Search

The use of handheld technology in this country has grown at an exponential rate, and as a consequence younger generations are using these devices, often without the necessary precautions. Past research has shown that technology use presents an obvious distraction to drivers and pedestrians and poses a threat to the user's safety. This paper explores the effect of this distraction, as well as any other distractions on the safety of high school students as they cross the street before and after school. The results include 93 students that were observed at East High School in Salt Lake City, UT. The presence of the observer was unknown to students in order to obtain the most naturalistic results. Safety was measured on three dimensions: whether or not the students looked both ways before crossing, if the student stopped at the edge of the crosswalk, and a subjective measure of whether or not the student was paying attention while crossing. The overall safety measure scores were compared between students who were talking on the cell phone, texting, listening to an iPod, accompanied by a friend, or had no distractions at all. Results showed that any form of distraction while crossing was less safe than when there was no distraction at all. Results also showed that texting was the most distracting form of technology, and being accompanied by a friend was the least distracting. Exploring this trend is crucial in providing the necessary information to raise awareness and increase education about safe crossing behavior, technology use, and safety in adolescents and pedestrians.

Previous research has suggested a link between cognitive workload and gaze concentration. As mental workload increases, humans begin to stare straight ahead. If drivers' scanning behaviors are attenuated as a result of secondary in-vehicle tasks, then their situation awareness and their ability to react to unpredictable events may be impaired. Using video-based eye tracking technology in a naturalistic setting is notoriously difficult; however, electrooculography (EOG) may provide a reliable, real-time measure of changes in visual scanning under manipulated levels of cognitive workload. This study assessed the viability of EOG to measure changes in scanning behavior when drivers performed common in-vehicle tasks while driving an automobile. Notably, EOG measures were not sensitive to driver's workload, but instead demonstrated that speech production inherent to a task contributes to an additive effect in identified eye movements.