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Considering our light speed growing Planck scale universe, it seems possible to develop a practical model of Hubble-Hawking Universe by using which cosmic temperature and Hubble parameter can be correlated accurately. Without considering galactic dark matter, galactic flat rotation speeds can be addressed with ‘super gravity’ of galactic baryonic mass. In this context, (180 to 200) million solar masses can be considered as a characteristic upper mass limit of ordinary gravity. Considering the proposed current upper mass limit of ordinary gravity as a characteristic weak interaction mass unit, hypothecated galactic dark matter can be quantified. Clearly speaking, weak interaction boosts the gravity of galaxies in proportion to their virtual dark mass as (galactic baryonic mass)3/2 / (200 million solar masses)1/2. Based on cosmic recombination temperature and baryon acoustic bubble radius, upper mass limit of gravity can also be fitted. With further study, dark matter existence and physical properties can be explored.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, ℏc can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, with reference to our earlier introduced coefficients k = 0.00642 and f = 0.00189, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient. The two coefficients can be addressed with powers of the strong coupling constant. Classifying nucleons as ‘free nucleons’ and ‘active nucleons’, nuclear binding energy and stability can be understood. Starting from , number of isotopes seems to increase from 2 to 16 at and then decreases to 1 at For Z >= 84, lower stability seems to be, Alower=(2.5 to 2.531)Z.

Equations of Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) are utilized to characterize the model’s scalar temporal behavior of dark energy. A table relating cosmic age, cosmological redshift, and the temporal FSC Hubble parameter value is created. The resulting graph of the log of the Hubble parameter as a function of cosmological (or galactic) redshift has a particularly interesting sinuous shape. This graph greatly resembles what ΛCDM proponents have been expecting for a scalar temporal behavior of dark energy. And yet, the FSC Rh = ct model expansion, by definition, neither decelerates nor accelerates. It may well be that apparent early cosmic deceleration and late cosmic acceleration both ultimately prove to be illusions produced by a constant-velocity, linearly-expanding, FSC universe. Furthermore, as discussed herein, the FSC model would appear to strongly support Freedman et al. in the current Hubble tension debate, if approximately 14 Gyrs can be assumed to be the current cosmic age.

By modifying Ghahramany’s integrated nuclear binding energy formula with strong and weak interactions, it is possible to approximate the nuclear binding energy of isotopes with one unique energy coefficient and four terms. Considering even-odd corrections, shell corrections and other microscopic corrections, it seems possible to improve the accuracy with a clear physical basis. Based on our recent work and the proposed formula, we are very confident to say that, electroweak interaction plays a vital role in fixing the nuclear binding energy.

As India is rich in talent, lagging in research and poor in finance, authors sincerely appeal UGC, NAAC, NPTEL, IIT, AICTE, IISER, IISc and administrative institutions like IIM, UPSC and Supreme Court core committees to take initiative in implementing and maintaining industrial and research oriented certified online audio-visual interactive degree courses across the Indian boundaries. Benefits and implications of this scheme are: 1) Distance education system, Open education system and Open book exam etc can be eliminated. 2) High quality research orientation can be inculcated among teaching staff. 3) Experimental approach and industrial orientation- both can be implemented and maintained simultaneously. 4) Educational stress on teenage students and financial burdens on parents - both can be eliminated. 5) Reservation issues pertaining to caste and seat allocation can be eliminated. 6) Degree level scholarship schemes can be eliminated. 7) All educational institutions can be encouraged to tie up with online degree system with unique pattern and quality and can be forced to focus on laboratory activities rather than teaching. 8) Current educational staff can be classified into five broad categories as Education wing, Call center wing, Research wing, Oration wing and Industrial wing. 9) Students lagging in grasping the key technical points can listen & watch the recorded and edited information several times for a better understanding and thus doubts, subject fear, back logs and detaining issues can be avoided to a great extent. 10) By maintaining educational call centers, interaction with students can be established and online degree courses can be strengthened further. 11) With recorded and edited lab experiments and 3D modeling tools, virtual laboratories can be developed and thus awareness can be inculcated in students on knowledge acquisition on various experiments and experimental setups. 12) As there is no restriction on available number of (electronic) seats, stress oriented and suicide provoking complicated entrance exams can be relinquished. 13) Poor students, Female students, male and female job holders, physically handicapped students and students not interested to attend colleges can get better education in this scheme. 14) For maintaining this online degree system across India, there seems a big scope for new employment. 15) By 2040, India can have a leading role in world science, engineering and technology. Even though the proposal under consideration is interlinked with many political and social issues, with reference to 'Vision2040' program, this proposal can be given a chance in Indian higher education system.

With reference to authors recently proposed three virtual atomic gravitational constants and nuclear elementary charge, close to stable mass numbers, it is possible to show that, squared neutron number plays a major role in reducing nuclear binding energy. In this context, Z=30 onwards, ‘inverse of the strong coupling constant’, can be inferred as a representation of the maximum strength of nuclear interaction and 10.09 MeV can be considered as a characteristic nuclear binding energy coefficient. Coulombic energy coefficient being 0.695 MeV, semi empirical mass formula - volume, surface, asymmetric and pairing energy coefficients can be shown to be 15.29 MeV, 15.29 MeV, 23.16 MeV and 10.09 MeV respectively. Volume and Surface energy terms can be represented with (A-A2/3-1)*15.29 MeV. With reference to nuclear potential of 1.162 MeV and coulombic energy coefficient, close to stable mass numbers, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with two simple terms having an effective binding energy coefficient of [10.09-(1.162+0.695)/2] = 9.16 MeV. Nuclear binding energy can also be fitted with five terms having a single energy coefficient of 10.09 MeV. With further study, semi empirical mass formula can be simplified with respect to strong coupling constant.

When heavenly bodies are made up of tiny atoms, it is imperative to find the correlations that might exist among ‘atoms’ and ‘heavenly body’ as a whole. In this context, by considering three virtual gravitational constants assumed to be associated with the three atomic interactions i.e. (electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions) and by considering four basic semi empirical (reference) relations pertaining to the four gravitational constants, a bold attempt is made to estimate the Newtonian gravitational constant (GN). Its fitted and recommended values are 6.679855x10-(11) m3/kg/sec2 and 6.67408x10-(11) m3/kg/sec2 respectively and error is -0.08653%. As current unification paradigm is failing in estimating (GN) from atomic and nuclear physical constants, our work can be recommended for further study.

This paper attempts to understand the role of the four gravitational constants in the nuclear structure whichhelps in understanding the nuclear elementary charge, the strong coupling constant, nuclear charge radii,nucleon magnetic moments, nuclear stability, nuclear binding energy and Neutron life time. The three assumed atomic gravitational constants help in understanding neutron-proton stability. Electromagnetic and nuclear gravitational constants play a role in understanding proton-electron mass ratio, Bohr radius and characteristic atomic radius. With reference to the weak gravitational constant, it is possible to predict the existence of a weakly interacting fermion of rest energy 585 GeV, called Higg’s fermion. Cosmological ‘dark matter’ research and observations can be carried out in this direction also.

The Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model is utilized to show how this model predicts the value of the Hubble parameter at each epoch of cosmic expansion. Specific attention in this paper is given to correlating the observable galactic redshifts since the beginning of the “cosmic dawn” reionization epoch. A graph of the log of the Hubble parameter as a function of redshift z is presented as the FSC prediction of the pending Dark Energy Survey results. In the process, it is discovered that the obvious tension between the SHOES local Hubble constant value and the 2018 Planck Survey and the 2018 Dark Energy Survey global Hubble constant values may be explained by a time-variable, scalar, Hubble parameter acting in accordance with the FSC model.

With reference to Mach’s relation, an attempt has been made to develop a practical model of cosmology. Main features of this integrated model are: eternal role of Planck scale and Mach’s relation, light speed expansion and rotation, slow thermal cooling, internal acceleration and anisotropy. At any stage of cosmic expansion, there exists a tight correlation between gravitational self energy density, thermal energy density, cosmic angular velocity and Hubble parameter. In this model, total cosmic matter is dark matter only. During cosmic evolution, part of galactic dark matter is slowly transforming to visual mass. Magnitude of galactic dark mass is proportional to . Considering the current cosmic maximum angular acceleration, MOND’s approach implicitly seems to support the cosmological estimation of 95% invisible matter and 5% visible matter. Estimated flat rotation speeds of DD168, Milky Way and UGC12591 are 49.96 km/sec, 199.66 km/sec and 521.75 km/sec respectively. As per the reference data, their corresponding flat rotation speeds are 52 km/sec, 202.6 km/sec and 500 km/sec respectively. Within a range of (50 to 500) km/sec, these striking coincidences are strongly supporting our proposed concepts. We are working on collecting data for most of the galaxies and updating this draft with detailed tables and figures in our next revision. Proceeding further, applying our idea to Sun and Proton, their current dark masses are and respectively. Current cosmic graviton wave length seems to be around 3.6 mm. Even though, this model is free from ‘big bang’, ‘inflation’, ‘dark energy’, ‘flatness’ and ‘red shift’ issues, at estimated present Hubble parameter is cosmic radius is 146.3 times higher than the Hubble radius, angular velocity is 146.3 times smaller than the Hubble parameter and cosmic age is 146.3 times the Hubble age. With future observations and advanced telescopes, it may be possible to see far distance galaxies and very old stars far beyond our Milk Way.

With our long experience in the field of unification of gravity and quantum mechanics, we understood that, when mass of any elementary is extremely small/negligible compared to macroscopic bodies, highly curved microscopic space-time can be addressed with large gravitational constants and magnitude of elementary gravitational constant seems to increase with decreasing mass and increasing interaction range. In our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

Realistic FLRW cosmic coasting models which contain matter now appear to be a reasonable alternative in explaining the accumulated Supernova Cosmology Project data since 1998. In sharp contrast to the unrealistic original classic Milne universe, which was entirely devoid of matter, these modified Milne-type models containing matter, often referred to as realistic linear Rh = ct models, have rapidly become the primary competition with standard cosmology. This paper compares the expected relative luminosity distances and relative angular diameter distances for given magnitudes of redshift within these two competing models. A simple ratio formula is derived, which explains how expected luminosity distances and angular diameter distances for given magnitudes of redshift within a realistic Milne-type cosmic expansion could create the illusion (for standard model proponents) of cosmic acceleration where none exists.

Cosmologists have long ignored a stipulation by quantum field theorists that the vacuum pressure p corresponding to the zero-state vacuum energy must always be equal in magnitude to the vacuum energy density ρ (i.e., p=ρ). Although general relativity stipulates the additional condition of proportionality between the vacuum gravitational field and (ρ+3p), the equation of state for the cosmic vacuum must fulfill both relativistic and quantum stipulations. This paper fully integrates Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term, with interesting implications for the nature of dark energy, cosmic entropy and the entropic arrow of time. The FSC vacuum energy density is shown to be equal to the cosmic fluid bulk modulus at all times, thus meeting the quantum theory stipulation of (p=ρ). To date, FSC is the only viable dark energy cosmological model which has fully-integrated general relativity and quantum features.

This paper, in conjunction with recent Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) publications, provides theoretical support for cosmic time being an emergent property of cosmic entropy and temperature. Therefore, if Verlinde’s “emergent gravity” theory is correct, both time and gravity are most fundamentally emergent properties of cosmic thermodynamics. Since emergent properties within complex systems with a huge number of degrees of freedom are often not definable at the smallest scales, these results suggest that quantum time and quantum gravity may be no more definable than consciousness within two connecting neurons. String theorists now struggling to define quantum space-time and quantum gravity should bear this in mind.

Einstein’s equivalence principle allows one to compare the magnitudes of a gravitational acceleration field with the magnitudes of a field of Unruh acceleration temperatures. The validity of such a comparison is demonstrated by using it to derive the effective Hawking black body radiation at a Schwarzschild black hole horizon. One can then extend the black hole thought experiment to a Hawking-Unruh temperature equation expressed in terms of the Schwarzschild radius. This follows an inverse radius law rather than an inverse radius-squared law. Following a brief discussion of current theoretical failures to explain galactic rotation curves, the Unruh acceleration temperature equations are brought together to show how a rotating supermassive black hole galactic system should follow an inverse radius rule of centripetal gravitational force and centripetal acceleration. This result appears to indicate that galactic observations currently attributed to dark matter may in part be attributed to classical Newtonian dynamics superimposed on a relativistic rotating system powered by a supermassive black hole.

Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) is a mathematical model of universal expansion which has proven to be remarkably accurate in comparison to observations. Temperature scaling is redefined in this paper in terms of a new “Universal Temperature” Tu scale according to Tu = T 2, where T 2 is in K2. This rescaling puts FSC cosmic temperature, time, total matter mass, and Hubble radius on the same scale, covering roughly 60.63 logs of 10 from the Planck scale to the present scale. This paper focuses on the relatively subtle temperature curve differences between the FSC model and standard cosmology. These changes become more pronounced in the early universe. Recent observational studies of the early universe, particularly with respect to the “cosmic dawn” epoch, the first stars and first galaxies, have surprised standard model proponents as to how soon these events have occurred following the Big Bang. This paper suggests that, because the FSC model temperature/time curve is lower at each stage of cosmic time, FSC may actually be a better fit for the timing of these events.

This paper integrates the Flat Space Cosmology (FSC) model into the Friedmann equations containing a cosmological term. The Lambda term within this model scales according to 3H2t/c2 and 3/R2t. Use of the Bekenstein-Hawking definition of closed gravitational system total entropy provides for FSC cosmic parameter definitions in terms of . Cosmic time, radius, total matter mass-energy and vacuum energy in this model scale in exactly the same way as . This analysis opens the way for understanding gravity, dark energy and dark matter as being deeply connected with cosmic entropy. The recent theoretical work of Roger Penrose and Erik Verlinde is discussed in this context. The results of this FSC model analysis dovetail nicely with Verlinde’s work suggesting gravity as being fundamentally an emergent property of cosmic entropy. This emergent-property-of-entropy definition of gravity, if true, would also indicate that gravitational inertia, dark matter and dark energy are simply manifestations of cosmic entropy. Thus, they would likely have no identifiable connection to quantum physics, including the standard particle model.

Even though ‘String theory’ models and “quantum gravity’ models [1, 2, 3] are having a strong mathematical back ground and sound physical basis, they are failing in implementing the Newtonian gravitational constant [4] in atomic and nuclear physics and thus seem to fail in developing a ‘workable’ model of final unification. It clearly indicates our lack of understanding and uncertain assumptions on which our current physics is being built up. The main issue is: to understand the basics of final unification from hidden, unknown and un-identified physics! Based on the old and ignored scientific assumption put forward by Nobel laureate Abdus Salam, we developed and compiled many interesting semi empirical relations assumed to be connected with nuclear physics, atomic physics and astrophysics [5, 6]. Based on ‘workability’, we appeal the readers to go through.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; and 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge (es) in such a way that, it's squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to inverse of the strong coupling constant. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. We noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. It can be considered as the zygote of all elementary particles and galactic dark matter. Proceeding further, with a characteristic fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be classified into quark fermions and quark bosons. Considering strong charge conservation and electromagnetic charge conservation, fractional charge quark fermions and quark bosons can be understood. Quark fermions that generate observable massive baryons can be called as Fluons. Quark bosons that generate observable mesons can be called as Bluons. By considering a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV, rest masses of fluons and bluons can be estimated and there by baryon masses and meson masses can be estimated.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that there exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. During cosmic evolution, if one is willing to give equal importance to Higgs boson and Planck mass in understanding the massive origin of elementary particles, then it seems quite logical to expect a common relation in between Planck scale and Electroweak scale. Based on these two points, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 585 GeV. It can be considered as the zygote of all elementary particles and galactic dark matter. H-bar seems to be a characteristic outcome of unified electroweak gravity. Electron rest mass seems to be a characteristic outcome of electroweak and strong gravity. Proton rest mass seems to be a characteristic outcome of electroweak, strong and electromagnetic gravity. Recently observed 3.5 keV photon seems to be an outcome of annihilation of charged baby lepton of rest energy 1.75 keV. Interesting point to be noted is that, Schwarzschild radius of electron is 0.48 nanometer and it needs further investigation with respect to emerging nano-science and technology. Proceeding further, by considering electromagnetic and weak gravitational constants, neutron life time can be understood.

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed two bold concepts: 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions. 2) There exists a strong elementary charge in such a way that its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant. In this paper we propose that, can be considered as a compound physical constant associated with proton mass, electron mass and the three atomic gravitational constants. With these ideas, an attempt is made to understand nuclear stability and binding energy. In this new approach, nuclear binding energy can be fitted with four simple terms having one unique energy coefficient with a formula, where is an estimated mean stable mass number. With this new approach, Newtonian gravitational constant can be estimated in a verifiable approach with a model relation of the form, where is the Fine structure constant. Estimated and is 62 ppm higher than the CODATA recommended It needs further investigation. Proceeding further, an attempt is made to fit the recommended quark masses.

We show that, Schwarzschild radius of Planck mass plays a vital role in electroweak and strong interactions. With reference to the observed large proportionality ratio, , it seems appropriate to consider a large nuclear gravitational constant, . Qualitatively this idea is in agreement with 'Strong gravity' concept proposed by Abdus Salam and C.Sivaram [Mod. Phys. Lett., A8(4), 321- 326. (1993)]. We would like to suggest that, by replacing the Newtonian gravitational constant with the proposed nuclear gravitational constant, predicted high energy levels of String theory can be brought down to the current hadronic scale. Based on this idea, we defined the nuclear Planck mass, and proposed a quantized model mechanism for understanding the hadronic mass spectrum.

With reference to the earlier proposed black hole model of cosmology, the authors proposed a unified model mechanism for understanding the light emission mechanism in cosmologically ‘strengthening hydrogen atom’. In this proposed model, characteristic cosmic mass, characteristic nuclear charge radius, Avogadro number and possible quantum states of electron seem to play a major role. Throughout the cosmic evolution, Planck’s constant seems to be a constant whereas the currently believed ‘reduced Planck’s constant’ seems to be a cosmological decreasing variable.With this new proposal - Hubble’s redshift interpretation, Super novae dimming and currently believed cosmic acceleration can be reviewed at fundamental level and a correct model of cosmology can be confirmed.

Even though ‘String theory’ models and “quantum gravity’ models are having a strong mathematical back ground and sound physical basis, they are failing in implementing the Newtonian gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics and thus seem to fail in developing a ‘workable’ model of final unification. In this context, extending Abdus Salam’s old concept of ‘nuclear strong gravitational coupling’ we consider two very large pseudo gravitational constants assumed to be associated with electromagnetic and strong interactions. By combining the two microscopic pseudo gravitational constants with the Newtonian gravitational constant, we make an attempt to combine the old ‘strong gravity’ concept with ‘Newtonian gravity’ and try to understand and re-interpret the constructional features of nuclei, atoms and neutron stars in a unified approach. Finally we make a heuristic attempt to estimate the Newtonian gravitational constant from the known elementary atomic and nuclear physical constants. By exploring the possibility of incorporating the proposed two pseudo microscopic gravitational constants in current unified models, in near future, complete back ground physics can be understood and observable low energy predictions can be made.

At fundamental level, understanding the constructional features of materialistic atoms in a unified approach is very complicated and success of any model depends on its ability to cover a broad range of physics in a simplified approach and it is the secret of final unification. In this context, by extending Abdus Salam’s idea of ‘nuclear strong gravitational coupling’ and by considering two very large pseudo gravitational constants assumed to be associated with electron and proton, in a unified approach, we try to understand the proton rest mass, proton-electron mass ratio, root mean square radius of proton, nuclear charge radii, atomic radii, proton-neutron stability, nuclear binding energy and melting points of elementary particles. Very interesting point to be noted is that, at utmost fundamental level, strong coupling constant and Fermi’s weak coupling constant both can be interrelated with the Newtonian gravitational constant. Not only that, the famous Avogadro number and molar mass constant both can be understood/estimated with ‘independent’ of system of units. Proceeding further, from astrophysics point of view, neutron star mass and radius can be understood in a unified and simplified approach. Finally, by eliminating the proposed two pseudo gravitational constants and with reference to root mean square radius of proton, Newtonian gravitational constant can be fitted very accurately.

In this paper considering the authors previously proposed SUS y concept - 'fermion and boson mass ratio is close to 2.26' and considering the electroweak neutral boson, an attempt is made to understand the total energy of revolving electron in the hydrogen atom. thus in this paper authors succeeded in extending the basic applications of SUSy and electroweak theory to atomic level. With further research and analysis, the hidden secrets of electroweak unification can be understood very easily.

A mathematical model is presented for the use of engineers, technocrats and research workers in space technology, mechanical Sciences have to operate under elevated temperatures. Two dimensional thermal effects on frequency of free vibrations of a visco-elastic square plate is considered. In this paper, the thickness varies parabolic in X- direction and thermal effect is vary linearly in one direction and parabolic in another direction. Rayleigh Ritz method is used to evaluate the fundamental frequencies. Both the modes of the frequency are calculated by the latest computational technique, MATLAB, for the various values of taper parameters and temperature gradient. Copyright © www.iiste.org Keywords: visco-elastic, Square plate, vibration, Thermal gradient, Taper constant, non-homogeneous.

We present a new model of cosmology which appears to show great promise. Our flat space cosmology model, using only four basic and reasonable assumptions, derives highly accurate Hubble parameter H0, Hubble radius R0 and total mass M0 values for our observable universe. Our model derives a current Hubble parameter of , in excellent agreement with the newly reported (lower limit) results of the 2015 Planck Survey. Remarkably, all of these derivations can be made with only these basic assumptions and the current CMB radiation temperature . The thermodynamic equations we have generated follow Hawking’s black hole temperature formula. We have also derived a variety of other useful cosmological formulae. These include angular velocity and other rotational formulae. A particularly useful hyperbolic equation, , has been derived, which appears to be an excellent fit for the Planck scale as well as the current observable universe scale. Using the flat space Minkowski relativistic formula for Doppler effect, and a formula for staging our cosmological model according to its average mass-energy density at every Hubble time (universal age) in its expansion, a persuasive argument can be made that the observable phenomena attributed to dark energy are actually manifestations of Doppler and gravitational redshift. Finally, a theory of cosmic inflation becomes completely unnecessary because our flat space cosmology model is always at critical density.

We review here the recent success in modeling our expanding universe according to the rules of flat space cosmology. Given only a few basic and reasonable assumptions and a single observational input, our model derives a variety of results which correlate with astronomical observations, including best estimates of the size, total mass, temperature, age and expansion rate of our observable universe. Considering the apparent success of our model, we attempt to explain why we think it works so well, including the fact that it incorporates elements of both general relativity and quantum mechanics. We offer this approach as a possible avenue towards understanding cosmology at the quantum level (“quantum gravity”).

By implementing the unified mass unit Mc≅√e2/4πeoG the authors made an attempt to fit and understand the key ‘quantum’ and ‘nuclear’ physical parameters. With MC and by considering the electromagnetic and gravitational force ratio of proton and electron - the nuclear charge radius, the Planck’s constant and the strong coupling constant can be fitted in a unified approach. Finally by considering the proton rest energy and the nuclear charge radius the authors made an attempt to fit the semi empirical mass formula energy coefficients and stable heavy elements in a very simple way.

Considering 'black hole geometry' as the 'eternal cosmic geometry' and by assuming 'constant light speed rotation' throughout the cosmic evolution, at any time the currently believed cosmic 'critical density' can be shown to be the cosmic black hole's eternal 'volume density'. Thinking in this way and based on the Mach's principle, 'distance cosmic back ground' can be quantified in terms of 'Hubble volume' and 'Hubble mass'. To proceed further the observed cosmic redshift can be reinterpreted as an index of 'cosmological' light emission mechanism. By considering the characteristic mass unit

During E-CAT test run some hidden and unknown energy is being coming out in the form of heat energy in large quantity. Based on the principle of conservation of energy and from the well-known nuclear fusion and fission reactions it is possible to gue...

Physicists have long suggested that the four observed fundamental forces of nature are separate manifestations of what was once a single force at times close to the Big Bang. If so, magnitude of the unified force can be assumed to be equal to.Strength of a...

Implementing Mach’s principle and Planck scale simultaneously in entire cosmic evolution can be considered as a first step in quantum cosmology. In this context, we propose a simple model of quantum cosmology without dark energy. Our assumptions are: 1) Universe is a quantum gravitational object. 2) Planck scale and Mach’s principle play a combined role in entire cosmic evolution. 3) Cosmic thermal wavelength is inversely proportional to ordinary matter density ratio. 4) Ordinary matter density ratio and dark matter density ratio play a combined role in estimating cosmic expansion velocity. 5) Critical energy density and dark energy density are equal in magnitude and physically there exists no dark energy.

Within the expanding cosmic Hubble volu me, Hubble length can be considered as the gravitational or electro magnetic interaction range. Product of 'Hubble volu me' and 'cosmic crit ical density' can be called as the "Hubble mass". The three key assumptions are: 1) within the Hubble volu me, each and every point in free space is influenced by the Hubble mass, 2) 'mo lar electron mass' can be considered as the rest mass of a new heavy charged elementary particle and 3) atomic grav itational constant seems to be Avogadro number times the classical gravitational constant. This is a new approach and may be given a chance in understanding the four fundamental cosmo logical interactions.

In modern cosmology, the shape of the universe is flat. In between the closed space and flat space, there is one compro mise. That is 'Hubble volu me'. Even though Hubble volume is virtual in the flat universe, by considering the product of critical mass density and the Hubble volume, one can estimate the Hubble mass. By coupling the Hubble mass with the Mach's principle, one can understand the origin o f cos mic, ato mic and nuclear physical parameters. Thus the four fundamental interactions can be studied in a unified manner.

With reference to ordinary matter, dark matter, critical density and time reversed black hole physics, it seems possible to develop a model of light speed quantum cosmology.

For strong interaction two new fermion mass units 105.32 MeV and 11450 MeV are assumed. Existence of "Integral charge quark bosons", "Integral charge effective quark fermions", "Integral charge (effective) quark fermi-gluons" and "Integral charge quark boso-gluons" are assumed and their masses are estimated. It is noticed that, characteristic nuclear charged fermion is Xs · 105.32 = 938.8 MeV and corresponding charged boson is Xs(105.32/x) = 415.0 where Xs = 8.914 is the inverse of the strong coupling constant and x = 2.26234 is a new number by using which "super symmetry" can be seen in "strong and weak" interactions. 11450 MeV fermion and its boson of mass = 11450/x = 5060 MeV plays a crucial role in "sub quark physics" and "weak interaction". 938.8 MeV strong fermion seems to be the proton. 415 MeV strong boson seems to be the mother of the presently believed 493,496 and 547 MeV etc, strange mesons. With 11450 MeV fermion "effective quark-fermi-gluons" and with 5060 MeV boson "quark boso-gluon masses" are estimated. "Effective quark fermi-gluons" plays a crucial role in ground state charged baryons mass generation. Light quark bosons couple with these charged baryons to form doublets and triplets. "Quark boso-gluons" plays a crucial role in ground state neutral and charged mesons mass generation. Fine and super-fine rotational levels can be given by [I or (I/2)] power(1/4) and [I or (I/2)] power(1/12) respectively. Here, I = n(n+1) and n = 1, 2, 3, ….

In the previously published papers the authors made an attempt to develop a possible model of Black hole cosmology in a constructive way. In this model, forever rotating at light speed, high temperature and high angular velocity small sized primordial cosmic black hole of mass 2 0 4 ≅ C Me G πe gradually transforms into a low temperature and low angular velocity large sized massive primordial cosmic black hole. At any time represents the angular velocity. At its ending stage of expansion, for the whole cosmic black hole as practically remains constant, its corresponding thermal energy density will be ‘the same’ throughout its volume. This ‘sameness’ may be the reason for the observed ‘isotropic’ nature of the current CMB radiation. Observed cosmic red shift can be re-interpreted as an index of cosmological galactic atomic light emission phenomenon. Validity of this model can be well confirmed from the combined study of cosmological and microscopic physical phenomena. Finally it can be suggested that, the cosmological time is real and absolute. By interconnecting the present cosmic time with the present CMBR energy density the authors made an attempt to fit and estimate the current cosmic age and its obtained magnitude is close to 282 trillion years.

By highlighting the 12 major shortcomings of modern big bang cosmology and reinterpreting the cosmic redshift as a galactic atomic emission phenomenon, the authors made an attempt to develop a possible model of Black hole cosmology in a constructive way. Its validity can be well confirmed from a combined study of cosmological and microscopic physical phenomena. It can be suggested that, there exists one variable physical quantity in the presently believed atomic and nuclear physical constants and “rate of change” in its magnitude can be considered as a “standard measure” of the present “cosmic rate of expansion”. The characteristic nuclear charge radius, inverse of the Fine structure ratio, the characteristic reduced Planck’s constant seem to increase with cosmic time and there will be no change in the magnitude of Planck's constant. At any cosmic time, ’Hubble length’ can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. With this idea, independent of the reduced Planck’s constant, inverse of the Fine structure ratio can be fitted in a cosmological approach. At any cosmic time, the product of ‘critical density’ and ‘Hubble volume’ gives a characteristic cosmic mass and it can be called as the ‘Hubble mass’. Schwarzschild radius of the ‘Hubble mass’ again matches with the ‘Hubble length’. Most of the cosmologists believe that this is merely a coincidence. Here the authors emphasize the fact that this coincidence is having deep connection with cosmic geometry and the cosmological and microscopic physical phenomena. In this model, forever rotating at light speed, high temperature and high angular velocity small sized primordial cosmic black hole of mass gradually transforms into a low temperature and low angular velocity large sized massive primordial cosmic black hole.

Basic idea is - current cosmological changes may be reflected in any atom. At any given cosmic time, ‘Hubble length’ can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. Some cosmologists use the term ‘Hubble volume’ to refer to the volume of the observable universe. With reference to the Mach’s principle and Hubble volume, at any cosmic time, if ‘Hubble mass’ is the product of cosmic ‘critical density’ and the ‘Hubble volume’, then it can be suggested that, each and every point in the free space is influenced by the Hubble mass. Clearly speaking, with Hubble volume and Hubble mass: quantum physics, nuclear physics and cosmic physics can be studied in a unified manner. In this new direction authors noticed some interesting coincidences. With reference to the present atomic and nuclear physical constants, present value of Hubble’s constant is close to (69.5 to 71) km/sec/Mpc. With reference to the microscopic coincidences it is possible to suggest that, current cosmic expansion is saturated and is being stopped by the microscopic physical constants.