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Boredom has shown to associate with undesirable effects, but little is known about how international students differ from Canadian students in boredom coping. The purposes of this study are to validate Boredom Coping Scale and evaluate students' differences in boredom coping styles based on 408 Canadian and 104 international students. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor structure, loadings, and covariances were invariant across the two samples. In the latent profile analysis, the Canadian students were classified into three groups who used different combination of coping strategies: Reappraisers, Thinkers, and Criticizers, whereas the international students were grouped into two new categories: Persistent Students and Behaviourists. While Reappraisers and Criticizers are consistent with previous findings, Thinkers, who preferred coping with boredom cognitively through either approach or avoidance, is the new profile. Our results partly supported previous findings and showed that international students were different from Canadian students in boredom coping., Author(s): Chun Ho But [sup.1] , Johnson Ching-Hong Li [sup.1] , Virginia M. C. Tze [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21613.37, 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, [...]

Acquiring strong math skills is essential in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. One important element to foster strong math skills is that students enjoy learning math early on during elementary school years. The control-value theory of achievement emotions (Pekrun, 2006 (See CR49)) has been widely used to examine how specific emotions mediate the relationship between cognitive appraisals (i.e., perceived control and value) and math achievement (e.g., Putwain et al., 2018a (See CR60)). However, there has not been a comprehensive study examining the mediating roles of the two commonly experienced emotions-enjoyment and boredom-on international math performance. In this study, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 data is used to evaluate how enjoyment and boredom mediate the influence of cognitive appraisals on math performance in 53 education systems. Specifically, boredom significantly mediates the paths in 25 systems (47%). In general, enjoyment negatively mediates the paths which was an unexpected finding; however, 21 out of the 53 systems (40%) yield expected positive results. Our results therefore advance our understanding regarding how enjoyment and boredom relate to math success. In particular, when the mediating effects are contradictory to our hypothesis (e.g., in Korea and Turkey), these unexpected findings may indicate a cultural difference on what emotions are important to be felt in relation to academic success., Author(s): Virginia M. C. Tze [sup.1] , Johnson C.-H. Li [sup.2] , Patti C. Parker [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21613.37, 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Educational Administration, Foundations, and [...]

Although previous research showed that discrete social-emotional skills such as empathy, motivation, and social relationships in school significantly predict achievement, students tend to use various social-emotional skills in combination. As such previous investigations cannot comment on how different combinations or profiles of students' social-emotional skills predict achievement relative to discrete skills. Likewise, little is known about cross-national comparisons of social-emotional skill profiles (SESP), and the extent to which SESP differ on their academic achievement. The purposes of this study were three-folded: 1) to determine whether a four-factor social-emotional skills model could be used for cross-national comparisons; 2) to identify social-emotional profiles in 15-year-old students from four different countries -- Canada, the United States, China, and Singapore; and 3) to evaluate how different profiles predict students' reading, maths, and collaborative problem-solving (CPS) test scores. Our results showed multigroup measurement invariant in the structure, loadings, and thresholds of the four-factor social-emotional skills model. We identified three profiles labelled Sociable, Reserved and Withdrawn in Canada, Singapore, and the United States; whereas, we found three profiles labelled Solitary, Team-oriented, and Reserved in students in China. Finally, the way each profile associated with reading, maths and CPS in each country appeared to align with the cultural expectations of learning.

This study used latent transition analysis (LTA) to examine stability and change in the emotion profiles of university students during a two-semester course. Three positive emotions (i.e., hope, pride, and happiness) and five negative emotions (i.e., guilt, helplessness, anger, shame, and regret) derived from Weiner's attribution theory of emotion (1985, 2007, 2018a, 2018b) were used to identify the emotion profiles of university students at the beginning (Time 1) and end (Time 2) of a two-semester course. We also examined changes in emotion profile memberships over time. Results showed 81% of participants remained in their Time 1 profiles at Time 2, with the majority classified in profiles defined by stable positive emotions or mixed emotions. ANCOVAs indicated that students in the stable positive emotion profile achieved better overall course performance than those with a stable mixed profile or a stable negative emotion profile. An ascending emotion transition profile (Time 1 mixed-to-Time 2 positive) performed better than a stable mixed emotion profile. The present findings extend our current understanding of multifaceted profiles of student emotion that can change over time., Author(s): Virginia M. C. Tze [sup.1] , Lia M. Daniels [sup.2] , Jeremy M. Hamm [sup.3] , Patti C. Parker [sup.2] , Raymond P. Perry [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21613.37, [...]

Boredom is a commonly experienced emotion that is detrimental to student performance. This study piloted Phase 2 of the Boredom Intervention Training (BIT) program which used cognitive restructuring to alter students' boredom misbeliefs. The sample consisted of 149 students from a midwestern Canadian University. We identified participants' boredom misbeliefs at baseline and employed McNemar tests to determine if students reported fewer boredom misbeliefs after viewing a psychoeducational training video. Our results revealed students reported fewer boredom misbeliefs post-video compared to pre-video (all p 's <.025). Implications of Phase 2 of the BIT program for university students are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provided evidence for the factor structure of the Academic Expectation Stress Inventory (AESI) in a sample of 213 Mainland Chinese and 184 South Korean high school students. We examined cross-national invariance of the AESI using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis across two Asian cultural samples. Results suggested a unidimension rather than two-factor structure (self and teachers/parents) in both settings. Results also showed evidence of reliability, convergent validity (significant correlations with depression, emotional exhaustion, and cynicism), and divergent validity (nonsignificant correlations with amotivation and efficacy reduction). ANCOVA results indicated that perceived overall academic expectation stress was significantly higher among Mainland Chinese students than for their South Korean counterparts. Furthermore, there were no differences between males and females for the Korean adolescents while females reported higher expectation scores than males in the Chinese adolescent sample.

The experience of academic boredom among students may be universal; in fact, almost all students complain at least occasionally about being bored in class or while studying. Despite the perceived negative influence of boredom on learning, there has been no synthesis of empirical findings underscoring how boredom relates to academic outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to meta-analyze the research exploring the relationship between students' academic boredom and their motivation, study strategies and behaviors, and performance. A total of 29 studies, involving 19,052 students, met the inclusion criteria. The overall effect size, r[image omitted] =?-0.24, was significant, p?

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Learning-Related Boredom Scale (LRBS) from the Academic Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ; Pekrun, Goetz, & Perry, 2005; Pekrun, Goetz, Titz, & Perry, 2002) in a sample of 405 university students from Canada and China. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the factor structure and measurement invariance of the LRBS across cultural settings, after which the relationships between the LRBS, boredom frequency in class, intrinsic motivation, and self-efficacy for self-regulated learning (SESRL) were examined. Results showed evidence of reliability and measurement invariance of the LRBS, and the relationships between the LRBS, boredom frequency, and SESRL were similar across settings. The study thus provided evidence that learning-related boredom is a valid construct across culturally diverse school settings and supported the use of the LRBS in both Canadian and Chinese student populations. (Contains 4 tables and 1 note.)

Although past research has shown the benefits of using approach coping in dealing with negative emotions, little is known about how students cope with a common negative achievement emotion, boredom, across cultures. Therefore, the goals of this study were to validate the Boredom Coping Scale (BCS) in Canada (n = 151, mean age = 23.29) and China (n = 254, mean age = 21.03), to identify boredom coping profiles within individual settings, and to examine the effectiveness of the profiles in decreasing boredom, and increasing self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, motivation, and achievement. The factor structure of the BCS was comparable across the two samples; however, the two groups responded to five items differently, contributing to the overall variation. We identified two coping profiles among Canadian students and three profiles among Chinese students. Our results indicated that Canadian students predominantly endorsed cognitive-approach coping, whereas the majority of Chinese students endorsed avoidance coping. Additionally, our results found significant differences in coping effectiveness among different profiles. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)

In this article the authors report a meta-analysis that examines the association between internalizing problems (anxiety and depressive symptoms) and learning disabilities (LD) in adults. Two hypotheses about the relationship between internalizing problems and LD in adults are posited and tested: the abeyance hypothesis (internalizing problems decline in adulthood) and the continuance hypothesis (internalizing problems continue in adulthood). From an initial pool of 171 relevant studies, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, with eight published articles and seven dissertations yielding 48 effect sizes, "N" [Subscript Total] = 16,239). The overall effect size was significant and of medium magnitude ("d" = 0.51, "p" less than 0.001). Results from the study suggest support for the continuance hypothesis, with rates of adult internalizing problems similar to those found in studies of children and adolescents with LD. Moderating variables are explored, and implications for practice and research are offered. (Contains 2 tables, 1 figure, and 2 notes.)

Substance abuse, especially among adolescents, has long been an important issue in society. In light of the adverse impact of substance abuse, scholars, educators, and policy-makers have proposed different approaches to prevent and reduce such abuse. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the two prominent approaches--educational and deterrent--in preventing and reducing adolescent substance abuse. The educational approach (e.g., school-based prevention programming) tends to be more comprehensive and better grounded in theories than the deterrent approach (e.g., drug testing). The educational approach not only targets multiple psychosocial factors contributing to substance abuse, but it is also supported by empirical studies showing that school-based prevention programming is effective in preventing substance abuse and has long-lasting positive influences on adolescent development. Practical implications of implementing school-based prevention programming are also discussed.

This review investigates the state of teacher self- and collective efficacy research conducted from 1998 to 2009. Two hundred and eighteen empirical articles published in 1998-2009 were examined for key characteristics and compared to research published in the previous 12 years (i.e., 1986-1997). Results from the review show increases in overall teacher efficacy research, methodological diversity, domain specificity, internationalization, and focus on collective efficacy. Continuing problem areas were a lack of attention to the sources of teacher efficacy, continued measurement and conceptual problems, a lack of evidence for the links between teacher efficacy and student outcomes, and uncertain relevance of teacher efficacy research to educational practice. An outline of directions for future teacher efficacy research is provided.

Although previous research showed that discrete social-emotional skills such as empathy, motivation, and social relationships in school significantly predict achievement, students tend to use various social-emotional skills in combination. As such previous investigations cannot comment on how different combinations or profiles of students' social-emotional skills predict achievement relative to discrete skills. Likewise, little is known about cross-national comparisons of social-emotional skill profiles (SESP), and the extent to which SESP differ on their academic achievement. The purposes of this study were three-folded: 1) to determine whether a four-factor social-emotional skills model could be used for cross-national comparisons; 2) to identify social-emotional profiles in 15-year-old students from four different countries – Canada, the United States, China, and Singapore; and 3) to evaluate how different profiles predict students' reading, maths, and collaborative problem-solving (CPS) test scores. Our results showed multigroup measurement invariant in the structure, loadings, and thresholds of the four-factor social-emotional skills model. We identified three profiles labelled Sociable, Reserved and Withdrawn in Canada, Singapore, and the United States; whereas, we found three profiles labelled Solitary, Team-oriented, and Reserved in students in China. Finally, the way each profile associated with reading, maths and CPS in each country appeared to align with the cultural expectations of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study provided evidence for the factor structure of the Academic Expectation Stress Inventory (AESI) in a sample of 213 Mainland Chinese and 184 South Korean high school students. We examined cross-national invariance of the AESI using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis across two Asian cultural samples. Results suggested a unidimension rather than two-factor structure (self and teachers/parents) in both settings. Results also showed evidence of reliability, convergent validity (significant correlations with depression, emotional exhaustion, and cynicism), and divergent validity (nonsignificant correlations with amotivation and efficacy reduction). ANCOVA results indicated that perceived overall academic expectation stress was significantly higher among Mainland Chinese students than for their South Korean counterparts. Furthermore, there were no differences between males and females for the Korean adolescents while females reported higher expectation scores than males in the Chinese adolescent sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable research has been conducted based on the assumption that teachers' psychological characteristics are associated with teaching effectiveness. However, the evidence for this assumption is limited: most research on the topic has been limited to investigations of the links between teachers' self-reported characteristics and other within-teacher, self-reported outcomes. The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze the research exploring two psychological characteristics (self-efficacy and personality) and measures of teaching effectiveness (evaluated teaching performance and student achievement). Analysis of 43 studies representing 9216 participants reveals a significant but small effect size of r _ = .10 between overall psychological characteristics and teaching effectiveness. The strongest effect found was for self-efficacy on evaluated teaching performance (r _ = .28). Implications for practice and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors report a meta-analysis that examines the association between internalizing problems (anxiety and depressive symptoms) and learning disabilities (LD) in adults. Two hypotheses about the relationship between internalizing problems and LD in adults are posited and tested: the abeyance hypothesis (internalizing problems decline in adulthood) and the continuance hypothesis (internalizing problems continue in adulthood). From an initial pool of 171 relevant studies, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria, with eight published articles and seven dissertations yielding 48 effect sizes, NTotal = 16,239). The overall effect size was significant and of medium magnitude (d = 0.51, p < .001). Results from the study suggest support for the continuance hypothesis, with rates of adult internalizing problems similar to those found in studies of children and adolescents with LD. Moderating variables are explored, and implications for practice and research are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]