective at teaching public speaking behaviors and reducing speech disfluencies, respectively, for both participants. In addition, performance generalized to increased audience size. Although expert ratings of perceived public speaking effectiveness improved following BST, the ratings did not improve and some worsened following AT. Both participants reported satisfaction with video‐based BST and AT. One participant reported greater comfort, confidence, overall ability, and less anxiety as a public speaker following BST. Both participants reported greater improvements in those categories following AT. Our results suggest that public speaking behaviors can be taught using remote video‐based BST and speech disfluencies can be reduced using remote video‐based AT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To examine how climate affects soil development and nutrient availability over long timescales, we studied a series of four long‐term chronosequences along a climate gradient in southwestern Australia. Annual rainfall ranged from 533 to 1185 mm (water balance from −900 to +52 mm) and each chronosequence included Holocene (≤ 6.5 ka), Middle Pleistocene (120–500 ka) and Early Pleistocene (∼2000 ka) dunes. Vegetation changed markedly along the climosequence, from shrubland at the driest site to Eucalyptus forest at the wettest. Soil pH was similar in the youngest soil of each chronosequence, although the carbonate and P contents of the parent sand declined from dry to wet along the climosequence, presumably linked to variation in offshore productivity. Despite this, soil development and associated nutrient status followed remarkably consistent patterns along the four chronosequences. Pedogenesis involved decalcification and secondary carbonate precipitation in Holocene soils and leaching of iron oxides from Middle Pleistocene soils, leading ultimately to bleached quartz sands in the oldest soils. Along all chronosequences soil pH and total P declined, whereas C:P and N:P ratios increased, which is consistent with the predicted change from N to P limitation of vegetation during ecosystem development. The expected unimodal pattern of leaf area index was most pronounced along wetter chronosequences, suggesting an effect of climate on the expression of retrogression. The four chronosequences do not appear to span a pedogenic climate threshold, defined as an abrupt change in soil properties across a relatively small change in climate, because exchangeable phosphate and base cations declined consistently during long‐term pedogenesis. However, the proportion of total P in organic form was greater along wetter chronosequences. We conclude that soil and nutrient availability on the coastal sand plains of southwestern Australia change consistently during long‐term pedogenesis, despite marked variation in modern vegetation and climate. The four chronosequences provide a rare soil‐age × climate framework within which to study long‐term ecosystem development. Highlights: We describe four long‐term coastal dune chronosequences spanning a climate gradient in a global biodiversity hotspot. Pedogenesis involves depletion of phosphorus and cations linked to decalcification and subsequent podsolization. Climate has relatively little effect on patterns of nutrient availability during ecosystem development along the climosequence. The age by climate framework enables study of effect of edaphic change on above‐ and below‐ground communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An application of disrelation mapping to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging datasets is provided to reveal different H-bonded water species within a mammalian cell. 2D correlation analysis revealed a disrelation peak at (3420 cm−1, 3220 cm−1), showing the existence of a specific water band at around 3220 cm−1 whose variation of absorbance did not follow the trend of water molecules with a well-coordinated H-bonding network. Disrelation maps constructed with disrelation intensities between (3420 cm−1, 3220 cm−1) and (3420 cm−1, 1540 cm−1) reveal that the disruption of the water network occurs around the interfacial regions between the cell and media, indicating the disintegration of the H-bonding network of bulk water due to the entrapment of water by the protein inside the cell. This hydration effect also becomes apparent around the area adjacent to the cellular nucleus, reflecting the fact that protein synthesis mainly occurs in this region. These results clearly show the presence of different molecular states of water inside living cells, which are not readily identified by conventional analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study utilises dental histological methods to analyse enamel micro-defects as indicators of early life stress in indigenous Muchik individuals interred at two sites: La Capilla Santa María Magdalena de Eten (CSMME) ( n = 15) and La Capilla del Niño Serranito (CNS) ( n = 15), both located in the Lambayeque Valley region of northern Peru. Individuals interred at CNS date to the Early Colonial Period (AD 1533-1610), and individuals interred at CSMME date to the Middle/Late Colonial Period (AD 1625-1760), thus permitting comparison of childhood stress events between the Early and Middle/Late Colonial Periods. Results reveal a high prevalence of Wilson bands at both sites, although a lower prevalence at the CSMME was observed in comparison with the CNS. This indicates that, over time, Muchik individuals in this town may have been able to acclimate to life under Spanish oppression. Stress chronologies suggest that early life stress possibly resulted from inadequate and less than desirable food and/or water available for supplemental feeding during early infancy, especially around the ages of 4 and 5 months. Furthermore, results show that individuals with enamel defects in the form of Wilson bands at both the CNS and CSMME had an earlier mean age-at-death (9.6 and 4.05 years, respectively) in comparison with those without observed Wilson bands (19.75 and 8.8 years, respectively). These results underscore the importance of not only regional and temporal studies of the biological consequences of Spanish contact in the Americas but also of investigating the relationship between early life stress and adult health and longevity in archaeological populations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotic use has increased as the use of antibiotics in broiler feeds has decreased. This has largely occurred due to a desire to maintain improvements in growth and feed conversion which had typically been observed from subtherapeutic use of antibiotics. As such, two (2) commercially applicable trials were conducted to examine the response from a proprietary blend of five (5) encapsulated Lactobacillus organisms (1-GP; Life Products, Inc.; Norfolk, NE), fed at different dosages across feed phases. In Trial 1, diets supplemented with 1-GP at 0.1%, providing 1,000,000 CFU/g of feed, gave the highest BW at d 14 and 42. In Trial 2, diets supplemented with 1-GP at or above 0.075% gave the best BW and FCRa at d 28. When 1-GP was removed from the diet between d 29 and 49, performance was the lowest, suggesting that 1-GP needs to be fed till time of market. When data were combined from the 2 trials and Quadratic Polynomial (QP) and Quadratic Broken Line (QBL) models were fit, diets supplemented with 1-GP at or above 0.075% gave the best BW and FCRa at d 28 as noted in Trial 2. Model analysis indicated, on average, that the optimal 1-GP inclusion was 0.115% and 0.100% for BW and FCRa, respectively for the 0 to 28 d growing period. Inclusion which maximized or minimized response was shown to be 0.130 and 0.155%, on average, for BW and FCRa, respectively for the 28 to 42 d growing period. This suggests that 1-GP inclusion should not be decreased in the latter phases of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric dust deposition can be a significant source of phosphorus (P) in some tropical forests, so information on the origins and solubility of atmospheric P is needed to understand and predict patterns of forest productivity under future climate scenarios. We characterized atmospheric dust P across a seasonal cycle in a tropical lowland rain forest on Barro Colorado Nature Monument (BCNM), Republic of Panama. We traced P sources by combining remote sensing imagery with the first measurements of stable oxygen isotopes in soluble inorganic phosphate (δ18OP) in dust. In addition, we measured soluble inorganic and organic P concentrations in fine (<1 μm) and coarse (>1 μm) aerosol fractions and used this data to estimate the contribution of P inputs from dust deposition to the forest P budget. Aerosol dry mass was greater in the dry season (December to April, 5.6-15.7 μg m-3) than the wet season (May to November, 3.1-7.1 μg m-3). In contrast, soluble P concentrations in the aerosols were lower in the dry season (980-1880 μg P g-1) than the wet season (1170-3380 μg P g-1). The δ18OP of dry-season aerosols resembled that of nearby forest soils (~19.5?), suggesting a local origin. In the wet season, when the Trans-Atlantic Saharan dust belt moves north close to Panama, the δ18OP of aerosols was considerably lower (~15.5?), suggesting a significant contribution of long-distance dust P transport. Using satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the P concentrations in aerosols we sampled in periods when Saharan dust was evident we estimate that the monthly P input from long distance dust transport during the period with highest Saharan dust deposition is 88 ± 31 g P ha-1 month-1, equivalent to between 10 and 29% of the P in monthly litter fall in nearby forests. These findings have important implications for our understanding of modern nutrient budgets and the productivity of tropical forests in the region under future climate scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Andapa region of northeast Madagascar, smallholders cultivating swidden hill rice ( tavy) for subsistence are pressing against neighboring nature reserves. A dominant policy approach to reducing this pressure requires that smallholders abandon tavy and purchase rice from proceeds obtained from their environmentally sustainable commercial crops, vanilla and coffee. Economic liberalization policies have succeeded in stimulating the expansion of these commercial crops, but have failed to reduce tavy production. We ask why this dual (subsistence and commercial) production system persists. We test two explanatory views: that either market imperfections deny farmers full entry into the market, or that internal production goals or socio-cultural norms create barriers to full market participation. Results support the latter view, although not for reasons that have been associated with this view in past studies. We propose a new factor that may serve as a barrier to full-market immersion among Andapa tavy farmers, the social relations of property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) cycles rapidly in lowland tropical forest soils, but the process have been proven difficult to quantify. Recently it was demonstrated that valuable data on soil P transformations can be derived from the natural abundance of stable oxygen isotopes in phosphate (δ18OP). Here, we measured the δ18OP of soils that had received long-term nutrient additions (P, nitrogen, and potassium) or litter manipulations in lowland tropical forest in Panama and performed controlled incubations of fresh soils amended with a single pulse of P. To detect whether δ18OP values measured in the incubations apply also for soils in the field, we examined the δ18OP values after rewetting dry soils. In the incubations, resin-P δ18OP values converged to ∼3.5‰ above the expected isotopic equilibrium with soil water. This contrasts with extra-tropical soils in which the δ18OP of resin-P matches the expected equilibrium with soil water. Identical above-equilibrium resin-P δ18OP values were also found in field soils that did not receive P additions or extra litter. We suggest that the 3.5‰ above-equilibrium δ18OP values reflect a steady state between microbial uptake of phosphate (which enriches the remaining phosphate with the heavier isotopologues) and the release of isotopically equilibrated cell internal phosphate back to the soil. We also found that soil nutrient status affected the microbial turnover rate because in soils that had received chronic P addition, the original δ18OP signature of the fertilizer was preserved for at least eight weeks, indicating that the off-equilibrium δ18OP values produced during microbial phosphate turnover was not imprinted in these soils. Overall, our results demonstrate that ongoing microbial turnover of phosphate mediates its biological availability in lowland tropical soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes oral pathological conditions-caries, antemortem tooth loss, and occlusal macrowear-among adults (N = 70) interred at Machu Picchu, Peru. Previous isotopic diet reconstructions at Machu Picchu suggest substantial early-life variation that may have narrowed somewhat by the last decade of life. This study seeks to further elucidate the intersection of diet, sex, and health at Machu Picchu by analyzing oral pathological conditions with existing carbon and nitrogen isotopic data. Observed caries prevalence is corrected to control for age and tooth loss, and is described for both anterior and posterior teeth; wear data are scored and reported for individual tooth types. Results indicate caries prevalence consistent with carbohydrate-rich diets and no significant difference between males and females. However, no significant isotopic parameters are associated with caries prevalence in young adult males, while caries prevalence is significantly associated only with enamel carbonate δ13C in older adult males. Dietary protein sources, but not C4 resources, are associated with caries prevalence in young adult females, and to a lesser degree in older adult females. Significant associations between occlusal wear and caries exist among young adult males and young adult females, but involving different tooth types. These findings suggest differential protein consumption at Machu Picchu between males and females, and separate masticatory and physiological processes shaping caries prevalence between the sexes at the site. This study therefore underscores the role that gender roles may have played in diet variation among this population and the need to account for sex in analyzing oral pathology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous methods of measuring high velocities, e.g., during electromagnetic forming (EMF) and magnetic pulse welding processes where the workpiece is deforming, include photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV), laser micrometers, and high speed photography. In this paper, an alternative method is presented, implementing a fiber optic, reflectance dependent sensor. The sensor is shown to be an attractive, low purchase cost solution to measure high velocities. Data are shown with respect to sensor characterization including various surface reflectivity values, curvatures, and misalignments; implementation in two EMF/welding processes; and verification with high velocity PDV measurements. The sensor system is one twentieth the purchase cost of a PDV system, and yet measures velocities accurately (using PDV measurements as the reference) to at least 150 m/s provided that local curvature is not extreme and the displacement is less than approximately 27 mm. Sensor performance is also enhanced by the use of retroreflective tape, which is shown to increase the displacement range by 9×, decrease sensitivity to misalignment, and increase repeatability and ease of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical decisions regarding the suitability of adjuvant systemic therapy for individual patients with breast cancer depends on comprehensive assessment of the underlying biology of each patient's tumor. The previous clinical-pathologic paradigm for treatment, which had been used for decades, now has been augmented by significant advances in molecular analysis of breast tumor tissue samples. Molecular testing has the potential to understand better both tumor biology and clinical behavior, which enables more appropriate therapy choices to be made. We review the rapid evolution in profiling breast cancer tissues, and discuss the current evidence for clinical use of this information and how the emerging molecular paradigm can be integrated into the clinical-pathologic context as we progress toward 'precision' therapy for patients with breast cancer and other solid tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil pH influences the chemistry, dynamics and biological availability of phosphorus (P), but few studies have isolated the effect of pH from other soil properties. We studied phosphorus chemistry in soils along the Hoosfield acid strip ( Rothamsted, UK), where a pH gradient from 3.7 to 7.8 occurs in a single soil with little variation in total phosphorus (mean ± standard deviation 399 ± 27 mg P kg−1). Soil organic phosphorus represented a consistent proportion of the total soil phosphorus (36 ± 2%) irrespective of soil pH. However, organic phosphorus concentrations increased by about 20% in the most acidic soils ( pH < 4.0), through an accumulation of inositol hexakisphosphate, DNA and phosphonates. The increase in organic phosphorus in the most acidic soils was not related to organic carbon, because organic carbon concentrations declined at pH < 4.0. Thus, the organic carbon to organic phosphorus ratio declined from about 70 in neutral soils to about 50 in strongly acidic soils. In contrast to organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus was affected strongly by soil pH, because readily-exchangeable phosphate extracted with anion-exchange membranes and a more stable inorganic phosphorus pool extracted in NaOH-EDTA both increased markedly as soil pH declined. Inorganic orthophosphate concentrations were correlated negatively with amorphous manganese and positively with amorphous aluminium oxides, suggesting that soil pH influences orthophosphate stabilization via metal oxides. We conclude that pH has a relatively minor influence on the amount of organic phosphorus in soil, although some forms of organic phosphorus accumulate preferentially under strongly acidic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabet. Med. 28, 1494-1500 (2011) Abstract The increasing prevalence of diabetes, the drive to develop community services for diabetes and the Quality and Outcomes Framework for diabetes have led to improvements in the management of diabetes in primary care settings, with services traditionally provided only in specialist care now provided for many patients with diabetes by non-specialists. Consequently, there is a need to redefine roles, responsibilities and components of a specialist diabetes service to provide for the needs of patients in the National Health Service (NHS) today. The delivery of diabetes care is complex and touches on almost every aspect of the health service. It is the responsibility of those working within commissioning and specialist provider roles to work together with people with diabetes to develop, organize and deliver a full range of integrated diabetes care services. The local delivery model agreed within the local diabetes network, comprising specialist teams, primary care teams, commissioners and people with diabetes, should determine how the diabetes specialist services are organizsed. It should identify the roles and responsibilities of provider organizations to ensure that the right person provides the right care, at the right time, and in the right place. We summarize a report entitled 'Commissioning Diabetes Specialist Services for Adults with Diabetes', which has been produced, as a 'Task and Finish' group activity within Diabetes UK, to assist managers, commissioners and healthcare professionals to provide advice on the structure, roles and components of specialist diabetes services for adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The productivity of tropical lowland moist forests is often considered to be limited by the availability of phosphorus. Organic phosphorus is often abundant in tropical soils, but its role in forest nutrition is largely unknown. We addressed this by using a large-scale litter manipulation experiment to investigate the stability of soil organic phosphorus in a tropical lowland forest in Central Panama. Three years of litter removal reduced the organic phosphorus concentration in the surface 2 cm of mineral soil by 23%, as determined by NaOH-EDTA extraction and 31P-NMR spectroscopy; this included decreases in phosphate monoesters (20%) and DNA (30%). Three years of litter addition (equivalent to adding 6 kg P ha–1 per year) increased soil organic phosphorus by 16%, which included a 31% increase in DNA. We did not detect higher-order inositol phosphates, despite their abundance in mineral soils of temperate ecosystems. Our observed turnover rate suggests that even the 0–2-cm layer of the mineral soil contributes a fifth of the total phosphorus needed to sustain above-ground growth in this forest. Soil organic phosphorus is thus likely to make a more important contribution to the nutrition of semi-evergreen forest plants than has hitherto been acknowledged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Despite advances in cross-sectional imaging and the use of molecular markers, distinguishing between benign and malignant cysts remains a clinical challenge. Aims To identify both preoperative clinical and cyst characteristics at the time of EUS that predict malignancy. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive patients with pancreatic cysts who underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and surgical resection from May 1996 to December 2007 at a tertiary centre. Clinical history, EUS characteristics, cytology, tumour markers and surgical histology were collected. Predictors of malignancy were determined by univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results A total of 153 patients underwent a EUS and subsequent surgical intervention.Of the 153 patients, 57 (37%) had a histological diagnosis of malignancy. On univariate analysis, older age ( P < 0.001), male gender ( P = 0.010), jaundice ( P = 0.039), history of other malignancy ( P = 0.036), associated mass in cyst ( P = 0.004) and malignant cytology ( P < 0.001) were found to be associated with malignancy. History of pancreatitis ( P = 0.008) and endoscopist impression of pseudocyst ( P = 0.001) were found to be associated with benign cysts. Multivariate analysis found that only older age [Odds ratio (OR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01–1.08], male gender (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.08–4.73) and malignant cytology (OR, 6.60; 95% CI, 2.02–21.58) were independent predictors of malignancy. Conclusions Older age, male gender and malignant cytology from EUS predict malignancy at surgical resection. These characteristics may be used to estimate the probability of malignancy in a cyst and aid in management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 285–294 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal South American species Cyprinodon dearborni contains two lineages distinct at both mitochondrial and nuclear loci. One appears to be a long-term South American endemic, whereas the other is a more recent colonizer related to the widespread Cyprinodon variegatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the urban heat-island effect, the warming-up of an urban area caused by human activity, on the blowfly Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae) was examined at two British sites, 30 km apart. Waterloo in Central London is a highly urbanised built-up area, whereas Box Hill in the county of Surrey is a rural pasture and woodland location. The phenotypic plasticity of 12 C. vicina cultures, originated from single females from each of the two sites, was measured using three developmental characters: adult body size (represented as the length of the cross vein dm-cu of the right wing), development time as accumulated degree-days (ADD), and growth rate (length of dm-cu/ADD), along a constant temperature series of 16, 20, 24, and 28 °C in the laboratory. The blowflies from Box Hill had the same ADD as those from Waterloo, but showed a significantly larger adult size and growth rate at lower temperatures, suggesting the existence of local adaptations that may be caused by the differing levels of urbanisation between the two studied sites. Not surprisingly, a trade-off between adult size and development time was found. Females showed longer development times than males at all four temperatures, indicating they may need to ingest more food as larvae to furnish ovarioles and increase fecundity. However, females had larger adult size than males at 16 and 20 °C but a reverse at 28 °C, suggesting that females may be more cold-adapted than males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of soil organic phosphorus by the NaOH–EDTA procedure was assessed in detail for a tropical forest soil (clay-loam, pH 4.3, total carbon 2.7%). Optimum conditions for the quantification of soil organic phosphorus and characterization of its composition by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy were extraction in a solution containing 0.25 m NaOH and 50 mm Na2EDTA in a 1:20 solid to solution ratio for 4 hours at ambient laboratory temperature. Replicate analyses yielded a coefficient of variation of 3% for organic phosphorus as a proportion of the spectral area. There was no significant difference in total phosphorus extraction from fresh and air-dried soil, although slightly more organic phosphorus and less paramagnetic ions were extracted from dried soil. The procedure was not improved by changing the concentration of NaOH or EDTA, extraction time, or solid to solution ratio. Pre-extraction with HCl or Na2EDTA did not increase subsequent organic phosphorus extraction in NaOH–EDTA or improve spectral resolution in solution 31P NMR spectroscopy. Post-extraction treatment with Chelex resin did not improve spectral resolution, but removed small concentrations of phosphorus from the extracts. Increasing the pH of NaOH–EDTA extracts (up to 1.0 m NaOH) increased the concentration of phosphate monoesters, but decreased DNA to an undetectable level, indicating its hydrolysis in strong alkali. The standardized NaOH–EDTA extraction procedure is therefore recommended for the analysis of organic phosphorus in tropical forest soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 10 years, the winegrape industry in the southeastern United States has experienced rapid growth; however, further expansion may be inhibited by Pierce's disease (PD). Epidemiotogical studies were conducted to identify the primary vectors of Xylella fastidiosa, the cause of PD of grape, by surveying sharpshooter population dynamics in the eastern Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. Sharp-shooter species were assessed for the presence of X. fastidiosa in the field. Leathoppers were trapped in three vineyards in the eastern Piedmont and one vineyard in the northeastern Coastal Plain in 2004 and 2005. Four insects were identified as most abundant: Oncometopia orbona, Graphocephala versuta, Paraphlepsius irroratus, and Agalliota constricta. Adult specimens of O. orbona, G. versuta, and P. irroratus were tested for the presence of X. fastidiosa by nested polymerase chain reaction. In all, 27% of O. orbona, 28% of G. versuta, and 33% of P. irroratus trapped were positive for X. fastidiosa over the two seasons. Transmission experiments demonstrated that both O. orhona and G. versuta have the ability to transmit X. fastidiosa to grape. These vectors are likely to be important in all winegrowing regions of the Southeast, because their presence has been documented throughout the southern states. In DNA analyses, X. fastidiosa strains from insects trapped in North Carolina were genetically similar to one another and to the known ‘PD strain’ from California. This is the first report of these two leaf-hopper species transmitting X. fastidiosa to grapevines in the Southeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological characteristics and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of 486 isolates of Gloinerella cingulata, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum collected from apple leaves with Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) symptoms and fruit with bitter rot symptoms in the United States and Brazil were studied. From this collection, 155 isolates of G. cingulata (93 from fruit, 61 from leaves, and 1 from buds), 42 isolates of C. gloeosporioides from fruit, and 14 isolates of C. acutatum (10 from fruit and 4 from leaves) were studied using mitochondrial (mt)DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) haplotypes. A subset of 24 isolates was studied by examining the sequence of a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GDPH) nuclear gene. In addition, 98 isolates were tested for pathogenicity on leaves of cvs. Gala and Golden Delicious in the greenhouse, and 24 iso- lates were tested for pathogenicity on fruit of cv. Gala in growth chambers. In total, 238 and 225 isolates of G. cingulata were separated into four distinct morphological types and six VCGs, respectively. Five morphological types and six VCGs were identified among 74 and 36 isolates of C. gloeosporioides, respectively. Three morphological types and four VCGs were identified among 74 and 23 isolates of C. acutatum, respectively. Seven different mtDNA RFLP haplotypes were observed within isolates of C. cingulata, two within isolates of C. gloeosporioides, and two within isolates of C. acutatum. Phylogenetic trees, inferred based on maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methods using the intron sequence, produced similar topologies. Each species was separated into distinct groups. All isolates tested were pathogenic on fruit, though only isolates with specific VCGs and haplotypes were pathogenic to leaves. Vegetative compatibility was a better tool than molecular characters for distinguishing isolates of G. cingulata pathogenic on both leaves and fruit from the ones pathogenic only on fruit. Isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot were included in haplotypes and groups based on the sequence analysis of the 200-bp intron that also included isolates capable of causing bitter rot only. Additionally, isolates of G. cingulata from the United States and Brazil which cause GLS were included in different haplotypes and sequence analysis groups. Therefore, one hypothesis is that isolates of G. cingulata from the United States capable of causing both GLS on foliage and bitter rot on fruit may have arisen independently of Brazilian isolates of G. cingulata capable of causing both GLS and bitter rot, and the two groups of isolates may represent distinct populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is a major limitation to agricultural production in many parts of the world. It is therefore desirable to identify plants with enhanced abilities to utilize P more efficiently. Exudation of phosphatase from roots may improve P availability, yet there is little direct evidence for this. Here we report the dynamics of organic P in the rhizosphere of plants that have enhanced rhizosphere phosphatase activity. Agroforestry species and transgenic subterranean clover (engineered to produce phytase) were compared with crop and wild-type plant controls, respectively. Depletion of organic P was measured in pools defined by chemical extraction, solution 31P NMR spectroscopy, and microbial immobilization of radio-isotopic P. Plants that had greater extracellular phosphatase activity depleted more organic P from P-deficient Oxisols than control plants. Depleted organic P forms were primarily phosphate monoesters. Plants with enhanced extracellular phosphatase activity also had access to a pool of soil P that was less isotopically exchangeable. Transgenic subterranean clover that expresses a microbial phytase gene appeared to have greater access to recently immobilized P, whereas plants expressing endogenous phosphatases utilized the unlabelled portion of soil organic P to a greater extent. Collectively, these results indicate that the enhancement of phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of plants is implicated in the depletion of organic P forms from soils, most notably orthophosphate monoesters, whilst also suggesting that there is some exclusivity to the pools of organic P utilized by plants and microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the impact of Innovations in diabetes on people with diabetes. It mentions the experience of changes and innovations that have influenced author's own diabetes management. It also mentions burden of management is not great for patient's family and is costly to the health service when the ambulance is called.

The spatio-temporal variability of necrophagous fly assemblages in a linear series of habitats from central London to the rural surroundings in the south-west was studied using bottle traps between June 2001 and September 2002. A total of 3314 individuals in 20 dipteran families were identified from 127 sampling occasions. Calliphoridae accounted for 78.6% of all the dipteran specimens, with Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, being the most abundant species (2603 individuals, 46.9%). Using canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) on 72 fly taxa, six sampled sites and 36 environmental variables, three habitat types corresponding to three groups of flies were identified. These were an urban habitat characterized by C. vicina, Lucilia illustris (Meigen) and L. sericata (Meigen), a rural grassland habitat, characterized by L. caesar (Linnaeus) and a rural woodland habitat characterized by Calliphora vomitoria (Linnaeus), Phaonia subventa (Harris), Neuroctena anilis (Fallén) and Tephrochlamys flavipes (Zetterstedt). Intermediate species ( L. ampullacea Villeneuve and P. pallida (Fabricius), located between the three habitats, were also found. Temporal abundance of the 10 most abundant species showed fluctuations between seasons, having low numbers of captured individuals during winter. Correspondence analysis showed clearly seasonal patterns at Box Hill site. The species–habitat associations suggest habitat differentiation between necrophagous guilds in this area and may be of ecological value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A simple theory of ‘desertification’ is found inadequate for understanding the complexity, diverse patterns and flexibility of farmers’ responses to change in environmental conditions and population growth in the Sahel. These include long-term transitions in farming practices, in management of natural resources and in income diversification. This paper reviews evidence relating to deforestation, woodland and rangeland degradation to show that in certain areas, a transition to intensified land use, although initially involving a loss of woodland, has led to the planting or protection of useful trees on farms and maintained biomass levels. Livestock numbers have been maintained, despite declining rainfall and loss or apparent degradation of rangeland, by development of more integrated livestock, arable and marketing systems. The possibility of these trends having impact on Sahelian ‘greening’ is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of the Columbus program was to implement a comprehensive watershed monitoring-network including water chemistry, aquatic biology and alternative sensors to establish water environment health and methods for determining future restoration progress and early warning for protection of drinking water supplies. The program was implemented to comply with USA regulatory requirements including Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) rules of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) rules under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The USEPA Office of Research and Development and the Water Environment Research Foundation provided quality assurance oversight. The results obtained demonstrated that significant wet weather data is necessary to establish relationships between land use, water chemistry, aquatic biology and sensor data. These measurements and relationships formed the basis for calibrating the US EPA BASINS Model, prioritizing watershed health and determination of compliance with water quality standards. Conclusions specify priorities of cost-effective drainage system controls that attenuate stormwater flows and capture flushed pollutants. A network of permanent long-term real-time monitoring using combination of continuous sensor measurements, water column sampling and aquatic biology surveys and a regional organization is prescribed to protect drinking water supplies and measure progress towards water quality targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-l, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To determine whether the forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperaemia (RH) is reduced in normoalbuminuric subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and retinopathy compared with subjects with no retinopathy. METHODS: Forearm RH, an indicator of endothelial function, was measured, using strain-gauge plethysmography, in 39 normoalbuminuric subjects (22 with retinopathy) with long-standing Type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: were evaluated in relation to conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis, and C-reactive protein (CRP), which we have recently determined to be an independent correlate of forearm RH. RESULTS: Forearm RH was decreased in subjects with retinopathy compared with those with no retinopathy (219 +/- 182 vs. 473 +/- 355, P < 0.01). Both retinopathy and CRP proved to be independent and negative predictors, and explain 27% of the variance, in forearm RH. CONCLUSION: Retinopathy in subjects with Type 1 diabetes mellitus may reflect a generalized process of endothelial dysfunction, even in the absence of microalbuminuria. Copyright 2004 Diabetes UK [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filtering of nonpredictable scales of precipitation can be used to improve forecast precision (rms). Previous papers have studied the scale dependence of predictability of patterns of instantaneous rainfall rate and of probabilistic forecasts. In this paper, motivated by the often localized, intermittent nature of rainfall, the wavelet transform is used to develop measures of predictability at each scale. These measures are then used to design optimal forecast filters. This method is applied to radar composites of rainfall reflectivity over much of the continental United States and is developed to be appropriate for operational forecasts of rainfall rates and raining areas. For the four precipitation events studied, the average correlation at 4-h lead time was increased from 0.50 for the original nowcasts to 0.62 with forecast filtering. This forecast filtering is incorporated into the McGill Algorithm for Precipitation Nowcasting by Lagrangian Extrapolation (MAPLE), which now includes variational echo tracking, a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme, scale-based filtering, and appropriate rescaling of the filtered nowcast fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Aspects of ileal pouch surgery remain controversial. The authors' single practice experience of 107 operations illustrates many of them. It was hoped that its study would contribute usefully to the debate. Patients and methods Details of all 107 restorative proctocolectomies carried out since the operation was started in Gloucester in 1984 until the study period ended have been kept prospectively. All patients had proctectomy by mesorectal dissection, and 106 had W pouch restoration. Four suffered functional failure requiring reversion to ileostomy and three patients have died. The remaining 99 were sent a questionnaire concerning pelvic visceral function and evidence of pouchitis. Records of all but one of the patients have been reviewed. Results Surgical morbidity was low with neither chronic pelvic sepsis, pouch related fistula, pouch haemorrhage nor pouch ischaemia. Mucosectomised patients had similar bowel control to the stapled group. The policy change from routine to selective protective ileostomy proved satisfactory. W pouch function was found to be comparable to that reported from major J pouch series, although anti-diarrhoeal usage was reduced, and was not influenced by either gender, age or time since surgery. Conclusion None of the following reasonably intuitive assumptions seem supported by our findings: that mesorectal excision necessarily poses a greater danger to pelvic visceral function than close rectal dissection, that the greater capacity of W pouches will be reflected in markedly less frequency, that mucosectomy would impair anal control, or that a defunctioning ileostomy is a mandatory precaution. Pouch frequency is less if wind can be passed separately; otherwise functional outcome seems determined by other, non-technical, factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Traditionally the calculation of accumulated degree days or hours (ADD or ADH) involves the concept of a minimum threshold temperature below which development ceases. Hence in fluctuating conditions, where temperatures drop below this threshold, there may be periods of time when development is taken to be zero. This has important implications when the calculation of postmortem interval (PMI) is based on the ADD or ADH of larval dipterans. Normal development of larvae of the blowflies Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy and C . vomitoria L. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) at 20°C was interrupted by cold episodes. The expectation was that total development time would increase by the period at low (therefore no development) temperature but the total ADD or ADH should be the same as non-cold treated cohorts. The results, however, showed that total ADH for both species decreased linearly with increasing temperature with no evidence of any minimum threshold temperature effect. The increased ADH at low temperatures may be due to either continued but reduced development or a delay in development restarting after the cold episode. Use of ADH in PMI estimations has shortcomings particularly during the winter period where low temperatures are involved or where there are sudden summer cold spells during the development period. As blowfly development progresses from egg to pupa such errors will be compounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the role of geography as a modern science. Spatial-chorological identity; Foundation of the human-environment identity; Geographic factor.

Discusses the factors influencing the direction of fruit disease management programs. Models of disease forecasting used in disease management programs; Instruments that monitor the occurrence of disease in fruits; Development of fungicide resistance in fruits.

The aim of the Columbus program was to implement a comprehensive watershed monitoring network including water chemistry, aquatic biology and alternative sensors to establish water environment health and methods for determining future restoration progress and early warning for protection of drinking water supplies. The program was implemented to comply with USA regulatory requirements including Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) rules of the Clean Water Act (CWA) and Source Water Assessment and Protection (SWAP) rules under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The USEPA Office of Research and Development and the Water Environment Research Foundation provided quality assurance oversight. The results obtained demonstrated that significant wet weather data is necessary to establish relationships between land use, water chemistry, aquatic biology and sensor data. These measurements and relationships formed the basis for calibrating the US EPA BASINS Model, prioritizing watershed health and determination of compliance with water quality standards. Conclusions specify priorities of cost-effective drainage system controls that attenuate stormwater flows and capture flushed pollutants. A network of permanent long-term real-time monitoring using combination of continuous sensor measurements, water column sampling and aquatic biology surveys and a regional organization is prescribed to protect drinking water supplies and measure progress towards water quality targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which focused on spectroscopy in the 1-10 gigahertz region using the Arecibo telescope at the Arecibo Observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Observation of atoms; Carbon-chain species and the study of fundamental astrochemistry; Spectral surveys.

A laboratory thermal processing unit and reactor cell were adapted to aseptically process browned and unbrowned cubes from Choice an Utility Grade beef. Processing parameters of heating medium flow rate, time and temperature were established. Processed product was analyzed for changes in flavor and texture on day 0 and after 30 days refrigerated storage. Because sterility of each sample was not verified, sensory evaluation was only performed at day 0. Pre-browning improved flavor quality and did not reduce tenderness or yield. Low quality beef could be effectively utilized with proper processing parameters. Lipid oxidation and loss of sulfur compounds during storage were limiting factors in aseptically processing beef particulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BSTRACT Neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) fractions and their corresponding fatty acid (FA) profiles from the L. dorsi of Angus-Hereford heifers (n=27) were compared as a function of forage grazing (FG) and time in the feedlot after grazing (DIF) on pasture. There were no differences in total PL content or FA composition of the individual PL as influenced by initial FG. As DIF increased, there was an increase in PL concentration and significant changes in the FA composition of the total PL and several of the individual PL fractions, separated by high performance liquid chromatography. Total PL content and FA content of the individual PL were significantly correlated with differences in the flavor characteristics of ground beef which were determined by a descriptive panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) fractions and their corresponding fatty acid profiles from the L. dorsi of Bison, Hereford, and Brahman steers of similar age finished on identical diets were determined. Compositional differences were related to sensory characteristics of the samples. Phosphatidylcholine + lysophosphatidylethanolamine (PC + LPE) existed in the highest concentration in all samples evaluated followed by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SPH), fraction one and phosphatidylserine (PS). Bison contained more total PL, particularly PC+LPE and LPC, than the other two bovine species. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of these PL was greater for Bison. Off-flavor and aftertaste increased with increasing levels of PC+LPE and LPC due to their greater composition of PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA fingerprinting of tadpoles from two different 'one female-two male' matings of the red-eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas, revealed multiple paternity of offspring. Offspring were assigned paternity based on bands shared with the putative father, but not shared between putative fathers or with the mother. Paternity was split = 44/56% and 36/64% in two matings. These results do not support a hypothesis of sperm priority in access to unfertilized eggs by primary males. Multiple paternity may be commonplace in species of anurans with matings by multiple males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An excimer laser-based photofragmentation instrument capable of quantitatively probing ionization and dissociation dynamics in small molecular systems is described. This instrument combines single and multiphoton excitation techniques, with fluorescence and time-of-flight ion detection techniques to excite specific excited states of parent molecules and to determine the partitioning of energy among neutral and ionic photofragments. The results of a series of prototype photofragmentation experiments on CO will be used to demonstrate how the experimenter obtains a clearer picture of the fragmentation mechanism when both the ionic and neutral photofragments are interrogated quantitatively rather than when only one type of fragment is studied. Specifically, the authors address the discrepancy in the interpretations of previous fluorescence work on the CO system. It will be shown further that the spectra of the photofragments generated after decomposition of CO by 193-nm radiation can be used to calibrate the laser bandwidth (0.75 cm-1) and the absolute frequency (to within 2 cm-1) when an ArF* excimer laser is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates the impact of maternal HIV testing and prenatal care on the potential to reduce vertical transmission through zidovudine (AZT) use by HIV-infected mothers. Increasing proportions of HIV-infected women receiving AZT; Potential benefits of initiating prenatal care by 34 weeks of gestation; Variable transmission rate potential of HIV-infected mothers.

This paper attempts to establish that three distinct types of intellectual innovation have been accompanied by, and partly produced by, social processes set in motion by over-production of personnel. Over-production occurs when there is a rapid growth in the number of persons qualified to occupy positions involving expertise, without a corresponding increase in the number of positions available. It generates competition among eligible persons for scarce rewards, which, in turn leads them to seek new audiences for their special services and new sources of economic support. Those experts engaged in competition tend to select and emphasize ideas and techniques which improve their Own career opportunities. As a result, competition promotes intellectual innovation. It is argued that over-production, accompanied by competition for scarce rewards, has been partly responsible for religious innovation in North African Islam, artistic change in nineteenth century French painting, and intellectual development in modem science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]