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Our proposal is on a new stochastic optimizer for non-convex and possibly non-smooth objective functions typically defined over large dimensional design spaces. Towards this, we have tried to bridge noise-assisted global search and faster local convergence, the latter being the characteristic feature of a Newton-like search. Our specific scheme -- acronymed FINDER (Filtering Informed Newton-like and Derivative-free Evolutionary Recursion), exploits the nonlinear stochastic filtering equations to arrive at a derivative-free update that has resemblance with the Newton search employing the inverse Hessian of the objective function. Following certain simplifications of the update to enable a linear scaling with dimension and a few other enhancements, we apply FINDER to a range of problems, starting with some IEEE benchmark objective functions to a couple of archetypal data-driven problems in deep networks to certain cases of physics-informed deep networks. The performance of the new method vis-\'a-vis the well-known Adam and a few others bears evidence to its promise and potentialities for large dimensional optimization problems of practical interest., Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are able to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) by incorporating the residuals of the PDEs into their loss functions. Variational Physics-Informed Neural Networks (VPINNs) and hp-VPINNs use the variational form of the PDE residuals in their loss function. Although hp-VPINNs have shown promise over traditional PINNs, they suffer from higher training times and lack a framework capable of handling complex geometries, which limits their application to more complex PDEs. As such, hp-VPINNs have not been applied in solving the Navier-Stokes equations, amongst other problems in CFD, thus far. FastVPINNs was introduced to address these challenges by incorporating tensor-based loss computations, significantly improving the training efficiency. Moreover, by using the bilinear transformation, the FastVPINNs framework was able to solve PDEs on complex geometries. In the present work, we extend the FastVPINNs framework to vector-valued problems, with a particular focus on solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional forward and inverse problems, including problems such as the lid-driven cavity flow, the Kovasznay flow, and flow past a backward-facing step for Reynolds numbers up to 200. Our results demonstrate a 2x improvement in training time while maintaining the same order of accuracy compared to PINNs algorithms documented in the literature. We further showcase the framework's efficiency in solving inverse problems for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by accurately identifying the Reynolds number of the underlying flow. Additionally, the framework's ability to handle complex geometries highlights its potential for broader applications in computational fluid dynamics. This implementation opens new avenues for research on hp-VPINNs, potentially extending their applicability to more complex problems., Comment: 18 pages, 13 tables and 20 figures

We use a space-time discretization based on physics informed deep learning (PIDL) to approximate solutions of a class of rate-dependent strain gradient plasticity models. The differential equation governing the plastic flow, the so-called microforce balance for this class of yield-free plasticity models, is very stiff, often leading to numerical corruption and a consequent lack of accuracy or convergence by finite element (FE) methods. Indeed, setting up the discretized framework, especially with an elaborate meshing around the propagating plastic bands whose locations are often unknown a-priori, also scales up the computational effort significantly. Taking inspiration from physics informed neural networks, we modify the loss function of a PIDL model in several novel ways to account for the balance laws, either through energetics or via the resulting PDEs once a variational scheme is applied, and the constitutive equations. The initial and the boundary conditions may either be imposed strictly by encoding them within the PIDL architecture, or enforced weakly as a part of the loss function. The flexibility in the implementation of a PIDL technique often makes for its ready interface with powerful optimization schemes, and this in turn provides for many possibilities in posing the problem. We have used freely available open-source libraries that perform fast, parallel computations on GPUs. Using numerical illustrations, we demonstrate how PIDL methods could address the computational challenges posed by strain gradient plasticity models. Also, PIDL methods offer abundant potentialities, vis-\'a-vis a somewhat straitjacketed and poorer approximant of FE methods, in customizing the formulation as per the problem objective.

Blockchain, the backbone of Bitcoin, has recently gained a lot of attention. Blockchain functions as an immutable record that enables decentralized transactions. Blockchain-based applications are sprouting up in a variety of industries, including financial services, reputation systems, and the Internet of Things (IoT), among others. However, many hurdles of blockchain technology, including scalability and security issues, have to be overcome. Many industries, including finance, medicine, manufacturing, and education, use blockchain applications to capitalize on this technology's unique set of properties. Blockchain technology (BT) has the potential to improve trustworthiness, collaboration, organization, identity, credibility, and transparency. We provide an overview of blockchain architecture, various different kinds of blockchain as well as information about the Decentralized apps which are also known as Dapps. This paper provides an in-depth look at blockchain technology