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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality in the U.S. accounting for 1 in 4 deaths each year. Environmental factors, such as neighborhood safety, may increase the risk of CVD. Therefore, the current study assessed perceived neighborhood safety and its association with CVD risk factors (i.e. dyslipidemia, hypertension, type II diabetes) among 663 adults (mean age: 49.97 years, 61.24% female, 78.28% White). Participants completed self-report measures as part of a larger study of environmental influences on cardiac health. Results indicated that individuals reporting low perceived neighborhood safety had greater odds of having at least one CVD risk factor (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.46, 5.22) compared to those with high perceived safety. There was a significant interaction between gender and the presence of at least one CVD risk factor in relation to perceived neighborhood safety. Low perceived neighborhood safety was associated with greater odds of having at least one CVD risk factor among males (OR = 5.48, 95% C.I: 1.82, 16.52) but not females. These findings suggest that low perceived safety is associated with CVD risk factors, especially among males. Future work should seek to better understand the interaction by gender in the relationship between perceived safety and CVD risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diacylglycerol kinase δ (DGKδ) phosphorylates diacylglycerol to produce phosphatidic acid. Previously, we demonstrated that down‐regulation of DGKδ suppresses the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. However, the myogenic roles of DGKδ in vivo remain unclear. In the present study, we generated DGKδ‐conditional knockout mice under the control of the myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) gene promoter, which regulates myogenesis and brown adipogenesis. The knockout mice showed a significant body weight reduction and apparent mass decrease in skeletal muscle, including the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Moreover, the thickness of a portion of the myofibers was reduced in DGKδ‐deficient TA muscles. However, DGKδ deficiency did not substantially affect brown adipogenesis, suggesting that Myf5‐driven DGKδ deficiency mainly affects muscle development. Notably, skeletal muscle injury induced by a cardiotoxin highly up‐regulated DGKδ protein expression, and the DGKδ deficiency significantly reduced the thickness of myofibers, the expression levels of myogenic differentiation markers such as embryonic myosin heavy chain and myogenin, and the number of newly formed myofibers containing multiple central nuclei during muscle regeneration. DGKδ was strongly expressed in myogenin‐positive satellite cells around the injured myofibers and centronucleated myofibers. These results indicate that DGKδ has important roles in muscle regeneration in activated satellite cells. Moreover, the conditional knockout mice fed with a high‐fat diet showed increased fat mass and glucose intolerance. Taken together, these results demonstrate that DGKδ plays crucial roles in skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study aimed to assess the association between inflammatory biomarkers and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a specific focus on the impact of type II diabetes. (2) Methods: A total of 320 participants were divided into three groups: 120 HIV-positive without diabetes, 80 HIV-positive with type II diabetes, and 120 controls. Biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, along with gastrointestinal symptoms, were measured before and six months after ART. (3) Results: HIV-positive patients with type II diabetes exhibited significantly elevated levels of inflammatory markers and experienced more frequent gastrointestinal side effects, particularly nausea and diarrhea. (4) Conclusions: Type II diabetes significantly worsens inflammation and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV patients on ART, suggesting the need for tailored treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes adversely affects male reproduction and closely associated with male infertility. The present study designed to assess the synergistic effects of Camel milk and Hibiscus rosa sinensis on the reproduction of type II diabetic Wistar rats over one month. Rats were divided into seven groups: control (Group I) and diabetic control (Group II). Group III received 125 mg/kg/day H. rosa sinensis, whereas Group IV received 50 ml/rat/day Camel milk. Groups V-VII were treated synergistically with varying H. rosa sinensis and Camel milk dosages. Group II showed persistent hyperglycemic state, gradually decreasing in treatment groups (III-IV) and synergistic groups (V-VII). The pancreas of Group II rats was damaged, including acinar cell necrosis and vacuolation. These damages were significantly improved in treatment groups (III-IV) and synergistic groups (V-VII). Group II male rats exhibited significant damage to their seminiferous tubules, including a decrease in diameter, and loss of spermatozoa. Seminiferous tubule structures were significantly improved in treatment groups III & IV. The 1st synergistic group (V) demonstrated greater recovery of altered seminiferous tubule structures than the 2nd and 3rd synergistic groups (VI and VII). Sperm analysis revealed that Group II animals had significantly reduced sperm count, motility, and viability, whereas treatment groups III-IV had better sperm characteristics. The synergistic group (V) had a greater sperm count, motility, and viability than syner gistic groups (VI and VII). The present study showed synergistic benefits of H. rosa sinensis and Camel milk in treating and reproducing type II diabetic rats at very low doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Magnetic therapy has demonstrated beneficial effects for reducing pain, nausea, neuropathy, and various other health concerns in the human body. To our knowledge, limited research has documented the use of auricular static magnetic therapy as a potential treatment for diabetes. This report presents the first evidence of using magnetic discs placed at acupuncture points on the human ear to decrease blood glucose levels and promote the healing of gangrene in diabetic patients. When a magnetic disc was placed at an acupuncture point on the ear, elevated blood glucose levels were reduced, blood circulation improved, and gangrene eventually resolved. This case report presents a new development in auricular acupuncture, providing a novel method for treating diabetes and its complications. Case presentation A 59-year-old white male who was diagnosed with type II diabetes and had suffered from this condition for 20 years developed gangrene in his left leg, necessitating amputation. Despite insulin therapy, the patient’s blood glucose level remained elevated, and gangrene subsequently manifested in his right leg. The patient was diagnosed with severe end-stage peripheral arterial occlusive disease, and a second amputation became necessary. The patient sought acupuncture treatment to avoid amputation. A magnetic disc was applied to the patient’s left ear at the pancreas point. Within 2 days, the patient’s blood glucose level decreased from 240 to 120 mg/dl, while the blood flow in his leg increased by 30%. Consequently, the patient was able to reduce the insulin dosage. Over time, the gangrene resolved, and new tissue regenerated in place of the gangrenous tissue. Another case study involved a 33-year-old white female with type I diabetes who used an insulin pump prior to magnetic therapy. Magnetic discs were applied to auricular acupuncture points, resulting in a 30% reduction in insulin dosage, while maintaining the same caloric intake. Conclusion Auricular static magnetic therapy has demonstrated efficacy as a beneficial treatment for diabetes. This therapeutic approach has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels, increase blood circulation, and promote gangrene healing. Its noninvasive nature, rapid onset of action, and cost-effectiveness are notable attributes. The novel contribution of this case report resides in its potential application as a complementary therapy for diabetes utilized in conjunction with conventional Western medical practices.

The aim. To establish a relationship between marital status and frequency of cardiovascular risk factors: type II diabetes, hypertension, overweight, smoking, and hypodynamia. Materials and methods. The study included patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent off-pump coronary bypass surgery. The total number of people in the sample was 3674, the mean age of the patients was 60.6 ± 0.8 years. Medical history, case records and results of general clinical and laboratory examinations provided for inpatient treatment became the material for analysis. The study design was based on the patient’s age according to the WHO age classification. The relationship between marital status and leading cardiovascular risk factors was calculated using the odds ratio and relative risk. Results. As a result of studying the relationship between marital status as a leading factor in a person’s social status, it was established that the presence of a partner relationship was associated with a 1.50-fold increased risk of overweight (p = 0.0003, χ2 = 21.59), 1.07-fold increased risk of hypertension (p = 0.005, χ2 = 7.60) and 1.26-fold increased risk of type II diabetes (p = 0.04, χ2 = 4.28). Taking into account the age of the patients, it was found that senile married people had an increased risk of overweight (p = 0.0001, χ2 = 20.51) and elderly patients had an increased risk of hypertension (p = 0.002, χ2 = 9.73). It was found that loneliness in patients with CAD was associated with a 4.97-fold increase in the frequency of obese people (p = 0.08, χ2 = 3.02) and smokers (p = 0.0001, χ2 = 182.60). It was also determined that young single patients were significantly more likely to smoke (p = 0.0001, χ2 = 102.19). Conclusions. As a result of the study, the associations of loneliness with leading cardiovascular factors regarding the risk of developing coronary heart disease were clarified. It was found that single persons, as a group with an unfavorable socio-economic status, had increased cardiovascular risks: obesity (p = 0.08, χ2 = 3.02) and smoking (p = 0.0001, χ2 = 121.16). It was also established that young single patients were significantly more likely to smoke (p = 0.0001, χ2 = 102.19), and elderly family patients had a significantly higher risk of overweight (p = 0.0001, χ2 = 20.51), and hypertension (p = 0.002, χ2 = 9.73).

Objective: To investigate the impact of giant salamander protein peptide (CGS) and its Maillard reaction product (CGSXyU) on lowering blood glucose and lipid levels in type Ⅱ diabetic mice and enhancing immunomodulatory functions in immunosuppressed mice, and anti-fatigue effects in normal mice. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to a blank control group, a model control group, a positive control group (200 mg/kg metformin), a low-dose sample group (CGS/CGSXyU-L, 50 mg/kg), and a high-dose sample group (CGS/CGSXyU-H, 200 mg/kg). Following the successful induction of diabetes with 100 mg/kg alloxan, the mice underwent gavage treatment for 3 weeks, after which their fasting blood glucose levels, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were measured. Mice were randomly assigned to a blank control group, a model control group, a positive control group (50 mg/kg levamisole), a low-dose sample group (CGS/CGSXyU-L, 50 mg/kg), and a high-dose sample group (CGS/CGSXyU-H, 200 mg/kg). Following successful modeling with 100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, the mice underwent gavage for three weeks, during which their body weights were recorded, and changes in organ indices and cytokine levels were assessed. Similarly, mice were randomly divided into a blank control group, a positive control group (200 mg/kg taurine), a low-dose sample group (CGS/CGSXyU-L, 50 mg/kg), and a high-dose sample group (CGS/CGSXyU-H, 200 mg/kg). They were subjected to gavage for four weeks, after which the mice's weight-bearing swimming time, urea nitrogen levels, creatine kinase activity, serum lactate levels, and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Results: The CGS/CGSXyU-L/H treated group of mice exhibited reduced fasting blood glucose concentration, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), along with elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. CGSXyU-H significantly enhanced the body weight (P

Endothelial activation as well as dysfunction is a major factor in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, and cardiorenal syndrome. Endothelial dysfunction is additionally associated with metabolic syndrome as well as type II diabetes. The hunt for distinctive as well as sensitive biomarkers of endothelial activity and dysfunction may have substantial therapeutic consequences. This review pinpoints the variations in biomarkers that occur between endothelial activation and endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular illnesses, and then briefly highlights the most significant biomarkers of endothelial activation. Biomarkers of endothelial activation consist of endothelial adhesion molecules, as well as cytokines, and C-reactive protein, along with CD62E++/E-selectin activated endothelial microparticles, and oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, together with asymmetric dimethylarginine as well as endocan. This study also includes an update on the new biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) (e.g., MMP-7, MMP-9), along with ANGPTL2, and endoglin, together with annexin V++ endothelium apoptotic microparticles, and serum homocysteine. Finally, this study stresses the limits of biomarkers of endothelium activation and dysfunction in clinical situations.

Objective: Investigate the effects of Lonicera caerulea anthocyanin complex liquid preparation (compound made of Lonicera caerulea L., Polygonatum sibiricum, Inonotus obliquus, LPI) on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) mice. Methods: T2D model in mice was constructed by high-fat feeding combined with streptozotocin. The mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: Blank control group, diabetes model group, low, middle and high dose sample group and metformin positive control group. After continuous intervention for 28 days, the body mass data and physiological and biochemical indexes of mice were measured and recorded, and the pathological observation of the organs of mice was performed. Results: Each dose group of LPI could increase the weight of T2D mice, improve the symptoms of organ injury, significantly reduce serum insulin level (P

Background: Periodontitis is a common complication of type II diabetes (T2D). However, the existing research cannot fully elucidate the association between them, let alone identify therapeutic targets for precise treatment of diabetic periodontitis. Therefore, we employed integrated genetic approaches such as single-cell analysis, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and colocalization analysis to uncover novel therapeutic targets for T2D and periodontitis. Methods: This study integrated single-cell analysis, MR analysis, colocalization analysis, phenotype scanning, cell-cell communication analysis and metabolic pathway activity analysis to unveil novel therapeutic targets for periodontitis and T2D. We firstly identified core cell clusters of T2D and periodontitis, and important marker genes were selected. The causal associations between these genes and the two diseases were evaluated through MR analysis. Reverse MR analysis, colocalization analysis, additional validation and phenotype scanning further supported our findings. Finally, cell-cell communication analysis and metabolic pathway activity analysis were employed to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms of the observed causal associations. Results: Through analysis of scRNA-seq data, we identified classical monocytes and intermediate monocytes as core cell subclusters. Differential analysis identified 221 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). MR analysis identified 13 genes exhibiting causal associations with T2D, and 11 causal genes with periodontitis. Colocalization analysis, reverse MR analysis, additional validation and phenotype scanning further enhanced the robustness of our results. Finally, we identified NCF1 as the core therapeutic target for T2D (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.14, p = 1.85 × 10 − 3 ) and LRRC25 for T2D (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93-0.99, p = 3.44 × 10 − 2 ) and periodontitis (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84-0.99, p = 4.45 × 10 − 2 ). At last, cell-cell communication analysis indicated significant differences in functions and metabolic pathway activity between monocytes expressing or not expressing the core causal genes, which preliminarily interpreted the observed causal associations. Conclusion: This study integrated single-cell analysis, MR analysis and colocalization analysis to identified novel therapeutic targets for T2D and periodontitis. 13 causal genes were identified for T2D, and 11 for periodontitis. Among them, NCF1 and LRRC25 were regarded as core therapeutic targets. Our findings bridge the gap in the understanding of the association between T2D and periodontitis, and pave the way for targeted therapy of the two diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study evaluated the outcomes of single open-flap debridement, open-flap debridement (OFD) plus resorbable membrane placement, and OFD with resorbable membrane placement plus platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in terms of periodontal clinical parameters and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in 24 adult patients with stage 3 grade C periodontitis and type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: The primary outcome measure for this study was the clinical attachment level (CAL); secondary outcomes included additional periodontal parameters, such as the plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), as well as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels to evaluate the systemic impact of the treatments on glycemic control. The parameters were assessed before and at three and six months post-surgery. In Group A, the flap was sutured closed; in Group B, an absorbable collagen membrane was placed over the defect; and in Group C, PRF was utilized in the defect, with two additional PRF membranes used to cover the defect. The wound healing index (WHI) was recorded at 7 and 14 days after the surgery. Results: The initial findings indicated no significant differences in the periodontal parameters among the three groups. However, improvements in the PD and CAL were most notable in Group C, followed by Group B, with Group A showing the slightest improvement. At six months, there was a highly significant difference in the CAL (p < 0.001). Group C (4.92 ± 0.35) and Group B (4.99 ± 0.31) demonstrated the most significant improvements in the CAL compared to Group A (5.89 ± 0.57). At seven days post-surgery, Group C demonstrated significant healing, with 85% of the sites showing complete healing. By the 14-day mark, all sites in Group C indicated complete healing. Although the HbA1c values did not exhibit statistically significant differences among the groups at baseline, at the 6-month evaluation, all groups showed significantly lower values than baseline. However, the comparison between groups revealed significantly improved values for Group C. Conclusions: The study's results suggest that PRF is an exceptional material for infrabony defects treatment and notably improves HbA1c levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy of liraglutide as an adjunct therapy in regulating metabolic disorders in obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Methods This prospective study selected 116 patients diagnosed with newly onset type 2 diabetes and obesity due to metabolic disorders from April 2022 to April 2023. Patients were divided into four groups based on their medication regimen: Metformin-1 group, Metformin-2 group, Empagliflozin-1 group, and Empagliflozin-2 group. The Metformin-1 and Empagliflozin-1 groups received monotherapy with Metformin and Empagliflozin, respectively, while the Metformin-2 and Empagliflozin-2 groups received liraglutide in addition to their respective monotherapies over a 12-week treatment period. Changes in obesity indices [(body mass index(BMI), waist circumference], glucose metabolism indices [fasting plasma glucose(FPG), 2-hour postprandial glucose(2 hPG), glycated hemoglobin(HbA1C)], lipid metabolism indices [high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG)], insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR), pancreatic β-cell function index(HOMA-β), total adiponectin(tAPN), irisin, and serum secreted frizzled-related protein 5(SFRP5) were observed. Adverse reactions were also recorded during treatment.Results At baseline(T0), there were no significant differences among the four groups regarding obesity indices, glucose metabolism indices, lipid metabolism indices, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, tAPN, irisin, and SFRP5(P＞0.05). Similarly, comparisons between Metformin-1 and Empagliflozin-1 groups at T1 showed no significant differences(P＞0.05). However, the improvements in T1 for obesity, glucose, and lipid metabolism indices, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, tAPN, irisin, and SFRP5 were significantly more pronounced in the Metformin-2 and Empagliflozin-2 groups compared to their respective monotherapy groups(P＜0.05). The overall incidence of adverse reactions, including headache, dizziness, gastrointestinal reactions, urinary infections, and hypoglycemia, did not differ significantly among the groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion For obese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, early health education and treatment with Metformin or Empagliflozin are effective. The addition of liraglutide as an adjunct therapy significantly enhances metabolic improvement and weight control without increasing adverse reactions, suggesting that liraglutide is a valuable adjunct treatment for metabolic disorders in these patients and can be promoted for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Metformin (Met), an oral drug used to treat type II diabetes, is known to control blood glucose levels. Metformin carbon quantum dots (MetCQDs) were prepared to enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of metformin. Several studies have shown that carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have attractive properties like small particle size, high penetrability, low cytotoxicity, and ease of synthesis. CQDs are made from a carbon source, namely, citric acid, and a heteroatom, such as nitrogen. The active molecule can be a carbon source or a heteroatom, as reported here. Methods: This study aims to produce MetCQDs from an active molecule. MetCQDs were successfully produced by microwave-based production methods and characterized. The effect of the MetCQDs was tested in Wistar albino rats following a Streptozocin-induced diabetic model. Results: The results show that the products have a particle size of 9.02 ± 0.04 nm, a zeta potential of −10.4 ± 0.214 mV, and a quantum yield of 15.1 ± 0.045%. Stability studies and spectrophotometric analyses were carried out and the effectiveness of MetCQDs evaluated in diabetic rats. The results show a significant reduction in blood sugar levels (34.1–51.1%) compared to the group receiving only metformin (37.1–55.3%) over a period of 30 to 360 min. Histopathological examinations of the liver tissue indicate improvement in the liver health indicators of the group treated with MetCQDs. Conclusions: Based on these results, the products have potential therapeutic advantages in diabetes management through their increased efficacy and may have reduced side effects compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been suggested to predispose to osteoarthritis (OA) leading to T2DM-induced OA. Hence this study aims to develop an experimental model for T2DM-induced OA in order to advance research on diabetes-osteoarthritis conditions. Male Wistar rats (N=40) were divided into control and experimental T2DM group. T2DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Rats with fasting blood glucose levels >200 mg/dL on day 4 post-induction were considered diabetic. Glucose levels were subsequently monitored on days 7, 14, 21, 28 post-induction. Feasible osteoarthritis markers; joint swelling diameter, gait test (Stride length and paw dimension), arthritis index, histological evaluations and MANKIN osteoarthritis scores were done; Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and Bonferroni post-hoc test, p < 0.05. Data obtained from T2DM group showed significantly higher blood glucose levels on days 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 compared with controls. T2DM group experienced increased joint swelling, arthritis index, and decreased stride length, paw width, and paw area. Histological analysis revealed significant knee joint deterioration, including synovium derangement, cartilage abnormalities, and higher MANKIN osteoarthritis scores in the T2DM group compared to controls. This study shows an experimental T2DM-induced OA model in Wistar rats with signs and symptoms consistent with diabetes-induced osteoarthritis in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recent studies have revealed a role for zinc in insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis. Randomized placebo-controlled zinc supplementation trials have demonstrated improved glycemic traits in patients with type II diabetes (T2D). Moreover, rare loss-of-function variants in the zinc efflux transporter SLC30A8 reduce T2D risk. Despite this accumulated evidence, a mechanistic understanding of how zinc influences systemic glucose homeostasis and consequently T2D risk remains unclear. To further explore the relationship between zinc and metabolic traits, we searched the exome database of the Regeneron Genetics Center-Geisinger Health System DiscovEHR cohort for genes that regulate zinc levels and associate with changes in metabolic traits. We then explored our main finding using in vitro and in vivo models. We identified rare loss-of-function (LOF) variants (MAF

Abstract Objective To test the glycemic susceptibility in three urological cancers and eight urological/reproductive diseases using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Materials and methods Two-sample MR was applied to investigate the causal role of three glycemic traits (type II diabetes, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) in eleven urological/reproductive diseases (kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, kidney/ureter stone, urinary incontinence, benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, female infertility, male infertility, abnormal spermatozoa and polycystic ovary syndrome). Further multivariate MR (MVMR) and mediating analysis were performed to investigate the associations. Results Among all the 11 diseases, type II diabetes was positively associated with erectile dysfunction, which was stable across both cohorts [odds ratio (OR): 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–2.20, P = 0.005 for FinnGen Biobank and OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.21, P

Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) was extracted and purified from raw material obtained from P. sibiricum. The structural features of PSP were investigated by Congo red, circular dichroism spectrum, high‐performance gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. In vitro simulations were conducted to investigate the kinetics of PSP enzyme inhibition. Moreover, a type II diabetes mouse model (T2DM) with streptozotocin‐induced insulin resistance was established, and the indexes of lipid quadruple, insulin resistance index, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), organ index, and pancreatic morphology of model mice were measured. The results showed that PSP mainly consists of monosaccharides, such as mannose, glucose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. It also has a β‐glycosidic bond of a pyranose ring and an irregular reticulated aggregated structure with a triple helix. In vitro enzyme inhibition assays revealed that PSP acts as a reversible competitive inhibitor of α‐glucosidase and α‐amylase. Furthermore, PSP was found to reduce insulin resistance index, increase OGTT and serum insulin levels, decrease free fatty acid content to improve lipid metabolism, and lower glycated serum protein content to enhance glucose metabolism in T2DM mice, thereby leading to a reduction in blood glucose concentration. Additionally, PSP exhibited reparative effects on the damaged liver tissue cells and pancreatic tissue in T2DM mice. The experiment results provide a preliminary basis for the therapeutic mechanism of PSP about type II diabetes and a theoretical reference for application in food and pharmaceutical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current evidence for medical therapies for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is largely based on large-scale clinical trials. These trials, however, often exhibit heterogeneity in participant characteristics and baseline kidney function. These differences may lead to misinterpretation in clinical practice, such that treatment effects from different trials are directly compared and generalized to broader populations beyond the population in which each trial was conducted. This is particularly relevant if comparisons on efficacy and safety are made when the underlying study populations are distinctly different. Indeed, key clinical trials evaluating sodium-glucose transport protein-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (nsMRA), and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) differed in recruitment requirements (inclusion/exclusion criteria), resulting in differences in the severity of the underlying kidney disease as well as risk factor profiles. Moreover, these trials defined their primary and secondary outcomes differently. Collectively, these factors lead to distinct study populations with different baseline risks for DKD progression in the placebo arm in each clinical trial. Consequently, a direct head-to-head comparison of the treatment effect between treatments using relative risk measures from placebo-controlled clinical trials alone is not recommended. In addition, healthcare professionals should be equipped to understand the specific target population of clinical trials to avoid over-generalization when drawing conclusions from these trials. Plain Language Summary: The medicines approved to help people with compromised kidney function were developed based on clinical trials that differed in many ways. There is a risk that clinical trials may be incorrectly compared and generalized by healthcare providers. In this review, the authors highlight the importance of interpreting clinical trial results cautiously while being mindful of the study population features. Key clinical trials for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease had different recruitment requirements for participants, a wide range of kidney disease severity, and different risks of disease progression in the comparison arm that did not receive the treatment during the trial. The conclusion of this review is to highlight the inappropriateness of comparing these medicines with each other using the results of clinical trials alone. It is important for the medical community to understand the specific types of patients that were involved in the clinical trials, to avoid unjustified conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test the glycemic susceptibility in three urological cancers and eight urological/reproductive diseases using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Materials and methods: Two-sample MR was applied to investigate the causal role of three glycemic traits (type II diabetes, fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)) in eleven urological/reproductive diseases (kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, kidney/ureter stone, urinary incontinence, benign prostatic hyperplasia, erectile dysfunction, female infertility, male infertility, abnormal spermatozoa and polycystic ovary syndrome). Further multivariate MR (MVMR) and mediating analysis were performed to investigate the associations. Results: Among all the 11 diseases, type II diabetes was positively associated with erectile dysfunction, which was stable across both cohorts [odds ratio (OR): 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–2.20, P = 0.005 for FinnGen Biobank and OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08–1.21, P < 0.001 for the other cohort]. Also, type II diabetes was negatively associated with male infertility (OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.84, P = 0.005). In addition, all three glycemic traits were observed to be positively associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.16–4.76, P = 0.017 for fasting glucose per mmol/L; OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.10–8.39, P = 0.032 for HbA1c per percentage; and OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.00-1.46, P = 0.046 for type II diabetes). Mediating analysis confirmed the effect of type II diabetes on these diseases. Conclusions: There existed glycemic susceptibility in erectile dysfunction, male infertility and polycystic ovary syndrome. We could not conclude stable glycemic susceptibility in other urological/reproductive diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to measure sequential rates of obesity, gestational diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, and anxiety, depression, and antidepressant treatment in pregnant women in Australia between 2008 and 2022. Materials and Methods: BMI ≥ 30 (obesity), BMI ≥ 35 (severe obesity/obesity class II and III), gestational diabetes, Type II diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, clinical diagnoses of anxiety and depression, antidepressant treatment. Results: Women taking antidepressants in pregnancy were substantially more vulnerable to obesity (BMI ≥ 30) with rates of 43.59% vs 26.00%. Women taking antidepressants in pregnancy also had higher rates of severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35) at 25.63% vs 12.98%. A small minority of these women were also nearly 6 times more likely to drink alcohol in pregnancy (2.7% vs 0.47%) and to use other drugs in pregnancy such as amphetamines (0.35% vs 0.07%) and cannabis (3.4% vs 0.73%). When compared with peers matched for diagnoses of depression and anxiety, women taking antidepressants were still more likely to be obese (25.63% vs 20.17%) though this difference was not so marked. Rates of obesity have increased in the cohort studied from 26.86% to 31.27%; of gestational diabetes from 3.98% to 21.77%; of polycystic ovary syndrome from 1.47% to 5.47%; of anxiety from 1.11% to 5.77%; of depression from 2.17% to 4.31%, and antidepressant treatment from 1.45% to 2.16%. Conclusions: Obesity, gestational diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome rates have substantially increased between 2008 and 2022 in Australia. Rates of anxiety in pregnant women have increased substantially over this period, as have rates of depression. Women living with depression and anxiety in pregnancy are increasing to suffer obesity and related metabolic conditions. Antidepressant treatment may also increase these women's vulnerability to obesity and severe obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been suggested to predispose to osteoarthritis (OA) leading to T2DM-induced OA. Hence this study aims to develop an experimental model for T2DM-induced OA in order to advance research on diabetes-osteoarthritis conditions. Male Wistar rats (N=40) were divided into control and experimental T2DM group. T2DM was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). Rats with fasting blood glucose levels >200 mg/dL on day 4 post-induction were considered diabetic. Glucose levels were subsequently monitored on days 7, 14, 21, 28 post-induction. Feasible osteoarthritis markers; joint swelling diameter, gait test (Stride length and paw dimension), arthritis index, histological evaluations and MANKIN osteoarthritis scores were done; Data were analyzed using Student's t-test and Bonferroni post-hoc test, p < 0.05. Data obtained from T2DM group showed significantly higher blood glucose levels on days 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 compared with controls. T2DM group experienced increased joint swelling, arthritis index, and decreased stride length, paw width, and paw area. Histological analysis revealed significant knee joint deterioration, including synovium derangement, cartilage abnormalities, and higher MANKIN osteoarthritis scores in the T2DM group compared to controls. This study shows an experimental T2DM-induced OA model in Wistar rats with signs and symptoms consistent with diabetes-induced osteoarthritis in human.

BackgroundPeriodontitis is a common complication of type II diabetes (T2D). However, the existing research cannot fully elucidate the association between them, let alone identify therapeutic targets for precise treatment of diabetic periodontitis. Therefore, we employed integrated genetic approaches such as single-cell analysis, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and colocalization analysis to uncover novel therapeutic targets for T2D and periodontitis.MethodsThis study integrated single-cell analysis, MR analysis, colocalization analysis, phenotype scanning, cell-cell communication analysis and metabolic pathway activity analysis to unveil novel therapeutic targets for periodontitis and T2D. We firstly identified core cell clusters of T2D and periodontitis, and important marker genes were selected. The causal associations between these genes and the two diseases were evaluated through MR analysis. Reverse MR analysis, colocalization analysis, additional validation and phenotype scanning further supported our findings. Finally, cell-cell communication analysis and metabolic pathway activity analysis were employed to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms of the observed causal associations.ResultsThrough analysis of scRNA-seq data, we identified classical monocytes and intermediate monocytes as core cell subclusters. Differential analysis identified 221 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). MR analysis identified 13 genes exhibiting causal associations with T2D, and 11 causal genes with periodontitis. Colocalization analysis, reverse MR analysis, additional validation and phenotype scanning further enhanced the robustness of our results. Finally, we identified NCF1 as the core therapeutic target for T2D (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.14, p = 1.85 ×10−3) and LRRC25 for T2D (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93-0.99, p = 3.44 ×10−2) and periodontitis (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84-0.99, p = 4.45 ×10−2). At last, cell-cell communication analysis indicated significant differences in functions and metabolic pathway activity between monocytes expressing or not expressing the core causal genes, which preliminarily interpreted the observed causal associations.ConclusionThis study integrated single-cell analysis, MR analysis and colocalization analysis to identified novel therapeutic targets for T2D and periodontitis. 13 causal genes were identified for T2D, and 11 for periodontitis. Among them, NCF1 and LRRC25 were regarded as core therapeutic targets. Our findings bridge the gap in the understanding of the association between T2D and periodontitis, and pave the way for targeted therapy of the two diseases.

Abstract Background Obesity and diabetes are interrelated growing problems worldwide. Life style modifications including nutritional intervention are considered the first line in management of diabetes. Materials and methods Our study included 81 type 2 diabetic patients, all treated with Metformin 500 mg twice daily, with Body mass index (BMI) more than 25 kg/m2. They were randomized to one of three dietary interventions; high protein diet (Zone diet), high fat diet (Modified Atkins) and conventional high carbohydrates diet with consideration of being on a caloric deficit diet of 500 kcal per day. Patients were assessed by: body mass index, waist circumference and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method for assessment of body fat and muscle mass (FM, MM) before and after 12 weeks of following a dietary plan. Laboratory tests included: Hemoglobin A1c, C-reactive protein levels, lipid profile and insulin resistance before and after 12 weeks of following a dietary plan. Results Significant weight loss and reduction of BMI, reduction of waist circumference, significant fat mass reduction, significant muscle mass reduction, improvement of the insulin resistance, LDL and triglyceride reduction was achieved by the three dietary plans, with no significant difference between them. There was also significant improvement in HbA1c in all dietary plans; however Modified Atkins diet showed more significant improvement. Significant HDL improvement was seen with High carbohydrate diet and Modified Atkins diet, with more significant reduction with Modified Atkins diet, while Zone diet did not show significant improvement. CRP marker of inflammation showed significant improvement with High carbohydrate diet and Modified Atkins diet, while Zone diet did not show significant improvement. Conclusion All three dietary plans show benefit and improve the anthropometric and metabolic outcomes of type 2 diabetic patients. Modified Atkins diet showed superior benefit as regards improvement of HbA1c, HDL and CRP in comparison to the other dietary plans.

In this work I expose the importance of approaching diabetes type II from complex perspectives, which go beyond the biological perspectives of the subjects dedicated to health education in Biology Teacher Training Institutes. I outline the relationship between poverty and diabetes type II without delving into the metabolic mechanisms involved. I characterize the HMM (Hegemonic Medical Model), the empirical/functional paradigm, functionalist public health and the State approaches to type II diabetes in vulnerable populations.

(1) Background: This study aimed to assess the association between inflammatory biomarkers and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a specific focus on the impact of type II diabetes. (2) Methods: A total of 320 participants were divided into three groups: 120 HIV-positive without diabetes, 80 HIV-positive with type II diabetes, and 120 controls. Biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, along with gastrointestinal symptoms, were measured before and six months after ART. (3) Results: HIV-positive patients with type II diabetes exhibited significantly elevated levels of inflammatory markers and experienced more frequent gastrointestinal side effects, particularly nausea and diarrhea. (4) Conclusions: Type II diabetes significantly worsens inflammation and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV patients on ART, suggesting the need for tailored treatment approaches.

Background: Obesity and diabetes are interrelated growing problems worldwide. Life style modifications including nutritional intervention are considered the first line in management of diabetes. Materials and methods: Our study included 81 type 2 diabetic patients, all treated with Metformin 500 mg twice daily, with Body mass index (BMI) more than 25 kg/m2. They were randomized to one of three dietary interventions; high protein diet (Zone diet), high fat diet (Modified Atkins) and conventional high carbohydrates diet with consideration of being on a caloric deficit diet of 500 kcal per day. Patients were assessed by: body mass index, waist circumference and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method for assessment of body fat and muscle mass (FM, MM) before and after 12 weeks of following a dietary plan. Laboratory tests included: Hemoglobin A1c, C-reactive protein levels, lipid profile and insulin resistance before and after 12 weeks of following a dietary plan. Results: Significant weight loss and reduction of BMI, reduction of waist circumference, significant fat mass reduction, significant muscle mass reduction, improvement of the insulin resistance, LDL and triglyceride reduction was achieved by the three dietary plans, with no significant difference between them. There was also significant improvement in HbA1c in all dietary plans; however Modified Atkins diet showed more significant improvement. Significant HDL improvement was seen with High carbohydrate diet and Modified Atkins diet, with more significant reduction with Modified Atkins diet, while Zone diet did not show significant improvement. CRP marker of inflammation showed significant improvement with High carbohydrate diet and Modified Atkins diet, while Zone diet did not show significant improvement. Conclusion: All three dietary plans show benefit and improve the anthropometric and metabolic outcomes of type 2 diabetic patients. Modified Atkins diet showed superior benefit as regards improvement of HbA1c, HDL and CRP in comparison to the other dietary plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: With the in-depth research of hydrogel materials, the applicable fields of hydrogel have been gradually broadened, and carrying stem cells for disease treatment has become a new direction of research, but how to construct a hydrogel suitable for stem cell growth is the key problem that needs to be solved at present. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the physicochemical properties of chitosan-chitosan biguanide hydrochloride-collagen composite hydrogels and to evaluate their ability to load mouse umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: The hydrogels were prepared by physically cross-linking chitosan, chitosan biguanide hydrochloride and collagen with the cross-linking agents β-glycerophosphate sodium and sodium bicarbonate, and the suitable hydrogels were screened according to the gel formation time and gel formation effect (noted as Gel-1, Gel-2 and Gel-3 in this way). Morphology, porosity, swelling properties, and degradability of the three groups of hydrogels were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Hemolysis experiments were performed to examine the hemolysis of the three groups of hydrogels. The mouse umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with the hydrogel with the best comprehensive performance of characterization. The cytotoxicity, cell survival and adhesion effect of the composite hydrogel were determined to evaluate the performance of this hydrogel loaded with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Scanning electron microscopy characterization results showed that all three groups had porous mesh structures inside, and the internal structure of Gel-2 and Gel-3 with the addition of chitosan biguanide hydrochloride was more porous and three-dimensional. (2) The hydrogel porosity of the Gel-3 group was higher than the remaining two groups, with high porosity and uniform pore size distribution. (3) The swelling performance of all three groups of hydrogels was above 100%, and the swelling performance of hydrogels with chitosan biguanide hydrochloride component was better. (4) The degradation rate of the three groups of hydrogels could be degraded by more than 90% in a time scale of 15 days, with good degradation performance. (5) The results of the hemolytic properties showed that the absorbance values measured by each group of hydrogels carrying chicken erythrocytes were basically the same as those of saline carrying chicken erythrocytes, and no hemolysis occurred. (6) The toxicity experiment and living and dead cell staining showed that the survival rate of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in each group of hydrogels was above 100%, indicating that there was no obvious cytotoxicity. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells could survive under the hydrogel package and the hydrogels had a positive effect on the survival rate of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. (7) The cells in the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell adhesion assay can survive under the hydrogel package and can adhere to the surface of the hydrogel with normal morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has increased exponentially over the past decade in India and globally. Much has been published on the characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with the epidemic of obesity. But relatively little is known about the incidence of lean diabetes, progression of disease and fate of the patients with low-normal body mass index. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of lean diabetes among diabetic individuals of three districts of West Bengal [Kolkata, Hooghly and 24 Pgs (N)]. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in three districts of West Bengal during January 2022 to August 2022, among adults aged 30-69 years. All diagnosed T2DM patients within a period of 5 years were included in the study. Lean diabetes was defined as nonketotic diabetes mellitus with a body mass index (BMI) < 18.5 kg/m2. Among 66 subjects with diabetes, the proportion of lean diabetes was 14% (9 subjects) the mean age of lean diabetics is 48.50 ± 6.30. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found to be lower in lean diabetics as compared to diabetic individuals with BMI 18.5 - 22.9 or BMI>23.0. Among the lean diabetics, tobacco use is very high (67%) as well as 50% of them are required insulin therapy. In conclusion, the prevalence of lean diabetes was high (14%) among the selected study population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Type II diabetes (T2D) stems from insulin resistance, with β-cell dysfunction as a hallmark in its progression. Studies reveal that β cells undergo apoptosis or dedifferentiation during T2D development. The transcription factor PAX4 is vital for β differentiation and survival, thus may be a potential enhancer of β-cell function in T2D islets. Materials & methods: Human PAX4 cDNA was delivered into T2D human islets with an adenoviral vector, and its effects on β cells were examined. Results: PAX4 gene delivery significantly improved β-cell survival, and increased β-cell composition in the T2D human islets. Basal insulin and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in PAX4-expressing islets were substantially higher than untreated or control-treated T2D human islets. Conclusion: Introduced PAX4 expression in T2D human islets improves β-cell function, thus could provide therapeutic benefits for T2D treatment. Type II diabetes (T2D) results from insulin resistance, with β-cell dysfunction playing a pivotal role in its progression. Deficits in β-cell mass and function have been attributed primarily to β-cell death through apoptosis; however, recent studies suggest β-cell failure can also arise from β-cell dedifferentiation – that is, β cells undergo a loss of mature identity, adopting either progenitor-like or glucagon-producing α cell states during T2D development. Therefore, a strategy preventing β-cell dedifferentiation while promoting its survival is beneficial for T2D treatment. In this study, we explored whether PAX4, a critical transcription factor for β differentiation and survival, could alleviate β-cell dysfunction in human islets derived from T2D patients. To accomplish that, human PAX4 cDNA was delivered into human islets isolated from T2D donors by an adenoviral vector-based vector, Ad5.Pax4 and its effects on β-cell function were evaluated. The results showed PAX4 expression significantly improved β-cell survival and increased β-cell composition in the T2D islets. Notably, PAX4-treated T2D islets exhibited significantly higher basal insulin secretion and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion than control-treated islets. The data demonstrate that PAX4 gene delivery into T2D human islets enhances β-cell mass and function, and thus may offer therapeutic benefits in the treatment of T2D. Article highlights Type II diabetes (T2D) arises from insulin resistance, with β-cell dysfunction as a hallmark in its progression, underscoring the need for therapies that enhance β-cell function. The transcription factor PAX4 plays critical roles in β differentiation and survival, making it a potential enhancer of β-cell function in T2D human islets. PAX4 gene delivery mediated by an adenoviral vector, Ad5.Pax4, increases the composition of β cells, enhances their survival, and improves their function in T2D human islets. PAX4 gene delivery may offer therapeutic benefits for T2D treatment by restoring β-cell function through Pax4's effects on β differentiation and survival, thereby improving glucose homeostasis and overall disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder often linked to metabolic syndrome (MS), raising the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Certain indicators, such as the lipid accumulation product (LAP) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), can predict MS in PCOS patients. This study aimed to assess the predictive power of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) in comparison to LAP and HOMA-IR as predictors of MS in PCOS patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, data from 317 diagnosed PCOS women were analyzed. VAI, LAP, and HOMA-IR were computed as indexes. Participants were categorized into two groups for index accuracy comparison: PCOS patients with and without MS. The data were assessed using a ROC curve. Results: Among PCOS women with MS, 92.3% had abnormal VAI results, 94.5% had abnormal LAP results, and only 50.5% had abnormal HOMA-IR results. Conversely, the majority of PCOS women without MS had normal HOMA-IR (64.6%). When comparing these indexes using the ROC curve, VAI displayed the highest accuracy, followed by LAP and HOMA-IR. Conclusion: The VAI index proved to be a superior predictor of metabolic MS in PCOS women when compared to other indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to existence of a set of risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Recently, uric acid to HDL ratio has attracted attention in predicting development of diabetes and incidence of metabolic syndrome in diabetic individuals. This study was performed to investigate UHR in patients with type II diabetes as a predicting factor for metabolic syndrome. This descriptive-analytical study examined 300 patients with type II diabetes referring to diabetes clinic of Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib hospital, Rafsanjan city in 2021, selected through convenient sampling. Data were collected by a research-made checklist (including demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters) and analyzed by SPSS 24 and chi-square, Fisher exact test, independent paired t -test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC). The findings revealed that 74.33 % (95 % CI: 69 to 79.18 %) of the patients had metabolic syndrome. Further, patients with metabolic syndrome demonstrated a significantly higher mean UHR ratio and triglyceride levels compared to their counterparts without the syndrome (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). The ROC analysis identified a UHR threshold of 8.118 % with a sensitivity of 70.32 % and specificity of 55.08 % for diagnosing metabolic syndrome development in type II diabetes (AUC: 0.621, P = 0.001, 95%CI: 0.549–0.694). The results of the present study revealed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high in diabetic patients. UHR showed good sensitivity in the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in type II diabetes. Thus, regular monitoring of laboratory tests is recommended in patients with diabetes. • The increasing burden of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide has become a major public health priority. • The role of metabolic syndrome in T2DM has recently attracted much attention. • Recently UHR (Uric acid to HDL ratio) has attracted attention, in predicting metabolic syndrome in T2DM individuals. • The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high in T2DM patients. • The UHR higher than 8.118% had 70.32% sensitivity and 55.08% specificity in predicting metabolic syndrome in T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health challenge, requiring innovative solutions for effective disease management. This paper offers a thorough analysis of diabetes technologies, highlighting their various roles in diabetes care. Through a thorough review of the literature and analysis of emerging trends, we explore the multifaceted impact of technology on diabetes care. We investigate the key role of continuous glucose monitoring systems, insulin pumps and smart insulin pens in achieving optimal glycaemic control. The paper also evaluates the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in predictive modelling for early detection of glucose fluctuations, ultimately preventing diabetes-related complications. Additionally, studies the potential of telemedicine and mobile applications in enhancing patient engagement and self-management. Moreover, the review covers advancements in closed-loop insulin delivery systems, offering insights into their clinical effectiveness and potential to revolutionize diabetes care. Ethical and privacy considerations related to the use of patient data in these technologies are discussed, emphasizing the importance of striking a balance between technological innovation and patient security. This paper's evidence synthesis underscores the increasing influence of diabetes technologies on patient outcomes, quality of life, and healthcare systems. It underscores the need for multidisciplinary collaboration between healthcare professionals, researchers and technology developers to ensure the seamless integration and accessibility of these tools to patients living with diabetes. This study serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers, providing a comprehensive view of evolving diabetes technologies and their potential in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeginetia indica L., a parasitic root in the Orobanchaceae family, is used as a food colorant in traditional Thai desserts. However, scant information is available on its food applications as well as medicinal properties, while overharvesting by the local people has severely depleted wild plant populations. This research, thus, aimed to extract optimized total phenolic content (TPC) in varying extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Results indicated that an extraction temperature of 90 °C, 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, and 0.5% (w/v) solid-to-liquid ratio yielded the highest TPC at 129.39 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW). Liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) identified the predominant phenolics as apigenin (109.06 mg/100 g extract) and luteolin (35.32 mg/100 g extract) with trace amounts of naringenin and rutin. Under the optimal extraction condition, the plant extract exhibited antioxidant activities of 5620.58 and 641.52 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, while the scavenging capacity of total radicals at 50% (SC50) was determined to be 135.50 µg/mL using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The plant extract also exhibited inhibitory activities against the key enzymes relevant to type II diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting the potential for medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent complication of Type II diabetes (T2D). The coexistence of CKD with T2D is comparable to cardiovascular disease (CVD) when the estimated glomerular filtration rate declines below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Screening and early detection of people with high risk for CKD would be beneficial in managing CKD progress and the associated complications such as CV complications. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) have demonstrated beneficial effects in delaying CKD progression, but they carry the risk of hyperkalemia. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid antagonists (nsMRA), such as finerenone, exhibit considerable efficacy in their anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and renal protective effects with demonstrable reductions in CV complications. In addition, nsMRAs do not cause significant changes in serum potassium levels compared to traditional steroidal MRA. Ongoing research explores the capacity of the sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), combined with nsMRA, to produce synergistic renal protective effects and reduce the risk of hyperkalemia. Also, a dedicated renal outcomes study (FLOW study) involving a once-weekly injectable Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, semaglutide, was halted early by the data monitoring committee due to having achieved the predefined efficacy endpoint and considerations related to renal disease. In CKD patients with T2D on nsMRA, hyperkalemia management requires a comprehensive approach involving lifestyle adjustments, dietary modifications, regular serum potassium level monitoring, and potassium binders, if necessary. Withholding or down-titration of nsMRAs with close monitoring of serum potassium levels may be required in patients with concerning potassium levels. In light of the current state of knowledge, this review article explores the perspectives and approaches that HCPs may consider when monitoring and managing hyperkalemia in CKD patients with T2D. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a common and serious problem among people with Type II Diabetes (T2D). People who have CKD with T2D are at a higher risk for heart disease after normal kidney function declines below certain levels. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors are a group of medications that can help delay CKD progression but may cause a rise in circulating potassium levels. Nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid antagonist (nsMRA), such as finerenone, can reduce kidney inflammation and damage, with noted cardiovascular benefits, and with less effect on serum potassium levels as compared to their steroid-based counterparts. Researchers are studying whether combining blood sugar medications such as sodium-glucose transport protein-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) and finerenone can help protect the kidneys and heart. They also want to see if this combination can prevent high potassium levels. This article talks about ways to check and monitor potassium levels in CKD patients with T2D who may be taking nsMRA. To manage high potassium levels in people with CKD and T2D, doctors may suggest lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, potassium-lowering medication, or adjustment of other medications with close monitoring of potassium levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Prior studies suggest that sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) may decrease the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unknown whether SGLT2i can attenuate the disease course of AF among patients with pre-existing AF and Type II diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study, our objective was to examine the association between SGLT2i prescription and arrhythmic outcomes among patients with DM and pre-existing AF. Methods and results We conducted a population-based cohort study of adults with DM and AF between 2014 and 2019. Using a prevalent new-user design, individuals prescribed SGLT2i were matched 1:1 to those prescribed dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4is) based on time-conditional propensity scores. The primary endpoint was a composite of AF-related healthcare utilization (i.e. hospitalization, emergency department visits, electrical cardioversion, or catheter ablation). Secondary outcome measures included all-cause mortality, heart failure (HF) hospitalization, and ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of SGLT2i with the study endpoint. Among 2242 patients with DM and AF followed for an average of 3.0 years, the primary endpoint occurred in 8.7% (n = 97) of patients in the SGLT2i group vs. 10.0% (n = 112) of patients in the DPP4i group [adjusted hazard ratio 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.55–0.96; P = 0.03)]. Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors were associated with significant reductions in all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization, but there was no difference in the risk of ischaemic stroke/TIA. Conclusion Among patients with DM and pre-existing AF, SGLT2is are associated with decreased AF-related health resource utilization and improved arrhythmic outcomes compared with DPP4is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiometabolic disease is an increasing cause of morbidity and death in society. While M1-like macrophages contribute to metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance, those polarized to an M2-like phenotype exert protective properties. Building on our observations reporting M2-like macrophage exosomes in atherosclerosis control, we tested whether they could serve to control inflammation in the liver and adipose tissue of obese mice. In thinking of clinical translation, we studied human THP-1 macrophages exposed to interleukin (IL)-4 as a source of exosomes (THP1-IL4-exo). Our findings show that THP1-IL4-exo polarized primary macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype and reprogramed their energy metabolism by increasing levels of microRNA-21/99a/146b/378a (miR-21/99a/146b/378a) while reducing miR-33. This increased lipophagy, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). THP1-IL4-exo exerted a similar regulation of these miRs in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This enhanced insulin-dependent glucose uptake through increased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)-driven expression of GLUT4. It also increased levels of UCP1 and OXPHOS activity, which promoted lipophagy, mitochondrial activity, and beiging of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Intraperitoneal infusions of THP1-IL4-exo into obese wild-type and Ldlr-/- mice fed a Western high-fat diet reduced hematopoiesis and myelopoiesis, and favorably reprogramed inflammatory signaling and metabolism in circulating Ly6Chi monocytes. This also reduced leukocyte numbers and inflammatory activity in the circulation, aorta, adipose tissue, and the liver. Such treatments reduced hepatic steatosis and increased the beiging of white adipose tissue as revealed by increased UCP1 expression and OXPHOS activity that normalized blood insulin levels and improved glucose tolerance. Our findings support THP1-IL4-exo as a therapeutic approach to control cardiometabolic disease and diabetes in obesity.

This clinical case report details the management of denture stomatitis in a 78-year-old female with uncontrolled Type II diabetes and chronic oral candidiasis. Presenting with discomfort and lesions under her decade-long worn partial denture, her condition was indicative of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia and fungal infection. Management involved a combination of systemic and local antifungal treatments, diode laser surgical removal of nodular lesions, fabrication of a new denture, and extensive oral hygiene education. Over a two-year period, a significant decrease in Candida levels was observed, though the persistence of the fungus necessitated ongoing monitoring. This case highlights the complexities of treating denture stomatitis in patients with systemic health issues, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary treatment approach and continuous care.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based group therapy (ACT) with the Islamic approach to reduce anxiety and depression in patients with type II diabetes referent to the Yazd Diabetes Research Center. Materials and Methods: The study method was the semi experimental. Forty diabetic patients were simple randomly divided into two equal experimental and control groups. The study was done in the patients referent to the Yazd diabetes center (n= 5000), using a purposeful sampling method. So, all of the patients did completed the beck anxiety (BAI) and depression (BDI-II) questionnaire for diabetic patients. Then, the experimental group received ACT with an Islamic approach every other week during 16 weeks and 120 minutes for each time, and the control group continued their normal plan. The population of both groups performed the anxiety (BAI) and depression (BDI-II) questionnaire again after performing the instructional plan. Results: In this research, the covariance analysis test was used to analyze the results. The findings of the research showed that ACT with an Islamic approach effects on the anxiety (P: 0.001) and depression (P: 0.001) in type II diabetes people. Conclusion: The results showed that ACT with Islamic approach is effective on reducing anxiety rate and depression of type 2 diabetic people. Scores of post-test confirmed the effect of treatment method ACT with Islamic approach on reducing of anxiety and depression rate.