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Voštana prevlaka površine kožice ploda šljive ključna je prepreka gubitku vode prilikom postupka sušenja te ju je nužno ukloniti. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti utjecaj primjene različitih predtretmana, kemijskog (primjenom lužine), fizikalnog (primjenom abrazije) i toplinskog (ugrijanom destiliranom vodom) na vrijeme sušenja plodova šljive sorte 'President'. Također, varirani su i ključni parametri svakog pojedinog predtretmana poput temperature otopine prilikom toplinskog (22 i 60 °C), koncentracije (0,5, 1 i 1,5% v/v) i temperature (22 i 60 °C) lužine (KOH) kod kemijskog i vremenskog perioda abrazije (5, 10 i 15 min) kod fizikalnog. Prema dobivenim rezultatima, kemijski predtretman lužinom koncentracije 1 i 1,5% temperature 60 °C bio je najučinkovitiji, vrijeme sušenja iznosilo je svega 27 sati, adok je samo 2 sata dulje (29 h) trajalo sušenje plodova predtretiranih abrazijom u vremenu od 15 min. Temeljem svega, može se zaključiti kako je fizikalni predtretman abrazijom izrazito učinkovit u uklanjanju voštane prevlake, time i u skraćivanju vremena sušenja plodova šljive, a isto tako treba naglasiti kako primjenom abrazivnog predtretmana značajno utječemo na smanjenje onečišćenja okoliša, ali i na zdravlje ljudi, s obzirom da nema ostataka kemijskih sredstava koja nakon primjene treba adekvatno zbrinuti, jer potencijalno mogu negativno utjecati na čovjeka i okoliš.

This paper presents data on plum production in Croatia, including plant material production, plantation area, fruit production and the trade balance of fresh fruit and processed products (import export). Plum (Prunus domestica L.) is a popular fruit species in Croatia. It is grown in home gardens, on small family farms and large plantations. Compared to other fruit species, it comes second in acreage, occupying 18.28% of all fruit orchards (5014.9 ha of plum orchards out of 27, 431.86 ha of fruit orchards). According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, less than 20, 000 t plums are produced annually in Croatia. Plum production is not sufficient to cover the needs of the domestic market, so about 1640 t of fresh fruit are imported annually. Based on 10 year data, the most common rootstock is Prunus cerasifera L. ‘Myrobalana’ (98.97%), while the most common cultivar is ‘Cacak Beauty’ (21.94%), followed by ‘Cacak Rich’ (20.62%), ‘Stanley’ (15.58%) and ‘Cacak Best’ (10.68%). The average number of trees ha 1 is 398. Of the total number of registered trees, only 5.2% are grown in the Adriatic part of Croatia, and the remaining 94.8% (4, 752.4 ha) in the continental part. In the past decade, modern experimental orchards have been established on less vigorous rootstocks (‘WaxWa’ and ‘Wavit’) in combination with economically valuable cultivars, mainly German selections. Annual Croatian plum imports amount to 1, 644.2 t fresh plums and 548.4 t dried plums, while exports include 398.9 t plum brandy.

U istraživanju su uspoređene tradicionalne ('Ovčji nos', 'Mašanka' i 'Zlatna zimska parmenka') s otpornim ('Topaz', 'Pinova®' i 'Querina-Florina') i komercijalnim sortama ('Gala Schnitzer Schniga®', 'Golden Delicious Reinders®', 'Idared') s ciljem bolje procjene potencijala i kvalitete plodova sorti te za implementaciju ekološki prihvatljivije proizvodnje pojedinih sorti jabuka u intenzivnom sustavu uzgoja. U usporedbi s komercijalnim sortama u istraživanju, otporne sorte 'Topaz' i 'Pinova' pokazale su komparativna svojstva s obzirom na produktivnost, dok je sorta 'Querina-Florina' imala značajno manju učinkovitost priroda. Od tradicionalnih sorti izdvaja se sorta 'Ovčji nos' čiji je prirod komparativan s nekim komercijalnim sortama. Kvaliteta ploda svih sorti u istraživanju bila je zadovoljavajuća s obzirom na veličinu ploda te sadržaj topljive suhe tvari, Traditional cultivars (‘Ovčji nos’ – ‘Schafnase’, ‘Mašanka’ – ‘Maschanzker’ and ‘Zlatna zimska parmenka’ – ‘Goldparmäne’) were compared with resistant (‘Topaz’, ‘Pinova®’ and ‘Querina-Florina’) and commercial cultivars (‘Gala Schnitzer Schniga®’, ‘Golden Delicious Reinders®’ and ‘Idared’) within the system of intensive production aiming to better evaluate production potential, fruit quality and possibilities to implement more ecologically acceptable production practices of certain apple cultivars. In comparison to commercial cultivars, resistant cvs ‘Topaz’ and ‘Pinova’ demonstrated relative characteristics with regards to productivity, whilst cv. ‘Querina-Florina’ had significantly lower yield productivity. Out of traditional cultivars cv. ‘Ovčji nos – Schafnase’ stands out with higher yields relative to certain commercial cultivars. Fruit quality of all cultivars in research was satisfactory when it comes to fruit size and soluble solids content.

The technology of plum drying is mainly based on the implementation of high temperatures between 85 and 90 °C with a lower final water content in fruit, between 20 and 26 %. Recent research studies of plum drying includes implementation of temperatures lower than 50 °C, with a higher final water content of about 35 %. The plum drying process is slow and energy-demanding due to a specific waxy layer that covers the fruit skin. In order to remove the waxy coating and allow free movement of water the use of pre-treatment before drying is necessary. The use of pretreatment allows the formation of the microscopic cracks increasing the water permeability. The usual, most commonly used pre-treatments in technology of plum drying are based on the use of different thermal and chemical treatments. However, the growing demand for more environmentally- friendly products has led to the development of abrasive pre-treatments which use various inert materials to remove wax coating from the surface of the fruit skin. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of abrasive pre-treatment on drying time compared to the conventional ones. For the research purposes, plum fruits of cv. ‘Bistrica’ from experimental orchard from Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food in Donja Zelina were used. In addition to remove the waxy lawyer, before drying various pre-treatments were used primarily divided on the mechanical, chemical and thermal. Mechanical pre-treatment included the abrasion at three different cylinder rotation times: 5, 10 and 15 min. Chemical pre- treatment included immersion of plums in alkaline solution (KOH) of different concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 % (v / v) at 60 °C for one minute. Thermal treatment included immersion of fruits in distilled water temperature of 60 °C in duration of one minute. As a control sample, not treated, respectively fruits from which waxy lawyer was not removed, was used. Also, before drying, fruit stone was removed by mechanical procedure, while the drying process was conducted by convection in chamber dryer at flow rate of 2.0 m s-1 and constant temperature of 42 °C. According to the obtained results drying time was significantly reduced compared to the control sample (97 h) ; in samples treated with distilled water (thermal treatment) for 21 h, using a KOH solution of 1.5 % for up to 68 h. In samples pre-treated by abrasion for 15 min drying time was also reduced for 68 h compared to the control samples proving the exceptional efficiency of abrasive pre-treatment in plum drying. Abrasive pretreatments so far have not been sufficiently explored and further research about effects of abrasive pre-treatment on drying process is necessary.

Results of 5 years of research into super-high- density olive (Olea europaea L.) growing are presented in this paper. One-year-old olive trees of cultivars 'Arbequina IRTA-i18®', 'Arbosana-i43®', 'Koroneiki-i38®', 'Sikitita®' and 'Tosca 07®' imported from Spain (Todolivo) were planted in a trial orchard in Kaštel Štafilić, near Split, in April 2011. Planting distances were as follows: 3.7×1.35, 3.7×1.55 and 3.7×1.75 m. Trees were trained as spindles. Trees were micro-irrigated in the first 4 years after planting. Vigour, aptitude of individual cultivars for training-form formation, suckering, ripening time, annual yield per tree, cumulative yield (2012-2015), average fruit weight, fruit dry matter (%), oil percentage and oil quality obtained by micro- processing in 2015 were analysed. Cultivars differed significantly in the biological and pomological characteristics recorded. 'Arbosana' and 'Koroneiki' ripened late, after harvest and processing of commercial Croatian cultivars. 'Koroneiki' had the highest cumulative fruit yield as well as fruit dry matter percentage. Oils of all cultivars belonged to the extra virgin olive oil category, from very mild and sweet 'Sikitita' oil suitable for first-time olive oil consumers to the very astringent oil of 'Koroneiki'.

At a certain period during the last century, former Yugoslavia (which among others used to include Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia) was the biggest producer of plums in the world. Traditional plum cultivars, still grown in this region, represent a mixture of several species including: European plums (Prunus domestica L.), mirabelles (Prunus insititia var. syriaca (Borkh.) Koehne), and damsons (P. insititia L.). The basic problem with the utilization of this plum germplasm, either for cultivation or breeding purposes, is a lack of reliable pomology data or reference repositories that would enable positive identification of cultivars. In this study, 62 plum accessions (42 traditional Croatian accessions, six well-known traditional accessions collected from Serbia and Bosnia, and 14 international, reference cultivars) were assessed using microsatellite markers and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) plum descriptors. Nine primer pairs amplified 168 distinct alleles, or on average 18.7 alleles per locus. A significant differentiation between the traditional plum cultivars and international reference cultivars, was detected through Fst (Fst = 0.022; P

Assessment of the suitability of four dwarfing rootstocks (Gisela 5, Gisela 6, Piku 1 and PHL-C) for the high-density sweet cherry production was carried out in a seven-year field trial (2006- 2012). 'Kordia' and 'Regina' cultivars were grafted on the four rootstocks, with the use of pollinating cultivars 'Summit', 'Skeena' and 'Duroni 3'. A spindle type of training system was used with the spacing between rows of 4 m and spacing within a row of 2.5 m. Trial was carried out at the experimental site of the Institute of Pomology (at Donja Zelina near Zagreb), on a heavy acidic soil - pseudogley, with the use of drip irrigation. The following parameters were analysed: rootstock and scion growth, rootstock- scion relation (compatibility), trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), the need for trellising, fruit yield plant-1 and ha-1, cumulated yield efficiency index (CYEI), impact of rootstock on bark splitting and sprouting, and the tree vigour. The experiment showed the particularities of the rootstock genotypes, e.g., the most intensive trunk growth was recorded on PHL-C, the most intensive rootstock growth and the highest number of root sprouts was recorded on PHL-C, the most pronounced incompatibility was found on Gisela 6, the bark splitting problem was detected on Piku 1, the highest cumulative yield (2008- 2011) was recorded in both cultivars grafted on Gisela 6. The highest CYEI (0.83 and 0.92) was recorded in Gisela 5 ; Gisela 6 induced the need the trellising, while PHL-C does not need the trellising.

Lijeska (Corylus spp.) u odnosu na ostale voćne vrste posljednjih godina bilježi najveći rast u količini deklariranog sadnog materijala iz domaće proizvodnje i uvoza. S evidentiranih 4 137 ha proizvodnih površina lijeska je četvrta voćna vrsta po zastupljenosti u RH. Većina proizvodnje smještena je na području kontinentalne Hrvatske s naglaskom na obronke Papuka, Krndije i Bilogore. Najzastupljeniji uzgojni oblik je modificirana grmolika vaza, ali se u novijim nasadima uočava uzgojni oblik stablo te gušći sklopovi sadnje koji bi trebali olakšati strojnu berbu. Prema podacima FAO-a u Hrvatskoj se godišnje proizvede od 1 000 do 1 500 tona lješnjaka u ljusci. U nasadima su najzastupljenije sorte 'Istarski duguljasti' i 'Rimski'. Rezultati istraživanja lijeske u našim agroekološkim uvjetima pokazuju da sorte lijeske imaju dobru i redovitu rodnost. Zbog zahtjeva konditorske industrije daljnja istraživanja treba usmjeriti na poboljšanje sortimenta uvođenjem novih sorti sitnijeg ploda i okrugle jezgre., Hazel (Corylus spp.) production of certified plant material both domestic and imported has been recording the highest growth in comparison to other fruit crops in recent years. It is the fourth fruit crop in the Republic of Croatia with recorded 4 137 ha of production area. Majority of the production is located in the continental part of Croatia being prominent on Papuk, Krndija and Bilogora hills. Mostly used training system is modified bush vase, but new tree type training system can be found in new plantations, as well as denser planting systems in order to facilitate harvesting. According to FAOSTAT annual hazelnut shell production in Croatia ranges from 1 000 to 1 500 tons. The most represented cultivars in hazelnut plantations are 'Istarski duguljasti' and 'Romische Zellernuss'. Results of hazelnut research in our agro-ecological conditions indicate that cultivars have good and regular productivity, however due to special demands of confectionary industry further research needs to be directed towards cultivar improvement by introducing new cultivars with smaller fruits and a round kernel.

Plum fruits are submitted to different pretreatments prior to drying in order to remove waxy layer from fruit skin with aim to foster dehydration and expedite drying time. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of pretreatments on drying period and organoleptic fruit quality of three plum cultivars: Hauszwetschge 'Schüfer', President and Topend. Sorted and pitted plum fruits were treated by following pretreatments: mechanically by abrasion on 5, 10 and 15 min ; submerging in water on 22 °C and 60 °C and chemically by submerging fruits in KOH solution diluted to 0, 5%, 1, 0% and 1, 5% on temperatures (22 °C, 60 °C) in 90 sec interval, along with untreated fruits as control sample. Pretreated fruits were dried to 35% moisture content in M. Buchner AG Typ 16B drier up to 30 kg capacity. Dried fruits were evaluated with quantitative descriptive organoleptic analysis on 1 to 7 scale by trained panelist. Drying time of plum fruits in this research in mechanical pretreatments was the shortest for abrasion in duration of 15 min and ranged from 28 (Bistrica, President) – 35 hours (Topend). Fruits submerged in KOH 1, 5% solution on 60 °C had the shortest drying time of chemical pretreatments and ranged from 26 (President) – 29 hours (Topend). Drying time of control sample was 74 hours. Cultivars significantly differed in organoleptic analysis with regards to colour, taste and aroma parameters (P ≤ 0, 05). KOH pretreatments on 60 C° were aggressive to fruit skin degradation and exhibited ununiformed drying of fruits. Correspondingly, they obtained lower scores for blue color intensity parameter (2, 61) in relation to other pretreatments (4, 24 ; 5, 00). Cultivars Hauszwetschge 'Schüfer' and Topend pretreated by abrasion in average scored the highest with regards to plum taste (4, 12 – 4, 24) and plum aroma (4, 27 – 4, 33) parameters.

'Bistrica' is well known and widespread plum variety in the area of former Austro-Hungarian Empire being under cultivation for more than 300 years. Although 'Bistrica' is well known and described variety, due to often observed phenotypic variation it has been reported as “landrace cultivar” consisted out of many different “biotypes”. Thus, reliable genotype identification in situ in old traditional orchards can be difficult. The aim of this study was to determine its SSR profile and to estimate its genotype homogeneity across the region. Therefore 33 accessions of 'Bistrica' and her synonyms were sampled in both traditional orchards and nurseries from Bosnia & Herzegowina, Croatia and Serbia. A known synonym cultivar, originating from Austria ('Hauszwetsche'), was used as a referent genotype too. Set of 11 highly polymorphic SSR markers was used for molecular characterization and PCR products were detected using ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Three accessions out of 33 had a genotype different at most of the analyzed loci and we excluded them from further consideration as homonyms. Nineteen out of 33 accessions shared identical genotype at 11 SSR loci having 4-6 alleles per locus. The origin of these accessions was partly from nurseries (10 samples from three different nurseries in Croatia and Serbia) and partly from traditional orchards of rather distant regions of Bosnia & Herzegovina and Croatia, including the sample from Austria. We concluded this SSR profile might be the basic one for 'Bistrica'. After several repetition of whole genotyping work we confirmed that the remaining 11 accessions have slightly different genotype to the basic one, mostly at a single locus (9 accessions) while two accessions had different alleles at two and three loci. Considering the complexity of plum hexaploid genome and number and gene diversity of applied SSR loci we assume these accessions have the same unizygote origin as previous 19 ones, and observed variation might be the result of spontaneous mutations.

Research was conducted on four apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars of different ripening periods in Donja Zelina, during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Trees were planted in 2006, and grafted on a WaxWa rootstock. During 2010 growing season, ground- and over-colour of the fruit skin was measured from 97 to 114 days after full bloom (DAFB) for cultivars ‘Hargrand’, ‘Harlayne’ and ‘Harogem’ and from 81 to 99 DAFB for cultivar ‘Pinkcot®’ colorimetrically multiple times in intervals of three to four days using the change in ground-colour of fruit skin from green to green – yellow as a indicator for fi rst measurement determined by colour chart for apricots. At harvest in 2010 and 2011, fruit weight, height, width and thickness, fruit flesh firmness and soluble solids content were determined as well. The most intensive changes were recorded in value a* of fruit skin ground- and over-colour in all four cultivars during the last 10 days before harvest in 2010, and ranged from 19.33 in cv. ‘Hargrand’ to 30.55 in cv. ‘Harogem’. Cv. ‘Pinkcot®’ and cv. ‘Harogem’ have developed higher b* values of fruit skin ground-colour then cultivars ‘Hargrand’ and ‘Harlayne’ in 2010, reaching values of 47.79 and 47.30, respectively. At harvest in 2011, values a* and b* were signifi cantely lower then in 2010 for all four cultivars, however bigger differences were recorded in cv. ‘Harogem’ and cv. ‘Pinkcot®’. For measured pomological characteristics at harvest, significant differences were observed between cultivars in both growing seasons for all measured characteristics, except for cv. ‘Hargrand’. The biggest difference in fruit weight, height, width and thickness was observed in cv. ‘Harlayne’. Results suggest that high temperature fluctuations and below average precipitations influenced the fruit skin colour and quality parameters of apricots in the sense of smaller chromaticity values.

U radu su prikazani rezultati mjerenja fenoloških, pomoloških i fiziklanih svojstava plodova 13 sorti višnje sličnog vremena dozrijevanja posađenih u sortno-introdukcijskom pokusu u pokusnom voćnjaku Zavoda za vinogradarstvo, vinarstvo i voćarstvo u Donjoj Zelini. Istraživanja su provedena na sortama: Köröszer, Kos, Gerema, Ungarische Traubige, Morina, Köröszer Pandy, Maliga Emleke, Schattenmorelle Vowi, Karneol, Debreceni bötermö, Kelleris 16, Schattenmorelle Bonn i Kántorjánosi. Stabla su posađena 2007. godine. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi ponašanje ovih sorti u našim agro-ekološkim uvjetima te usporediti nove i već poznate sorte višnje. Tijekom vegetacijske sezone u 2011. godini vršena su fenološka opažanja, a mjerena su i sljedeća svojstva: masa, visina, širina i debljina ploda te duljina peteljke. Fizikalna svojstva plodova izvedena su računarskim putem iz izmjerenih osnovnih pomoloških parametara. Prosječna masa ploda kretala se od 4,66 g (Gerema) do 8,16 g (Karneol), visina od 16,58 mm (Ungarische Traubige) do 20,59 mm (Karneol), širina od 19,70 mm (Ungarische Traubige) do 25,15 mm (Karneol), debljina od 17,57 mm (Kántorjánosi) do 22,77 mm (Karneol), a duljina peteljke od 26,51 mm (Maliga Emleke) do 46,33 mm (Köröszer Pandy)., Results of phenological, pomological and physical characteristics of 13 sour cherry cultivars of similar ripening periods planted in varietal and introduction trials in experimental orchard of the Institute of Viticulture, Enology and Pomology in Donja Zelina, was presented in this paper. Research was conducted on following cultivars: Köröszer, Kos, Gerema, Ungarische Traubige, Morina, Köröszer Pandy, Maliga Emleke, Schattenmorelle Vowi, Karneol, Debreceni bötermö, Kelleris 16, Schattenmorelle Bonn and Kántorjánosi. Trees were planted in 2007. The aim of this research was to determine reaction of cultivars in our agro-ecological conditions and compare new and already known sour cherry varieties. During 2011 vegetation season following characteristics were measured: weigth, heigth, length and width of the fruit and lenght of the petiole. Physical properties of fruits were calculated by using the results of measured pomological parameters. The average fruit weight ranged from 4.66 g (Gerema) to 8.16 g (Karneol), fruit height from 16.58 mm (Ungarische Traubige) to 20.59 mm (Karneol), fruit width from 19.70 mm (Ungarische Traubige) to 25.15 mm (Karneol), fruit thickness from 17.57 mm (Kántorjánosi) to 22.77 mm (Karneol), and length of a petiole from 26.51 mm (Maliga Emleke) to 46.33 mm (Köröszer Pandy).

U radu je prikazana struktura kultivara jedanaest voćnih vrsta u sustavu poticaja za podizanje trajnih nasada u Republici Hrvatskoj. Predmetna analiza odnosi se na trogodišnje razdoblje (Natječaji:2000.-2002.). Sredinom 2000. godine prvi put raspisan je Natječaj za poticanje podizanja trajnih nasada (voćnjaka i vinograda). U sustav poticaja uključene su sljedeće voćne vrste: jabuka, kruška, šljiva, breskva (i nektarina), višnja, trešnja, bajam, orah, lijeska, mandarina i maslina. Operativnim programom u 2000. godini osigurano je 878 ha, u 2001. godini 991 ha, a u 2002. godini 1165 ha ; sveukupno 3034 ha. Dominantna voćna vrsta u sustavu poticaja bila je jabuka: 39, 1% površina u Operativnom programu, 56, 5% odobrenih površina, 37, 8% korisnika kojima je odobren poticaj, 46, 4% zasađenih površina itd. Na mediteranskom dijelu Republike Hrvatske najzastupljenija vrsta bila je maslina. Jabukom i maslinom zasađeno je cca 64% površina, dok su preostale vrte (njih devet) imale udio od 36%. Prosječan broj kultivara bio je sljedeći: jabuka 58, kruška 22, šljiva 15, breskva 49, višnja 11, trešnja 21, bajam 6, orah 10, lijeska 4, mandarina 6 i maslina 17. Analiza je pokazala da se ne sade novi klonovi jabuke ili je njihov postotak u ukupnoj strukturi kultivara nedostatan za tržnu proizvodnju jabuke namjenjene za čuvanje u ULO hladnjačama. Također, utvrđeno je da se sadi velik broj kultivara jabuke na proizvodnoj površini, što otežava pravilnu zaštitu i kemijsko prorjeđivanje plodova. Kod koštičavog voća, također, nisu dostatno zastupljeni novi kultivari. Neophodan je veći angažman na području introdukcije, priznavanja, uvođenja certifikacije, proizvodnji kvalitetnog sadnog materijala i podizanja nasada, poštujući UPOV-ovu konvenciju o zaštiti biljnih sorti.

Zakon o sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (“Narodne novine br., 131/97, 163/03) u članku 5. stavku 1. točki 6. govori o Upisniku stranih sorti poljoprivrednog bilja. Polazeći od navedene odredbe Zakona, kao i sve učestalijeg (obligatnog) korištenja članka 43. stavka 2. istog Zakona, Zavod za voćarstvo je započeo s istraživanjem novih kultivara jabuke, jagode, borovnice i kupine. Rezultati istraživanja dat će osnovu za priznavanje, uključivanje na sortnu listu, kao i preporeuku budućim investitorima za proizvodnju istih.