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The prevalence of some tick-borne zoonotic bacteria (Borrelia sp., Coxiella burnetii, and Rickettsia sp.) in dog blood samples were examined using by PCR. A total of 200 dog blood samples were collected from dogs located in western Türkiye. Three pathogens for dogs, Borrelia burgdorferi, C. burnetii and Rickettsia sp. of were detected in dog blood samples. A single PCR was performed for the C. burnetii and multiplex PCR was applied for the Rickettsiae spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi. At the end of PCR study, Borrelia burgdorferi, C. burnetii and Rickettsiae sp. target pathogens were identified at the rate of 55.0% from all blood samples. The percentage distributions according to identified species were at the rate of C. burnetii 1.5%, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 2.0% and Rickettsiae spp. 51.5%. In this results show that the dogs may be a risk factor for the distribution of the tick-borne zoonotic bacteria. Tick borne zoonotic bacteria were to create a hazard to the human health.

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection that usually settles in the genital organs, causing chronic, infectious and necrotic inflammatory disorders characterised by abortion and infertility mastitis in females and orchitis, epididymitis and testicular atrophy in male animals. Brucella canis causes Brucella infections in dogs. Less concern has showed to B. canis in Turkey, although dogs usually live in close contact with their owners and there is an increasing incidence of breeding kennels and stray dogs with poor state of health. The scope of this study is to determine the regional prevalance of canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis using a 2-mercaptaethanol rapid slide agglutination test and species-specific PCR method in the western part of Turkey. Methods: A total of 200 blood samples (80 from Aydýn Province, 60 from Ýzmir Province and 60 from Muðla Province) were collected between March 2019 and February 2020. Serological analysis was performed via mercaptoethanol microagglutination test. Brucella canis-specific PCR procedures were used to detect brucellosis at the molecular level. Result: Twelve (6%) of the serum samples were positive for 2-ME RSAT. B. canis positivity was detected in 10 (5%) out of 200 samples via PCR test. Twelve positive samples were found via 2-ME RSAT and 10 positive samples were found via molecular testing. B. canis positivity was 7.5% in Aydýn and 6.6% in Muðla, as revealed via molecular tests in pet dogs in contact with stray dogs. The presence of B. canis was not observed in the dogs examined from Ýzmir Province, which were not in contact with strays.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant and Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from urine samples of dogs. A total of 22 Enterococcus sp. samples were isolated and identified from 100 urine samples collected by cystocentesis from dogs of both sexes. The identification with species specific primers for multiplex PCR revealed that all 22 isolates (100%) belonged to E. faecium. Vancomycin resistance was found in 10 (45%) samples of E. faecium strains with PCR study by vanA and vanB primers.

Caseous lymphadenitis is still a serious zoonotic problem in Turkey. Sheep suffer from the disease with yield loss in wool and meat production. Moreover, with inexperienced laboratory staff, biochemical identification may go unrevealed. The scope of this study was to demonstrate the presence ofCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisin sheep by PCR. The sampling was conducted via collecting lymph fluids from the lymph node internal pouch wall of 100 sheep that were examined for the presence ofCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Molecular identification of theCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisisolates was carried out by establishing the presence of the proline iminopeptidase gene. All isolates were confirmed to beCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisby polymerase chain reaction. The polymerase chain reaction procedure conducted in this research was observed to be reliable and fast, and could be utilized for confirmation of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep as an optional technique to time-consuming biochemical identification methods.

Highlights • It is concluded that the feline oral flora is highly diverse than canine oral flora. • Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens and Porphyromonas gulae were the dominant species in cats and dogs. • T. forsythia, C. ochracea, and C. sputigena in cats and T. forsythia, C. ochracea, C. sputigena T. denticola and, E. corrodens, in dogs showed that the prevalence was lower than 10%. E. corrodens in cats and, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and C. rectus in dogs were also isolated from the swab samples with less than 30% percentage. • A balanced diet for cats and dogs should be provided to reduce the formation of residues in the oral flora. Daily rinsing with antiseptic solutions may also be helpful against the development of periodontal pathogens., Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease of cats and dogs which are strongly associated with periodontal pathogens. The primary etiologic factor in the formation of periodontal disease is microbial dental plaque accumulation on teeth. In our research, we aimed to investigate the presence of periodontal disease-related bacterial species in dental plaques of cats and dogs. Specimens collected from 50 cats and 51 dogs with periodontal disease examined in terms of periodontal pathogens by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers directed to 16S rRNA and tdpA genes. Our findings indicate the presence of periodontal disease-related pathogens, especially Porphyromonas gingivalis (cats 96%, dogs 88%), Prevotella nigrescens (cats 90%, dogs 57%) and, Porphyromonas gulae (cats 70%, dogs 39%). In addition, the prevalence of Tannerella forthysia (cats 2%, dogs 4%) well-known pathogen in cats and dogs were isolated with an extremely low percentage. Furthermore, our results suggest that the feline oral cavity microbiota has considerably more diversity than dogs. Consequently, daily oral hygiene practices may become essential for controlling the pathogenic bacteria which have clinical importance and in preventing the propagation of microorganisms in the oral cavity of cats and dogs.

Enterokoklar insan ve hayvanlarda kommensal olarak bulunan ve özel koşullarda hastalığa neden olan bakterilerdir. Hastalığın oluşumunda birçok virülens faktörü rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada balıklardan enterokok izolasyonu ve izole edilen enterokoklarda virülens faktörlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında Ege bölgesinde bulunan balık işletmelerinden toplanan balıklardan 26 (%13) adet Enterococcus faecalis izole edilmiştir. İzolatlarda sitolizin ve jelatinaz aktivitesi ile birlikte agregasyon substans üretimi incelenmiştir. İzolatların hiçbirisinde sitolizin aktivitesi tespit edilememiştir. İzolatların %27'sinde agregasyon substans üretimi ve %11,5'inde ise jelatinaz aktivitesi saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada; balık kökenli enterokoklarda önemli virülens faktörlerinin varlığı belirlenmiş ve bu suşların insan ve hayvanlarda hastalık oluşturma potansiyeli olduğu kanısına varılmıştır Enterococci are commensal organisms of human and animals, and may cause diseases in particular conditions. Several virulence factors are responsible in the production of diseases. The aim of this study was to isolate enterococci from fish and to determine virulence factors of the isolates. A total of 26 (13%) Enterococcus faecalis strains were isolated from live, moribund and dead fish collected from fish farms in Aegian Region. Cytolysin and gelatinase activities and aggregation substance production of these strains were examined.Cytolysin production was not detected in any of E. faecalis strains. Of 26 strains tested, 27% was found to produce aggregation substance. Gelatinase activity was found in 11.5% of strains. The presence of strains with important virulence factors in enterococci from fish was established. It was suggested that these strains have the potential of producing disease in human and animals

Akşit, Hasan (Balikesir Author), The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of feed-grade preparations of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and oregano essential oil (OEO) in forced molted or fully fed 82-week-old, laying hens. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment investigated the influence of molting vs. full feeding and dietary supplements [i.e., unsupplemented control, MOS (1 g/kg) diet, and OEO (24 mg/kg) diet] on production parameters, egg quality, serum stress indicators, blood constituents, tibial characteristics, liver antioxidant status, and cecal microflora composition. A total of 864 Single Comb White Leghorn hens were randomly assigned to 6 treatments, each with 6 replicates of 24 hens each, and studied for 25 wk. Hens were fed a molt diet containing of 50% alfalfa and 50% wheat bran (aa+wb) for 12 d, then returned to the laying ration. Results indicate that molt vs. full feed impacted more on most variables measured than supplementation or supplement type. Significant (P < 0.01) interactions between molting and diet were observed for the egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In fully fed hens, MOS supplementation improved (P < 0.01) the egg production, egg weight, and FCR, and an OEO addition significantly improved the egg production and FCR in forced molted hens. Molting improved egg quality despite the significant regression in ovary and oviduct weight (P < 0.01), though supplements showed no influence. The bone ash (P < 0.01) and mineral content (P < 0.05) of molted hens were significantly lower than those of fully fed counterparts; however, poor mineralization was not reflected in the bones' mechanical properties. No significant differences were observed among treatments for hematological characteristics. Both the MOS and particularly the OEO supplementation improved (P < 0.01) liver antioxidant status and mitigated the significant increase in cecal pathogenic bacteria after molt. Our results indicate that full feeding with an aa+wb diet is an effective non-feed-removal method for molted hens, the benefit of which can be improved with MOS and OEO supplementation., Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock

In this study, determination of enterococcus species that were isolated from mastitic milk samples, investigation of their susceptibilities to antibiotics and identification of the existence of resistance genes in resistant strains were conducted. The specimens consist of 600 mastitic milk samples that were collected from 242 cows. Isolation of enterococcus was carried out in selective media and 94 (15.6%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. A total of 94 species of Enterococci were identified using both sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enterococcus spp. isolates belong to 5 different species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. hirae, E. mundtii) in sequence analysis and 4 different species (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. hirae) were identify by PCR method with specific primers. Analyzing 94 enterococcus strains by antibiotic sensitiveness test a high rate of resistance to tetracycline in 77 (81.9%) isolates was shown. The tet resistance genes were identified as follows: 54 were tetM positive, 23 were tetK positive and 17 were positive on tetM and tetK. Resistance to erythromycin was established in 27 (28.7%) isolates (25 ermB) while the chloramphenicol resistance gene was found in 10 (10.7%) of isolates and the cat gene was identified in nine samples and one isolate was resistant to vancomycin (1.06%) with the VanA gene confirmed. In conclusion, it was shown that E. faecalis has the biggest role in enterococcus originated mastitis and these strains were found to be mostly resistant to tetracycline. One vancomycine resistant isolate that had the VanA gene was also determined.

Bu calismada Aydin ili ve cevresinde bulunan 4’er farkli ciftlikte bulunan 200 adet sigir, 200 adet koyun ve 200 adet kecinin her birinden kan alinmak uzere 600 adet ornekleme yapilarak C. burnetii etkeninin varligi yonunden serolojik ve molekuler olarak incelenmistir. ELISA yontemine gore, sigirlardan koyunlardan ve kecilerden elde edilen serum orneklerinde pozitif ornek sayisi sirasiyla 40 (% 20.0), 58 (% 29.0) ve 42 (% 21.0) olarak belirlenmistir. IFA yontemine gore, sigirlardan koyunlardan ve kecilerden elde edilen serum orneklerinde pozitif ornek sayisi sirasiyla 44 (% 22.0), 58 (% 29.0) ve 46 adet (% 23.0) olarak belirlenmistir. PCR yontemine gore, sigirlardan elde edilen kan orneklerinde PCR pozitif ornek sayisi 96 (% 48.0), koyunlardan 72 (% 36.0), kecilerden ise 46 (% 23.0) olarak belirlenmistir. Sonuc olarak saglikli gorunen hayvanlardan alinan kanlardan C. burnetii varliginin arastirilmasi icin en duyarli metodun PCR oldugu ortaya konulmustur

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum and to examine the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of enrofloxacin (ENR), doxycycline (DOX), and florfenicol (FFC) treatment in rainbow trout fry (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) against F. Psychrophilum. A total of 220 naturally infected rainbow trout fry were examined and 26 bacterial isolates were phenotypically and genotypically identified. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ENR, DOX, and FFC were determined. ENR was the most active, with an MIC for 90% of the isolates (MIC90) of 4 µg/mL. DOX was less active, with an MIC90 of 32 µg/mL for isolates. Approximately 25,000 naturally infected fry were divided as the control, ENR, DOX, and FFC group. ENR and FFC groups were given 10 mg kg-1 day-1 for 10 days, and DOX was given at 30 mg kg-1 day-1 on specified days. Among the isolates, 12% were resistant to ENR, 38% were resistant to DOX, and 19% were resistant to FFC. Despite these in vitro results, ENR and DOX were not effective in rainbow trout fry syndrome treatment. FFC reduced the mortality when compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). This study indicated that in vivo and in vitro results are different from each other.

The objective of the present study was to determine the bacterial and fungal agents accompanying with cutaneous lesions of dogs suffering from Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL). Sterile swap samples were taken from cutaneous lesions inspected of ears, dorsal, collar, pectoral, inguinal and interdigital spaces of 20 dogs, in which diagnosis were based on a combination of clinical symptoms, anti-leishmania antibody titers by use of Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and dogs were further classified according to the Leishvet Guidelines involving serological, hematological, serum biochemical, and urinalysis. Swap samples were inoculated to culture media for isolation and identification of bacterial and mycotic agents. 48 Staphylococcus aureus, 4 Bacillus cereus, 8 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 24 Candida albicans, 24 Microsporium canis and 4 Aspergillus niger were isolated and identified in both group of dogs. Regarding antibiotic susceptibility test, the isolates were found 100% susceptible to cefoperazone and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 53% to danofloxacin, 46% of the isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, and all of the isolates were resistant (100%) to penicillin G and gentamicin. In conclusion, the antibacterial and antifungal therapy should be provided in accordance with antibiotic susceptibility tests in skin lesions of dogs suffering with CVL.

Mastitis is one of the biggest problems of dairy cattle industries. In recent years, fungal agents have been frequently reported among the causative agents for mastitis. Among the fungal agents, Candida species are the most common. This study's aims were the isolation, identification, and determination of antifungal susceptibility of Candida species causing mycotic mastitis in cattle. A total of 260 mastitic milk samples were collected from different farms. Identification was conducted by rapid diagnostic tests and nested PCR method; 6 different antifungal agents were examined. Candida sp. was detected in 46 (17.7%) of the 260 mastitic milk samples. Based on API 20 C AUX and nested PCR test results, 6 different species of Candida were identified. C. tropicalis was the predominant one (26.1%), followed by C. parasilosis (21.7%), C. kefyr and C. krusei (17.4% each), C. rugosa (13%), and C. glabrata (4.4%). A total of 46 strains were confirmed by PCR. According to antifungal test results, the isolates were found to be susceptible to ketoconazole (78.3%) and resistant to flucytosine (91.3%), amphotericin (82.6%), miconazole and nystatin (73.9%), and fluconazole (69.5%).

Systemic fungal diseases are the infections caused by false treatment protocols and generally are not taken into consideration especially in the veterinary field. One-humped camels are found in the western side of the Aegean region of our country and bred for wrestling. The aim of this study is the application of diagnosing systemic fungi infection from camel blood samples by the PCR method. In this study, specific primers for DNA topoisomerase II gene sequences were used. As a result, a systemic fungal infection was detected by the nested PCR method from 10 (20%) out of 50 DNA samples taken from camels located on the western side of the Aegean region. In this study, 3 (30%) samples were identified as Candida albicans, 3 (30%) samples were identified as C. glabrata, and 4 (40%) samples were identified as C. parapsilosis. In conclusion, the 20% positive systemic fungal infection rate in one-humped camels observed in the present study showed that the systemic fungal infections are not taken into considerations in veterinary medicine. Further studies are suggested in order to obtain and to maintain extensive data for systemic fungal diseases in our country for one-humped camels.

Vibrio (also known as Listonella) species are widely distributed in aquatic environments and are often mentioned as the aquatic equivalent of aeromonads. The aim of this study is to investigate the exposure of rainbow trouts with V. anguillarum, and determination of antimicrobial resistance of the isolated strains. A total of 100 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples were collected from various commercial fish hatcheries in the Aegean Region of Turkey in June 2013. Twelve V. anguillarum were isolated from 100 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) samples. V. anguillarum isolates were resistant to cloxacillin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprime and erythromycin in the ratio of 100 %. High levels of resistance are considered to be the result of random antibiotic therapies in aquaculture, hence the results of this study indicated that identification of etiological agent and the exact chemotherapy must be applied in order to prevent residual water contamination and resistant strains of V. anguillarum.

Bu calismada, Turkiye’nin Bati Ege Bolgesi kirsal ve kentsel alanlarinda yasayan kopekler arasinda riketsiya infeksiyonu degerlendirildi. Kopek serumlarina Rickettsia rickettsii antijeni iceren indirekt immunfloresan testi (IFA) uygulandi. Kopek kan serum ornekleri, Mart 2009- Mart 2011 donemini kapsayan 2 yillik periyotta 250 kopekten (50 kopek kirsal alandan ve kentsel alandan 200 kopek) elde edildi. Herbir serum icin, Rickettsia rickettsii antijen ile reaksiyon olusturan bitis noktasi titreleri belirlendi. Toplamda 250 kopek serum ornegi test edildi. Kopek serum orneklerinin % 54.0 (135/250)’u Rickettsia rickettsii icin seropozitif ve % 43.2 (108/250)’si Rickettsia rickettsii icin seronegatif bulundu. Bununla beraber, titresi ≥ 1:64 - < 1:256 arasinda olan kopek serum orneklerinin % 2.8 (7/250)’i Rickettsia rickettsii icin supheli bulundu. Bu calismada, IFA testi ile kentsel alandaki kopeklerden 7 (% 14.0)’si ≥ 1:256 titrede seropozitif ve kirsal alandaki kopeklerden 128 (% 64.0)’ i ≥ 1:256 titrede seropozitif bulundu. Sonuc olarak, bu calisma Turkiye’nin Bati Ege Bolgesi kirsal ve kentsel alanlarinda yasayan kopeklerde Rickettsia rickettsii etkenine karsi olusan antikor titrelerinin onemli duzeyde oldugunu gostermis ve bu konu ile ilgili daha fazla arastirma yapilmasi gerekliligi kanisina varilmistir

An 18-month-year old mixed breed bitch was referred to the Animal Hospital of Adnan Menderes University suffering from recurrent serous vaginal discharge for two months. Her temperature, pulsation, appetite and also hematologic parameters were normal. Transabdominal ultrasound scan revealed fullness in bifurcation uteri and bright echoes suggestive of bone caudally. During hysterotomy, retained foetal bones were observed in corpus uteri but not removed as they had become embedded in the uterine wall. Therapy of this case was com - pleted with ovariohysterectomy operation. No aerobic bacteria were isolated from both samples taken from the vaginal discharge and retained foetal bones in the uterine cavity. Although rare, veterinary clinicians should be aware of this problem also in young bitches with no general symptoms and are well advised to use genital ultra- sonography in examinations.

The aim of this study was to record sacral bone morphometry that may help in selection of the implant type and proper size in sacroiliac separation. For this reason, sacral lengths and width, the length of each sacral vertebrae, distances between cranial and caudal articular processes, vertical and transversal diameters of the cranial endplate, sacral tuberositas and articular surface areas were obtained from 11 dogs. Additionally, the transverse and vertical diameters of the bony structure and sacral canal were measured from six cross-sections. The data of the study were determined to be representative of the sacral values for average-sized dogs, which was confirmed statistically. The highest value was the sacral width among the linear measurements. The ventral sacral length was longer than the dorsal sacral length. The total lateral area of the sacral wing was measured as 677.46 (142.1)mm2. The transverse diameters of the first sacral vertebra important for screw implantation were 46.02 (4.33)mm and 44.18 (5.29)mm in the first and second cross-sections, respectively.

Summary The bones of 64 digits from eight Holstein male cattle were studied quantitatively to determine whether any differences existed respective on the corresponding bones of the different digits. For this purpose, the greatest and abaxial greatest lengths, the smallest diaphysial breadths, the breadths of proximal and distal ends of the proximal and middle phalanges, the lengths of dorsal surfaces, the heights of extensor processes, the greatest diagonal lengths and the middle breadths of the soles from the distal phalanges were measured. Comparison showed that measurements between the right and left sides did not differ significantly. However, differences were found for almost all measurements between the forelimb and hindlimb. The proximal and middle phalanges were found to be shorter and broader in the forelimb and the broadness was more noticeable than the length. The distal phalanx of the medial forefoot had the greatest value in four measurements while the smallest values were found in the lateral hind foot. The results indicated that the morphometry of the digital bones could be important from both phylogenetic and clinical aspects.

The aim of the present study was to report detection of Nocardia sp. from cutaneous lesions of sheep. Abscess material was collected from submandibular and parotid lesions in sheep for identification of Nocardia sp., which is well known as a causative agent for cutaneous or subcutaneous abscesses, disseminated disease, mastitis, and pneumonia. Nocardia sp. are Gram-positive, delicate, non-motile, branching filamentous bacteria that found in soil, dust, organic materials, water and aquatic environmental. Nocardia species generally yield a large variety of diseases in both normal and immunocompromised humans and animals. In the present study, bacterial staining methods and biochemical identification methods were applied for identification of Nocardia sp. in four sheep in Aydin. All cases had superficial abscesses in the submandibular and parotid region, mostly invading the head and neck regions. Neutrophilic leukocytosis was evident in three out of four sheep, and there was evidence of moderate anemia in two of the sheep. Samples were stained with Gram and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and streaked onto sheep blood agar, incubated at 37°C for 48-72 hours under aerobic condition, Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, incubated for one week under aerobic condition. Nocardia sp. was isolated from based on bacteriological investigation confirming numerous thin, Gram-positive, filamentous and nonacid fast organisms, and biochemical tests. Nocardia sp. strains were confirmed with 16s Rrna PCR method. Based on clinical appearance, hematological findings, and molecular analysis a definitive diagnosis cutaneousNocardiosis was made in the sheep. Initial therapy involving danofloxacin, with regard to antibiogram, for 10 days and local iodine solutions, resulted in clinical recovery on 35-45 days post-treatment. This is the first reported case of cutaneous Nocardiosis and its effective danofloxacin therapy in sheep in Turkey.

In this study, the presence of tick-borne zoonotic bacteria (Borrelia spp., Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsiae spp.) in camel blood samples were examined using by PCR. A total of 50 blood samples were collected from one humped dromedary camels found in western side of Aegean region which had tick infestation in their anamnesis. Three pathogens, viz Borrelia burgdorferi, C. burnetii and Rickettsiae spp. were detected in camel blood samples. A single PCR was performed for the C. burnetii and multiplex PCR for the Rickettsiae spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi. At the end of PCR study, C. burnetii was identified at the rate of 4% out of 50 blood samples. Borrelia burgdorferi and Rickettsiae spp. were not detected from all blood samples. The results showed that tick-borne zoonotic pathogens may come up with risk factors for Camelus dromedarius population. For this reason, it is important to increase microbiological studies for Camelus dromedarius populations.

Background: Among the vaginal diseases seen in women, candidiasis is in the first place. This disease, which is caused by Candida species, can sometimes persist very stubbornly. The aim of this study was to determine Candida species isolated from vaginal specimens by using VITEK MS (MALDI-TOF Microbial Identification System) rapid identification system and to evaluate their susceptibility to some antifungals.Methods: In this study, 220 cervicovaginal swab were used. Isolates were identified by VITEK MS rapid identification system. After identification, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using the M-44 A2 guideline of The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: Total 16.3% (36) of Candida spp. positivity was determined from 220 cervicovaginal samples, and 25 (69.4%) C. glabrata, 6 (16.7%) C. albicans, 3 (8.3%) C. kefyr and 2 (5.6%) C. krusei were obtained with Vitek MS. All identified C. albicans strains were found to be completely resistant to all antifungals used except nystatin agent, C. krusei strains were found to be resistant to flucytosine but sensitive to all other antifungals, C. glabrata and C. kefyr strains were susceptible to all antifungals within the antifungals used in this study.Conclusions: It is concluded that it is necessary to distinguish Candida species in order to apply a correct treatment. And species selection is very important for the selection of antifungal to be used. Nystatin is recommended if no laboratory tests are to be performed for the diagnosis of Vaginal Candidiasis.