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Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming more prevalent, but their high energy demands are straining Bangladesh's power infrastructure. Assuring the necessary charging demand without impacting the power grid is a significant challenge to the widespread deployment of EVs. Despite having a few solar-powered electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs), Bangladesh needs more EVCSs to keep up with the rising demand. This study introduces grid-tied EVCS based on solar and wind for three major coastal cities in Bangladesh that will deliver charging stations' excess energy to the grid. This investigation utilizes lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries as energy storage. A derivative-free approach, hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER), performs the comprehensive analysis. Python is employed for heatmap analysis and different data visualization. The lowest energy cost (0.114 $/kWh or 12.54 BDT/kWh) and the net present cost-NPC ($470621 or 51768310 BDT) are found for Grid/PV/Wind/Battery based EVCS from the research findings. Furthermore, this completely renewable EVCS reduces excess electricity in the system from 56 % to 2 %, resulting in a 74 % decrease in energy cost. The profitability index and payback period results validate the feasibility of the proposed EVCS. Sensitivity reports show that NPC, battery throughput, and electric production increase with an increase in EV load. Contrariwise, energy cost and excess electricity decrease with increased grid sale capacity.

Background: Antibiotics are frequently utilized in livestock, particularly poultry, for therapy and growth promotion, resulting in antimicrobial resistance. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are frequent in poultry samples from India. The purpose of this study was to better understand main antibiotic consumption patterns in poultry value chains, as well as antibiotic knowledge and practices among the stakeholders. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Assam and Karnataka, India. The poultry farmers were interviewed on antibiotic usage, antibiotic knowledge, feeding practices, and preventive measures on the farm. Poultry farmers reported their veterinarians, and we also interviewed them on knowledge and practices related to antimicrobial use in poultry and antimicrobial resistance. Item response theory (IRT) was used to assess the association between the answers and demographic factors. Results: This survey interviewed 62 poultry farmers and 11 veterinarians. Small poultry farms with fewer than 4000 birds were owned by 51.6% of farmers. Most poultry farmers had heard about antibiotics, and 62.9% thought they cured all diseases. If one chicken is sick, 72.6% said others should be given antibiotics to prevent the disease. All veterinarians utilized tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and cephalexin on the poultry farms. Over half (54.5%) stated antibiotics prevent diseases, and 72.7% said they treat and prevent diseases. Some (45.5%) said antibiotics boost growth. IRT analysis showed that 8 questions assessed a knowledge scale well. Univariable analysis showed that Assam farmers and women were likely to have have more knowledge. Conclusion: The poultry farmers were mostly unaware of the relation between antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance. Despite being aware, the veterinarians agreed with use antibiotics as a prophylactic measure. It is vital that these stakeholders understand the repercussions of such widespread antibiotic use. In order to increase knowledge, frequent trainings and antimicrobial stewardship programmes with effective communication and incentives for behaviour change should be conducted.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002506.].

Background: Hepatitis C (HCV) infections have been shown to be associated a with higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the use of antiviral therapy (AVT) and the risk of CVD has not been well established with limited literature. Objective: We sought to evaluate the association between AVT use post-HCV infection and cardiovascular outcomes. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for relevant articles from inception until 10th March 2023. Primary clinical outcomes were the incidence of any CVD. Secondary endpoints were all-cause of mortality, stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral artery disease. Results: A total of 394,452 patients were included in the analysis (111,076 in the AVT group and 283,376 patients in the NAVT group). The mean age of patients among AVT and NAVT groups was comparable (58.7 vs 58.18). The pooled analysis of primary outcomes showed that AVT was associated with a significantly reduced risk of any CVD (HR, 0.55(95%CI: 0.41–0.75), P

Infertility is one of the primary factors for cattle reproduction in the present scenario. Reproduction-related immunoinfertility mainly involves immunization against the antigens related to reproductive hormones (LHRH, GnRH, Gonadal steroids, PGF2α and oxytocin), spermatozoa, seminal plasma and ovum. Anovulation, delayed ovulation, sperm immobilization, failure of fertilization, prolonged uterine involution, extended calving interval, prolonged post-partum estrus and reduced conception rate could be a result of immunoinfertility that occur due to the blockage of receptor site by antibodies formed against hormones, sperm and ovum. Immunoinfertility can be treated in the animal by giving sexual rest to females, by using various reproductive technologies such as in-vitro fertilization, gamete intra fallopian tube transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, sperm washing and by treating the animals with immunomodulators such as LPS, Oyster glycogen, etc. This review summarizes the different causes of bovine reproductive immunoinfertility and amelioration strategies to overcome it.

The hilly territories in Bangladesh lack adequate electricity supplies due to their remote placement, which restrains the prosperity of the locality. This study presents a self-sustainable solution for Bilchari, a mountainous area of Bangladesh that shares the same electricity supply deficiency. The region lacks supplies but boasts a wealth of renewable energy resources, like biomass, wind, hydro, and solar. All of these sources are utilized to develop a hybrid system. The system load assessment is done for the winter and summer seasons according to the site's requirements. The overall simulation is performed using the hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER) tool to find an optimum solution. Four competing solutions with different source combinations have been found by the simulation. Another four single-sourced systems are also investigated and compared to determine the superiority of hybrid systems over single-sourced systems. The results of thorough research using various optimization and sensitivity analysis exhibit that the Solar/Biomass/Battery/Wind/Hydrokinetic system is the optimum option for the location. The energy cost per kWh is only $0.128 in this configuration. And net present cost (NPC) is $303306, where operating cost is only 12,413 $/year. Moreover, the proposed system emits much lower CO2 (17.6 kg/year) with negligible other emissions making it eco-friendly. The decent outcomes from breakeven grid distance and payback period analysis make the hybrid more feasible. Therefore, the proposed hybrid system could be a viable solution for the community of the site and places with similar meteorological features worldwide, both economically and ecologically.

Background and Aims: Laparoscopic surgeries are among the most frequent procedures done worldwide. There is a gradual shift in the method of airway securement from endotracheal intubation to supraglottic airway devices (SAD). The objective of the current work was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of published RCTs on airway complications in laparoscopic surgery performed with a SAD or endotracheal intubation (ETT). Methods: The research was registered in PROSPERO, and a literature search was conducted in Google Scholar and PubMed until August 2022. Out of 78 studies, 31 studies were screened and 21 were included for analysis. RevMan 5.4 was used to analyse data on sore throat, hoarseness, nausea, vomiting, stridor and cough. Results: Twenty-one randomised controlled trials, enrolling a total of 2213 adult patients, were included in the quantitative analysis. A significant incidence of sore throat and hoarseness was seen at post-operative period in ETT group with risk ratio (RR) 0.44, P < 0.00001 [0.30, 0.65], i2 = 72% and RR 0.38, P < 0.001 [0.21, 0.69], i2 = 72%, respectively. However, incidence of nausea, vomiting and stridor was not significant with RR 0.83, P = 0.26 [0.60, 1.15], i2 = 52% for nausea and RR 0.55, P = 0.03 [ 0.33, 0.93], i2 = 14% for vomiting. Incidence of cough was more in ETT group with RR 0.11, P < 0.00001 [ 0.06, 0.20], i2 = 42%, as compared to SAD group. Conclusion: There was a substantial variation between SADs and ETTs with respect to the incidence of hoarseness, sore throat, nausea and cough. The existing literature is reinforced by the evidence uncovered in this updated systematic review.

Rabies is a fatal but preventable zoonotic disease with an approximately 100% case fatality rate. The most common way to contract rabies is through the bite of a rabid animal. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) by vaccination and/or immunoglobulin therapy is the most effective measure for rabies prevention. The effectiveness of vaccination depends on the level of completion of vaccination. In Bangladesh, no previous studies were conducted to evaluate adherence to government recommendations for post-exposure rabies vaccine among animal-bite cases. We conducted a cross-sectional study to collect information about adherence to government recommendations for post-exposure rabies vaccine. A total of 457 animal bite victims were selected to collect data and follow up after one month of enrollment. The majority of participants (58%, n = 265, 95% CI: 53-63%) had a history of animal bites. Most of the participants (77%) were advised to receive three doses of vaccine and 100% of them completed 3-dose of vaccine. Among the 4-dose recommended group of participants (n = 105), 78% completed full vaccination. Of the 457 participants, 20% received post-exposure vaccine on the day of bite/scratch and the majority of the participants (66%, n = 303, 95% CI: 62-71%) received post-exposure vaccine on the day between the first and third day of bite or scratch. Increasing awareness of the importance of timely vaccination is the key to reducing the time gap between animal bites and intake of the first dose post-exposure vaccine.

Adolescence phase has high intrinsic and instrumental relevance. The Transformative Action for Rural Adolescents intervention delivered PACE++ curriculum with innovations to introduce a) health and nutrition sessions and b) delivery of the content in community settings of rural Bihar. This paper examines impact of the intervention showcasing establishment of intergenerational community connect for empowering and invigorating adolescent girls on gender attitude, empowerment and adolescent health and nutrition. The impact evaluation is based on a two-arm (intervention and comparison groups) cluster randomized controlled design with two rounds of representative cross-sectional surveys. The baseline and endline sample comprised of 2327 and 2033 adolescent girls (15-19 years), respectively. Descriptive statistical, difference-in-differences and propensity score matching methods are used to confirm the program impact. The DID and PSM analyses confirm high significance of impact on gender equity norms, diets and nutritional knowledge and understanding of employee related rights and responsibilities. School-going adolescent girls performed better than those who have discontinued formal education. The intervention showcases the importance of delivering the modified PACE curriculum in rural settings through leveraging community platforms. The findings call for greater policy attention on scaling up of similar initiatives for empowerment and social capital development of adolescent girls.

Traditional fermented food products are often connected to various indigenous tribes and thus vary due to ethnicity, geography, and natural resource availability. The indigenous tribes from India greatly rely on fermentation processes for food preservation, flavor, and nutrition. Fermented foods can provide health benefits but also pose risks from harmful microbes and contaminants that grow in the food due to poor hygiene. In this study, we identified lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented food collected from Northeast India, assessed their beneficial properties, and highlighted the risk from food pathogens that have antimicrobial resistance traits. A total of 113 different samples of fermented food products were collected from the local markets of five Northeastern Indian states (Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim). Standard laboratory methods were used to isolate LAB and determine their probiotic properties, conduct coliform counts, and isolate presumptive staphylococci from the fermented food samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by using the BD-Phoenix 100 automated system. We isolated 30 LAB with probiotic potential. The average aerobic colony count in different fermented food was 4.4–7.7 log·cfu/g, while coliforms were present in 43% (49/113, 95% (CI 34–53)) of the food samples, indicating low-hygiene levels. Additionally, some food samples contained staphylococci with phenotypic antibiotic-resistance markers (MRS, HLMUP, BLACT, and STAMLS). This study indicates that probiotic bacteria could be present in traditional fermented food products of Northeast India, but contamination with staphylococci and other bacterial pathogens with antibiotic resistance traits could put the health of consumers at risk.

The consumption of milk contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a significant health threat to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae producing β-lactamases (ESBL, MBL, and AmpC) in cow and buffalo milk samples from two Indian states, Haryana and Assam. A total of 401 milk samples were collected from dairy farmers and vendors in the specified districts. Microbiological assays, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and PCR-based genotyping were employed to analyze 421 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The overall prevalence of β-lactamase genes was 10% (confidence interval (CI) (7–13)), with higher rates in Haryana (13%, CI (9–19)) compared to Assam (7%, CI (4–11)). The identified β-lactamase genes in isolates were blaCMY, blaMOX, blaFOX, blaEBC, and blaDHA, associated with AmpC production. Additionally, blaCTX-M1, blaSHV, and blaTEM were detected as ESBL producers, while blaVIM, blaIMP, blaSPM, blaSIM, and blaGIM were identified as MBL producers. Notably, Shigella spp. were the dominant β-lactamase producers among identified Enterobacteriaceae. This study highlights the presence of various prevalent β-lactamase genes in milk isolates, indicating the potential risk of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in dairy products. The presence of β-lactam resistance raises concern as this could restrict antibiotic options for treatment. The discordance between genotypic and phenotypic methods emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive approaches that integrate both techniques to accurately assess antibiotic resistance. Urgent collaborative action incorporating rational and regulated use of antibiotics across the dairy value chain is required to address the global challenge of β-lactam resistance.

The present study quantitatively characterized the proteomic changes in bull spermatozoa induced by the cryopreservation process. We performed high-throughput comparative global proteomic profiling of freshly ejaculated (before cryopreservation), equilibrated (refrigerated storage; during cryopreservation), and frozen (ultralow temperature; after cryopreservation) bull spermatozoa. Using the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, a total of 1,692, 1,415, and 1,286 proteins were identified in fresh, equilibrated, and cryopreserved spermatozoa, respectively. When the proteome of fresh spermatozoa was compared with equilibrated spermatozoa, we found that 166 proteins were differentially expressed. When equilibrated spermatozoa were compared with cryopreserved spermatozoa, we found that 147 proteins were differentially expressed between them. Similarly, we found that 156 proteins were differentially expressed between fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa. Among these proteins, the abundance of 105 proteins was lowered during the equilibration process itself, while the abundance of 43 proteins was lowered during ultralow temperature preservation. Remarkably, the equilibration process lowered the abundance of sperm proteins involved in energy metabolism, structural integrity, and DNA repair and increased the abundance of proteins associated with proteolysis and protein degradation. The abundance of sperm proteins associated with metabolism, cGMP-PKG (cyclic guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase G) signaling, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton was also altered during the equilibration process. Collectively, the present study showed that the equilibration step in the bull sperm cryopreservation process was the critical point for sperm proteome, during which a majority of proteomic alterations in sperm occurred. These findings are valuable for developing efficient protocols to minimize protein damage and to improve the quality and fertility of cryopreserved bull spermatozoa.

Abstract Background Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is the most common complication of COVID 19 infection. Newer ways for oxygen therapy were explored during this pandemic. High flow nasal oxygenation (HFNO) emerged as a novel technique for oxygenation and prevented the need for invasive mechanical ventilation during hypoxia among COVID patients. Using high flow oxygen dries the nasal mucosa and leads to skin disruption. We are presenting this case as this complication has not been reported anywhere to our knowledge. Case presentation Here we present a case of a 62-year-old male, who was on HFNO for a long time as a part of treatment for COVID 19 and developed ulceration in the nasal septa. Patient belonged to a geriatric age group and had diabetes mellitus. Close monitoring by ICU (intensive care unit) staff was a big problem during this pandemic. Daily physical assessment, good nutrition, and daily dressing with plastic surgery consultation helped treat our patient. Conclusions Geriatric patients with other co-morbidities are vulnerable to mucosal injury. Even in COVID era, everyday general physical surveillance is very vital in such patients to prevent these complications. During this pandemic close monitoring of patients suffered due to scarcity of ICU staff. In spite of that, it is a must to ensure daily physical surveillance and good supplemental nutrition especially in geriatric patients.

The productivity of dairy animals in India needs to be improved to feed the growing population in the decades ahead. Sperm sexing offers a promising breeding strategy to meet the increased demand for food production and nutritional protection. Application of sexed sperm in the breeding of indigenous cattle and buffalo would help to protect endangered species, and it also helps to improve the productivity of indigenous milch animals which can survive long starvation and are well adopted to Indian climatic conditions along with disease resistance. The productivity of crossbreed milch animals is also required to meet the increasing food demand associated with population growth. This review discusses the sustainability of Indian dairy animals and provides sperm sexing strategies to boost dairy animal production in India.

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the animal health sector contributes to increasing rates of AMR and studies involving dairy farmers in India have found knowledge levels regarding antibiotics and AMR to be very low. The purpose of this study was to assess different methods to raise awareness and knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use among dairy farmers, paravets (veterinary assistants), and veterinarians.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in September-December of 2018 in some parts of Haryana, Assam, Karnataka, and West Bengal. It had two parts: an intervention meeting (September–October 2018) which consisted of focus group discussions (FGD) with farmers, key informant interviews (KII) with veterinary professionals along with distribution of information packages, and then a follow-up survey (November–December 2018). The villages were randomly allocated to either one of the four intervention approaches (1-FGD/KII and information package on AMR; 2-FGD/KI and information on animal health; 3- FGD/KII and information package on animal health plus information on AMR; or 4- only the FGD/KII). A follow-up survey was done to assess the effect of interventions.ResultsIn total, 274 dairy farmers and 51 veterinary professionals (21 veterinarians and 30 paravets) participated in the follow-up survey. Many of the farmers and veterinary professionals who participated in the follow-up survey had been part of the intervention meetings. The average knowledge score of farmers was 7.8. It was found that the knowledge score was higher amongst farmers who had participated in the intervention meetings (p < 0.05), had received intervention approach 2 (p = 0.03) or approach 3 (p = 0.01), and amongst female farmers (p = 0.03) compared to male. The veterinary professionals had good knowledge but lacked interest in training the farmers about antimicrobial resistance.ConclusionOur research demonstrated that a higher percentage of farmers and veterinary professionals who attended the intervention meeting had improved knowledge. Dairy farmers should be regularly educated on antibiotic usage and how to avoid misusing them. Also, veterinary experts should be provided with tools and strategies to educate farmers on the use of antimicrobials.

Motile sperm cell separation is important in sample preparation for both artificial insemination and cryopreservation of semen. A novel microfluidic device consisting of an inlet microchannel, a separating reservoir and two outlet microchannels was developed to enrich the motile sperm cells of cattle semen samples. Sperm separation was performed in this microfluidic device using a continuous flow process based on the swim up behaviour of motile cells. Separating reservoir allows the high motile sperm cells to swim up and pass through the top outlet of the reservoir. Low and non-motile sperm cells pass through the bottom outlet of the reservoir in the direction of fluid flow. The microfluidic device was fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and semen samples were infused into the microfluidic device through a syringe pump. Sperm motility was analyzed by Computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). More than 80% enrichment of motile spermatozoa in the cattle semen samples was observed after their separation in the fabricated microfluidic device.

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health issue. In India, access to medicines is poorly regulated and therefore antibiotics in dairy cattle are commonly used by farmers without consulting with veterinarians. This study was conducted to understand practices and knowledge related to antibiotic use and AMR among dairy farmers and veterinary professionals in selected urban and peri-urban areas of India. Methods A total of 28 focus group discussions with farmers and 53 interviews with veterinary professionals were carried out. Results Mastitiswas identified as the main animal health challenge. Antibiotic consultation behavior of farmers depended on the availability of veterinarians. Except in Bangalore, farmers were found to often treat animals on their own. They were found unaware of the concept of AMR, but knew the importance of vaccination. Veterinarians included in the study had a good understanding of antibiotics, AMR, and zoonotic diseases. Conclusion The knowledge level and practices observed in the study related to the use/abuse of antibiotics can potentially increase the risk of development of AMR and its transfer in the community. Our findings can help support AMR – mitigation efforts in the country, including the design of better policies on antibiotic use in dairy.

Low sperm numbers in artificial insemination (AI)-doses are being used widely to make the best use of high genetic value bulls as well as sex-sorted semen. Sperm concentration needed for AI to obtain reasonable fertility, taking genetic value of bull and numerous others components into consideration is one of the essential constituents for successful AI breeding program. However, low sperm concentrations in AI-doses lead to reducing post-thaw viability. The reduction in viability of low sperm doses may be affected by fresh semen volume, sperm number and seminal plasma level at final dilution. Reduction in quality and fertility of low sperm doses is one of the limitations for their use in successful AI programme. Sperm number per AI required to achieve optimum fertility is one of the main crucial things to AI industry, and numerous efforts have been made in this regard. Due to great variability among bulls, sperm number per AI could be a limiting factor in achieving acceptable fertility values. Fertility of low sperm doses may vary among bulls, and non-return rates (NRRs) with low sperm doses may be determined by fertility level of bull. On the basis of individual bulls, sperm numbers in AI doses needed to be adjusted to reduce the variations in NRRs among bulls. Utilizing high fertile bulls for low sperm doses with acceptable non-return rates (NRRs) may be a way to cover a large number of bovines under AI in countries like India. Deposition site within the uterine horn may alter non return rates following inseminations with low sperm doses. Following deep-uterine inseminations, acceptable pregnancies may be achieved with low sperm doses and even if ovulation side is unknown.

Quality semen production remains the main focus and objective of semen processing laboratories throughout the world. Bacterial and other microbial contaminants affect the semen quality and hence the fertility, and also lead to reproductive disorders as well as lower conception rates and increased embryonic mortality, abortion and other complications in females. Microbial contamination affects the semen adversely, by exerting direct spermicidal effect, formation of reactive oxygen species, toxin production, adherence with spermatozoa, deriving nutrients and oxygen from the medium and thus competing with spermatozoa for the factors of growth and normal functioning. Despite hygienic measures, several ubiquitous and opportunistic microbes find their ways into semen during collection, processing, and storage of semen, and survive even during freezing. Stringent sanitary precautions are therefore required at every step of collecting semen and its processing. Preputial cavity is considered as main source of semen contaminating microorganisms. Flushing the preputial cavity with normal saline or any suitable liquid combination with antimicrobial activity, prior to semen collection reduces the microbial load and thereby improves the semen quality.

The use and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals contributes to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, a threat to public health and infection control. Currently, India is the world’s leading milk producer but antibiotic usage within the dairy sector is poorly regulated. Little data exists reflecting how antibiotics are used on dairy farms, especially on small-scale dairy farms in India. To address this lack of data, a study was carried out on 491 small-scale dairy farms in two Indian states, Assam and Haryana, using a mixed method approach where farmers were interviewed, farms inspected for the presence of antibiotics and milk samples taken to determine antibiotic usage. Usage of antibiotics on farms appeared low only 10% (95% CI 8–13%) of farmers surveyed confirmed using antibiotics in their dairy herds during the last 12 months. Of the farms surveyed, only 8% (6–11%) had milk samples positive for antibiotic residues, namely from the novobiocin, macrolides, and sulphonamide classes of antibiotics. Of the farmers surveyed, only 2% (0.8–3%) had heard of the term “withdrawal period” and 53% (40–65%) failed to describe the term “antibiotic”. While this study clearly highlights a lack of understanding of antibiotics among small-scale dairy farmers, a potential factor in the emergence of AMR bacteria, it also shows that antibiotic usage on these farms is low and that the possible role these farmers play in AMR emergence may be overestimated.

Objective: To study the effects of different levels of exotic inheritance on ejaculate quality in bulls and its passage through different generations. Methods: Data on semen production traits and ejaculate quality were obtained for 38 crossbred bulls and grandsire-sire-progeny relationship in relation to semen quality was studied. The bulls were classified into three groups based on the level of exotic inheritance viz. F1, 50.0%-62.5% exotic germplasm and >75% exotic germplasm. Results: Results of the present study indicated that about 40% of the ejaculates obtained from the crossbred bulls were rejected from further processing due to poor ejaculate quality. The F1 bulls produced significantly higher proportions (57.00±10.00) of poor quality ejaculates compared to the interse mated bulls. The age at first semen collection in crossbred bulls ranged from 567 to 1 010 days with an average of 738.89±18.18 days while the mean age at first semen freezing was 865.72±34.60 days. Conclusions: It may be inferred that the “acceptable quality semen producing ability” decreased from grandsire through sire to male progeny and among the increasing exotic genetic levels of CB cattle, F1 bulls produced significantly higher “low grade ejaculates” that were unfit for cryopreservation.

A serological study employing 3AB3 non-structural protein ELISA and liquid phase blocking ELISA to assess foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural and structural protein antibodies (NSP- and SP-Ab) was undertaken through sampling from all resident animals of a vaccinated herd comprising 943, 377 and 211 cattle, buffaloes and goats, respectively, in north India. A considerable, though disparate proportions of animals (61.2% cattle, 29.2% buffaloes and 29.9% goats) were positive for NSP-Ab suggesting an exposure to FMDV. From the age-stratified analysis of NSP-Ab prevalence, the probable time point of virus introduction in the farm could be predicted in retrospect to be around 8 months before sampling. The proportion of animals showing ≥1.8 log10 titre against all 3 serotypes in the vaccine varied from 3.2 to 32.9% in different species indicating poor vaccinal herd immunity, which presumably might have been the reason for the outbreak in the farm.

Four crossbred cows with mummified fetus were utilized for the study. The cows weresubjected togynecologicalexamination and based on the findings the cases were diagnosed asmummified fetus. The cows were treated with 2 mg estradiol valerate and 500 μg cloprostenoland were examined every 12 hr after 24 hr of the treatment for cervical dilatation and othersigns related to fetal expulsion. The time duration between treatment and starting of cervicaldilatation ranged from 48 to 58h (53.00 ± 2.08 hr). Complete dilatation of cervix was observedafter 70.00 ± 2.94 hr post treatment (Range = 64-76 hr). The mean fetalcrown-rump length(CRL) was 31.5 cm, which ranged from 27.5 to 38 cm. The number of cotyledons in pregnanthorn also showed wide variation (Range 24-38 numbers) with mean ± SE of 30.3 ± 3.07numbers. In the placenta of three animals irregular shaped large adventitious cotyledons wereobserved in the inter-cotyledonary areas. Out of the four animals treated, three animals wereconceived within three estrous cycles and one animal had cystic ovary in the next cycle and wasnot conceived even after four cycles. It was concluded that the estradiolandprostaglandin F2α(PGF2α)combinationtherapy was effective for expulsion of mummified fetus in crossbred cowswithout affecting much on future fertility.

The present study focused on analysis of annual disposal pattern and identification of non-genetic factors affecting the incidence of culling in Holstein Friesian crossbred cattle. Data on disposal pattern of 1988 Karan Fries (Holstein Friesian crossbred) cows, spread over a period of 34 years (1978 to 2012), were utilized for the study. Culling was classified into 2 groups viz. voluntary (low milk production) and involuntary culling. Reasons of involuntary culling were categorized into locomotory problem (LP), poor health and weakness (PHW), teat and udder problem (TUP) and reproductive problem (RP). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the effect of various non-genetic factors viz. number of normal lactations completed (NLC), calving type (CT), season of calving (SC) and period of calving (PC) on incidence of culling in various parities. The analysis of annual disposal pattern of the Karan Fries cows, revealed that the average annual replacement index, annual culling rate and annual disposal rate in the herd was 1.46, 24.40 and 29.80% per annum, respectively. Odd ratio estimates indicated that young calvers which did not complete atleast one normal lactation were 1.83 times more prone to culling because of PHW and were 0.95 and 0.33 times lesser prone to culling due to RP and LMP, respectively. Moreover, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the role of non-genetic factors in prediction of culling increased with parities and the logistic regression was efficient in predicting the incidence of parity wise culling, due to different involuntary causes, in Karan Fries cattle.

The Energy Internet was enabled by quick energy sector developments due to greater digital technologies and increased environmental concerns. Energy demand management is crucial in this changing environment, as rigid models give way to more flexible ones. This research examines "Demand Dynamics in the Energy Internet" and suggests consumer and prosumer response plans. This concept regarding energy consumption and management is novel. Our work revolves around several essential aims. First, it examines the Energy Internet's role in the energy transition. It emphasizes energy savings, carbon reduction, and energy system reliability. We emphasize the need to transition away from centralized energy generation to one that is more flexible and involves active consumers and prosumers. This research examines how digital technology, particularly the Internet of Things, enables adaptable demand-side tactics. Real-time data analytics and smart meters help consumers and prosumers utilize energy efficiently. A transition like this is difficult. Data protection, hacking, and behaviour must be addressed. Our study demonstrates that these issues can be addressed immediately. Since one-size-fits-all is not adequate in this changing environment, we emphasize the need for customization to satisfy the individual demands of multiple parties, including conventional customers and prosumers. It also discusses energy Internet-targeted response strategies and their possibilities. We can reduce energy usage and make energy more sustainable, efficient, and consumer-focused by switching from passive consumption to active involvement and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand disease susceptibility and prevention, computational genetic epidemiology is leading research. This paper introduces "GenomeMinds," a breakthrough method for scaling large-scale AI models for disease risk prediction. HPC was used to develop the method. GenomeMinds is compared to six standard methods to demonstrate its benefits. GenomeMinds' incredible potential is shown by real-world performance assessments. These measures evaluate data processing speed, forecast accuracy, scalability, computer efficiency, privacy, and ethics. GenomeMinds benefits are shown via scatter plots, which visually compare data. According to the data, GenomeMinds may revolutionize computational genetic epidemiology by doing well across all criteria. GenomeMinds has faster data processing, better prediction accuracy, stronger scalability, higher computational efficiency, enhanced privacy and security, and a comprehensive ethical awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "Innovations in Cyber Security Algorithms for Databases Enhancing Data Retrieval and Management" refers to a book that studies novel techniques for tackling problems related to digital data. The integration of three complicated methods--DQO, DSS, and RAI--is the major focus of attention in this piece of writing. DQO makes use of machine learning to optimize query processing on the fly to meet fluctuating workloads. This is done to accommodate such workloads. To address issues pertaining to the scale of distributed systems, distributed storage systems (DSS) convey data in an effective manner by utilizing consistent hashing. The RAI algorithm adjusts the index architecture in response to the query patterns to achieve real-time flexibility. In this way, the process of looking for information that is frequently asked about is sped up. The methodology that has been suggested is superior to six different ways that are often used in terms of its adaptability, scalability, and real-time capabilities. This article will give a thorough model for improving data management in computer systems. The objective of this essay is to present the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]