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1. Current vector research challenges in the greater Mekong subregion for dengue, Malaria, and Other Vector-Borne Diseases: A report from a multisectoral workshop March 2019

Author

Stephen S. Whitehead, Jessica E. Manning, Sazaly AbuBakar, Jesus G. Valenzuela, Jeffrey Hii, Kobporn Boonnak, Bruce A. Wilcox, Daniel M. Parker, Rekol Huy, Rebecca C. Christofferson, Vu Sinh Nam, Thomas E. Wellems, Hans J. Overgaard, Tho Sochantha, Leang Rithea, Gregor J. Devine, Sébastien Boyer, Louisiana State University (LSU), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PMI VectorLink Project [Cambodia], PMI VectorLink Project, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,]-U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Mahidol University [Bangkok], National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre [Kuala Lumpur] (TIDREC), University of Malaya [Kuala Lumpur, Malaisie], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (NIAID), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), and Dinglasan, Rhoel Ramos

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, History, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], RC955-962, MESH: Dengue, Disease Vectors, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mosquitoes, Medical and Health Sciences, Dengue, 0302 clinical medicine, Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Dengue transmission, Medicine and Health Sciences, Public and Occupational Health, MESH: Animals, Malaria epidemiology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Vaccines, Eukaryota, Biological Sciences, Vaccination and Immunization, 3. Good health, Insects, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Health Priorities, MESH: Mekong Valley, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Pathogens, Mekong Valley, Infectious Disease Control, Arthropoda, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, MESH: Malaria, MESH: Insect Vectors, 03 medical and health sciences, Malaria transmission, Tropical Medicine, Vaccine Development, medicine, Parasitic Diseases, Animals, Humans, Symposium, MESH: Humans, Extramural, Health Priorities, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Congresses as Topic, medicine.disease, Tropical Diseases, Invertebrates, Malaria, Insect Vectors, Vector-Borne Diseases, MESH: Vaccines, Species Interactions, 030104 developmental biology, Good Health and Well Being, Vector (epidemiology), Current vector, Preventive Medicine, Humanities, MESH: Congresses as Topic
Abstract

Author(s): Christofferson, Rebecca C; Parker, Daniel M; Overgaard, Hans J; Hii, Jeffrey; Devine, Gregor; Wilcox, Bruce A; Nam, Vu Sinh; Abubakar, Sazaly; Boyer, Sebastien; Boonnak, Kobporn; Whitehead, Stephen S; Huy, Rekol; Rithea, Leang; Sochantha, Tho; Wellems, Thomas E; Valenzuela, Jesus G; Manning, Jessica E

Published
2020

2. Proactive community case management decreased malaria prevalence in rural Madagascar: results from a cluster randomized trial

Author

Rila Ratovoson, Andres Garchitorena, Daouda Kassie, Jemima A. Ravelonarivo, Voahangy Andrianaranjaka, Seheno Razanatsiorimalala, Avotra Razafimandimby, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Laurie Ohlstein, Reziky Mangahasimbola, Sandro A. N. Randrianirisoa, Jocelyn Razafindrakoto, Catherine M. Dentinger, John Williamson, Laurent Kapesa, Patrice Piola, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia, Julie Thwing, Laura C. Steinhardt, Laurence Baril, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Université de Toliara, and This work was supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in Surveillance and Data for Management (SDM) project, Grant n°AID-687-G-13-00003. Financial support for this study was also provided by the US President’s Malaria Initiative (US PMI).

Subjects
Community case management, Santé publique, Madagascar, Prevalence, Humans, Rural, Child, Aged, Community Health Workers, Malaria detection, Contrôle de maladies, Infant, Newborn, General Medicine, Malaria, Épidémiologie, S50 - Santé humaine, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Female, approches communautaires, Case Management, Zone rurale
Abstract

Background Malaria remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with progress in malaria control stalling in recent years. Proactive community case management (pro-CCM) has been shown to increase access to diagnosis and treatment and reduce malaria burden. However, lack of experimental evidence may hinder the wider adoption of this intervention. We conducted a cluster randomized community intervention trial to assess the efficacy of pro-CCM at decreasing malaria prevalence in rural endemic areas of Madagascar. Methods Twenty-two fokontany (smallest administrative unit) of the Mananjary district in southeast Madagascar were selected and randomized 1:1 to pro-CCM (intervention) or conventional integrated community case management (iCCM). Residents of all ages in the intervention arm were visited by a community health worker every 2 weeks from March to October 2017 and screened for fever; those with fever were tested by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and treated if positive. Malaria prevalence was assessed using RDTs on all consenting study area residents prior to and following the intervention. Hemoglobin was measured among women of reproductive age. Intervention impact was assessed via difference-in-differences analyses using logistic regressions in generalized estimating equations. Results A total of 27,087 and 20,475 individuals participated at baseline and endline, respectively. Malaria prevalence decreased from 8.0 to 5.4% in the intervention arm for individuals of all ages and from 6.8 to 5.7% in the control arm. Pro-CCM was associated with a significant reduction in the odds of malaria positivity in children less than 15 years (OR = 0.59; 95% CI [0.38–0.91]), but not in older age groups. There was no impact on anemia among women of reproductive age. Conclusion This trial suggests that pro-CCM approaches could help reduce malaria burden in rural endemic areas of low- and middle-income countries, but their impact may be limited to younger age groups with the highest malaria burden. Trial registration NCT05223933. Registered on February 4, 2022

Published
2022

3. Family, social and cultural determinants of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use in Madagascar: secondary analysis of three qualitative studies focused on children aged 5–15 years

Author

Andry Andrianasolo, Ammy Fiadanana Njatosoa, Chiarella Mattern, Bakoly Rahaivondrafahitra, Christophe Rogier, Mauricette Andriamananjara, Aina Harimanana, Thomas Kesteman, Dolorès Pourette, Elliot Rakotomanana, Jocelyn Razafindrakoto, Emma Raboanary, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre population et développement (CEPED - UMR_D 196), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Paris (UP), Unité de Recherche sur le Paludisme [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Oxford University Clinical Research Unit [Hanoi] (OUCRU), Population Services International Madagascar [Antananarivo], Population Services International [Washington], Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Institut international des sciences sociales [Antananarivo] (IISS), Primum Vitare, The publication process of this paper has been funded by USAID through the Research, Innovation, Surveillance and Evaluation (RISE) programme., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Mosquito Control, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Adolescent, lcsh:RC955-962, LLIN use, 030231 tropical medicine, [SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, Ethnic group, Qualitative property, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, medicine, Madagascar, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children over five, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, Child, Disease burden, Research, Public health, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Malaria, Infectious Diseases, Geography, Child, Preschool, Mosquito net, Female, Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Thematic analysis, Sociocultural factors, Qualitative research
Abstract

BackgroundAlthough it is accepted that long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) use is an effective means to prevent malaria, children aged 5 to 15 years do not appear to be sufficiently protected in Madagascar; the malaria prevalence is highest in this age group. The purpose of this research is to summarize recent qualitative studies describing LLIN use among the Malagasy people with a focus on children aged 5–15 years.MethodsQualitative data from three studies on malaria conducted between 2012 and 2016 in 10 districts of Madagascar were analysed. These studies cover all malaria epidemiological profiles and 10 of the 18 existing ethnic groups in Madagascar. A thematic analysis was conducted on the collected data from semi-structured interviews, direct observation data, and informal interviews.ResultsA total of 192 semi-structured interviews were conducted. LLINs are generally perceived positively because they protect the health and well-being of users. However, regional representations of mosquito nets may contribute to LLIN lower use by children over 5 years of age including the association between married status and LLIN use, which leads to the refusal of unmarried young men to sleep under LLINs; the custom of covering the dead with a mosquito net, which leads to fear of LLIN use; and taboos governing sleeping spaces for siblings of opposite sexes, which leads to LLIN shortages in households. Children under 5 years of age are known to be the most vulnerable age group for acquiring malaria and, therefore, are prioritized for LLIN use when there are limited supplies in households. In contrast, children over 5 years of age, who are perceived to be at less risk for malaria, often sleep without LLINs.ConclusionsPerceptions, social practices and regional beliefs regarding LLINs and vulnerability to malaria contribute to the nonuse of LLINs among children over 5 years of age in Madagascar. Modifying LLIN policies to account for these factors may increase LLIN use in this age group and reduce disease burden.

Published
2021

4. Anti-malarial efficacy and resistance monitoring of artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine shows inadequate efficacy in children in Burkina Faso, 2017–2018

Author

Leah F. Moriarty, Didier Menard, Innocent Valea, Madou Tapsoba, Ousmane Badolo, Paul Sondo, Esperance Ouédraogo, Cheick Saïd Compaoré, Rene Kinda, Adama Gansané, Blami Dao, Isidore Yerbanga, Edwige Soulama, David T. Kangoye, Halidou Tinto, Casimir Tarama, Samuel Tchwenko, Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso] (CNRFP), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Génétique du paludisme et résistance - Malaria Genetics and Resistance, Institut Pasteur [Paris], INSERM U1201 (U1201), Unité de Biologie des interactions hôte-parasite (U1201), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), CNRST, National Malaria Control Programme [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Improving Malaria Care [Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso], Jhpiego [Baltimore], The study was funded by the US President’s Malaria Initiative through the Improving Malaria Care Project., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite - Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Artemether/lumefantrine, Efficacy, Combination therapy, lcsh:RC955-962, Plasmodium falciparum, 030231 tropical medicine, Drug Resistance, Antimalarial, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, law.invention, Antimalarials, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, law, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, 030212 general & internal medicine, Malaria, Falciparum, Artemether-lumefantrine, Artemisinin, business.industry, Research, Burkina faso, Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination, Infant, medicine.disease, Artemisinins, 3. Good health, Clinical trial, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Quinolines, Female, Parasitology, business, Malaria, Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background The World Health Organization recommends regularly assessing the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), which is a critical tool in the fight against malaria. This study evaluated the efficacy of two artemisinin-based combinations recommended to treat uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Burkina Faso in three sites: Niangoloko, Nanoro, and Gourcy. Methods This was a two-arm randomized control trial of the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP). Children aged 6–59 months old were monitored for 42 days. The primary outcomes of the study were uncorrected and PCR-corrected efficacies to day 28 for AL and 42 for DP. Molecular markers of resistance to artemisinin derivatives and partner drugs were also analysed. Results Of 720 children enrolled, 672 reached study endpoints at day 28, 333 in the AL arm and 339 in the DP arm. PCR-corrected 28-day per protocol efficacy in the AL arm was 74% (64–83%) in Nanoro, 76% (66–83%) in Gourcy, and 92% (84–96%) in Niangoloko. The PCR-corrected 42-day per protocol efficacy in the DP arm was 84% (75–89%) in Gourcy, 89% (81–94%) in Nanoro, and 97% (92–99%) in Niangoloko. No Pfk13 mutation previously associated with artemisinin-resistance was observed. No statistically significant association was found between treatment outcome and presence of the 86Y mutation in the Pfmdr1 gene. There was also no association observed between treatment outcome and Pfpm2 or Pfmdr1 copy number variation. Conclusion The results of this study indicate evidence of inadequate efficacy of AL at day 28 and DP at day 42 in the same two sites. A change of first-line ACT may be warranted in Burkina Faso. Trial Registry Pan African Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: PACTR201708002499311. Date of registration: 8/3/2017 https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/Search.aspx

Published
2021

5. School-Based Serosurveys to Assess the Validity of Using Routine Health Facility Data to Target Malaria Interventions in the Central Highlands of Madagascar

Author

Odile Mercereau-Puijalon, Tsikiniaina Rasoloharimanana, Laura C. Steinhardt, Thomas Kesteman, Emma Rakotomalala, Christophe Rogier, Aina Harimanana, Seheno Razanatsiorimalala, Sixte Zigirumugabe, Elisabeth Ravaoarisoa, Anny M Randriamoramanana, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia, Inès Vigan-Womas, Judith Hedje, Ryan E. Wiegand, Patrice Piola, Annett H. Cotte, Jessica Butts, Ronald Perraut, Jean Marius Rakotondramanga, Arsène Ratsimbasoa, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, G4 malaria group [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université d'Antananarivo, Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], U.S.President's Malaria Initiative (PMI), AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT WASHINGTON USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Fondation Mérieux, Unité d'immunologie des maladies infectieuses [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Département Parasites et Insectes vecteurs - Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministère de la Santé Publique - Ministry of Public Health [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut Hospitalier Universitaire Méditerranée Infection (IHU Marseille), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, This work was supported by the US President’s Malaria Initiative program (grant number AID-687-G-13-00003 Surveillance and Data for Management Project)., We express our gratitude to the population of the districts and communes investigated and especially to the children, parents, guardians, and teachers who participated to the study. We also thank those who facilitated the survey, that is heads of communes and fokontany, local administration authorities, and health authorities from Ministry of Health and National Malaria Control Program. We also thank the survey teams., Institut Pasteur [Paris], and Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar]

Subjects
030231 tropical medicine, Indoor residual spraying, malaria, serology, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, stratification, Health facility, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, school-based surveys, Madagascar, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, Seroprevalence, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Seroconversion, 2. Zero hunger, Schools, business.industry, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, Data quality, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Health Facilities, business, Malaria
Abstract

Background In low-malaria–transmission areas of Madagascar, annual parasite incidence (API) from routine data has been used to target indoor residual spraying at subdistrict commune level. To assess validity of this approach, we conducted school-based serological surveys and health facility (HF) data quality assessments in 7 districts to compare API to gold-standard commune-level serological measures. Methods At 2 primary schools in each of 93 communes, 60 students were randomly selected with parents and teachers. Capillary blood was drawn for rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and serology. Multiplex bead-based immunoassays to detect antibodies to 5 Plasmodium falciparum antigens were conducted, and finite mixture models used to characterize seronegative and seropositive populations. Reversible catalytic models generated commune-level annual seroconversion rates (SCRs). HF register data were abstracted to assess completeness and accuracy. Results RDT positivity from 12 770 samples was 0.5%. Seroprevalence to tested antigens ranged from 17.9% (MSP-1) to 59.7% (PF13). Median commune-level SCR was 0.0108 (range, 0.001–0.075). Compared to SCRs, API identified 71% (95% confidence interval, 51%–87%) of the 30% highest-transmission communes; sensitivity declined at lower levels. Routine data accuracy did not substantially affect API performance. Conclusions API performs reasonably well at identifying higher-transmission communes but sensitivity declined at lower transmission levels.

Published
2020

6. Remote sensing and multi-criteria evaluation for malaria risk mapping to support indoor residual spraying prioritization in the Central highlands of Madagascar

Author

Hobiniaina Anthonio Rakotoarison, Mampionona Rasamimalala, Jean Marius Rakotondramanga, Brune Ramiranirina, Thierry Franchard, Laurent Kapesa, Jocelyn Razafindrakoto, Hélène Guis, Luciano Michaël Tantely, Romain Girod, Solofoarisoa Rakotoniaina, Laurence Baril, Patrice Piola, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Unité d’Épidémiologie et de Recherche clinique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université d'Antananarivo, Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Unité d'Entomologie Médicale [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], United States Agency for International Development (USAID) - CGIAR - AID-687-G-13-00003, and ANISETTE - French Space Agency, CNES - DAR 4800001029

Subjects
multi-criteria evaluation, Télédétection, Évaluation du risque, Distribution spatiale, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Malaria, remote sensing, spatial modeling, parasitic diseases, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Madagascar, lcsh:Q, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, lcsh:Science
Abstract

The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) in Madagascar classifies Malagasy districts into two malaria situations: districts in the pre-elimination phase and districts in the control phase. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is identified as the main intervention means to control malaria in the Central Highlands. However, it involves an important logistical mobilization and thus necessitates prioritization of interventions according to the magnitude of malaria risks. Our objectives were to map the malaria transmission risk and to develop a tool to support the Malagasy Ministry of Public Health (MoH) for selective IRS implementation. For the 2014&ndash, 2016 period, different sources of remotely sensed data were used to update land cover information and substitute in situ climatic data. Spatial modeling was performed based on multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) to assess malaria risk. Models were mainly based on environment and climate. Three annual malaria risk maps were obtained for 2014, 2015, and 2016. Annual parasite incidence data were used to validate the results. In 2016, the validation of the model using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an accuracy of 0.736, 95% CI [0.669&ndash, 0.803]. A free plugin for QGIS software was made available for NMCP decision makers to prioritize areas for IRS. An annual update of the model provides the basic information for decision making before each IRS campaign. In Madagascar and beyond, the availability of the free plugin for open-source software facilitates the transfer to the MoH and allows further application to other problems and contexts.

Published
2020

7. Evaluating Effectiveness of Mass and Continuous Long-lasting Insecticidal Net Distributions Over Time in Madagascar: A Sentinel Surveillance Based Epidemiological Study

Author

Laurence Randrianasolo, Thomas Kesteman, Maherisoa Ratsitorahina, Yoann Madec, Patrice Piola, Vincent Herbreteau, Florian Girond, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia, Christophe Rogier, Rindra Randremanana, Lea Randriamampionona, Judith Hedje, UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Unité d'Epidémiologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Elimination 8 (E8), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Fondation Mérieux, Unité de Recherche sur le Paludisme [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Direction de la Veille Sanitaire et de la Surveillance Epidémiologique [Madagascar] (DVSSE), Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, This research was supported by ASPR within the US DHHS (Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response with the US Department of Health and Human Services, grant No. 5 IDSEP140020-03-00) and by the USAID (grant No. AID-687-G-13-00003)., RANDRIAMANANTSOA, Volatiana Manohisoa, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ministère de la Santé Publique - Ministry of Public Health [Antananarivo, Madagascar], and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA)

Subjects
Long lasting, EPIDEMIOLOGIE, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Sentinel surveillance, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, High transmission, Statistical analyses, SURVEILLANCE, Epidemiology, parasitic diseases, Madagascar, Medicine, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, 030212 general & internal medicine, ANALYSE STATISTIQUE, lcsh:R5-920, ANALYSE DIACHRONIQUE, business.industry, 1. No poverty, General Medicine, Percentile value, PALUDISME, PREVENTION SANITAIRE, medicine.disease, LLINs effectiveness, 3. Good health, Malaria, Malaria incidence, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, INSECTICIDE CHIMIQUE, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, lcsh:Medicine (General), business, [SDV.MP.PAR] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Demography, Research Paper
Abstract

Background: The reduction of global malaria burden over the past 15 years is much attributed to the expansion of mass distribution campaigns (MDCs) of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). In Madagascar, two LLIN MDCs were implemented and one district also benefited from a community-based continuous distribution (CB-CD). Malaria incidence dropped but eventually rebounded after a decade. Methods: Data from a sentinel surveillance network over the 2009–2015 period was analyzed. Alerts were defined as weekly number of malaria cases exceeding the 90th percentile value for three consecutive weeks. Statistical analyses assessed the temporal relationship between LLIN MDCs and (i) number of malaria cases and (ii) malaria alerts detected, and (iii) the effect of a combination of MDCs and a CB-CD in Toamasina District. Findings: Analyses showed an increase of 13.6 points and 21.4 points in the percentile value of weekly malaria cases during the second and the third year following the MDC of LLINs respectively. The percentage of alert-free sentinel sites was 98.2% during the first year after LLIN MDC, 56.7% during the second year and 31.5% during the third year. The number of weekly malaria cases decreased by 14% during the CB-CD in Toamasina District. In contrast, sites without continuous distribution had a 12% increase of malaria cases. Interpretation: These findings support the malaria-preventive effectiveness of MDCs in Madagascar but highlight their limited duration when not followed by continuous distribution. The resulting policy implications are crucial to sustain reductions in malaria burden in high transmission settings. Keywords: Malaria, Madagascar, LLINs effectiveness, Sentinel surveillance

Published
2018

8. Measuring the impact of seasonal malaria chemoprevention as part of routine malaria control in Kita, Mali

Author

Fatou Diawara, Abdoulaye Djimde, Mouctar Diallo, Beh Kamate, Laura C. Steinhardt, Issaka Sagara, Diakalia Koné, Alassane Dicko, Halimatou Diawara, Daouda T. Kone, Almahamoudou Mahamar, Jules Mihigo, Tiangoua Traore, Erin Eckert, Aboubacar Sadou, Université des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako, Université des sciences, des techniques et des technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Malaria Research and Training Center - MRTC [Bamako, Mali], Département d'Epidémiologie des Affections parasitaires, Malaria Research and training center Université de Bamako, Mali, Université de Bamako, Save the Children, Bamako, Mali, National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre-Université de Bamako, U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Département d'épidémiologie des affections parasitaires (DEAP), Université de Bamako-Malaria Research and Training Center (MRTC)-Facultés de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odonto-Stomatologie-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Texas at Arlington [Arlington], Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako (USTTB), Université de Bamako-Malaria Research and Training Centre, and Lissalde, Claire

Subjects
Male, Veterinary medicine, Cross-sectional study, medicine.medical_treatment, Mali, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Prevalence, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Anemia, 3. Good health, Drug Combinations, Infectious Diseases, Tolerability, Child, Preschool, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, cardiovascular system, Female, Seasons, medicine.drug, medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Sulfadoxine, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Amodiaquine, Chemoprevention, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Antimalarials, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, business.industry, Research, Infant, medicine.disease, Malaria, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Tropical medicine, Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business
Abstract

Background Seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) is a new strategy recommended by WHO in areas of highly seasonal transmission in March 2012. Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown SMC to be highly effective, evidence and experience from routine implementation of SMC are limited. Methods A non-randomized pragmatic trial with pre-post design was used, with one intervention district (Kita), where four rounds of SMC with sulfadoxine + amodiaquine (SP + AQ) took place in August–November 2014, and one comparison district (Bafoulabe). The primary aims were to evaluate SMC coverage and reductions in prevalence of malaria and anaemia when SMC is delivered through routine programmes using existing community health workers. Children aged 3–59 months from 15 selected localities per district, sampled with probability proportional to size, were surveyed and blood samples collected for malaria blood smears, haemoglobin (Hb) measurement, and molecular markers of drug resistance in two cross-sectional surveys, one before SMC (July 2014) and one after SMC (December 2014). Difference-in-differences regression models were used to assess and compare changes in malaria and anaemia in the intervention and comparison districts. Adherence and tolerability of SMC were assessed by cross-sectional surveys 4–7 days after each SMC round. Coverage of SMC was assessed in the post-SMC survey. Results During round 1, 84% of targeted children received at least the first SMC dose, but coverage declined to 67% by round 4. Across the four treatment rounds, 54% of children received four complete SMC courses. Prevalence of parasitaemia was similar in intervention and comparison districts prior to SMC (23.4 vs 29.5%, p = 0.34) as was the prevalence of malaria illness (2.4 vs 1.9%, p = 0.75). After SMC, parasitaemia prevalence fell to 18% in the intervention district and increased to 46% in the comparison district [difference-in-differences (DD) OR = 0.35; 95% CI 0.20–0.60]. Prevalence of malaria illness fell to a greater degree in the intervention district versus the comparison district (DD OR = 0.20; 95% CI 0.04–0.94) and the same for moderate anaemia (Hb

Published
2017

9. The tolerability of single low dose primaquine in glucose-6-phosphate deficient and normal falciparum-infected Cambodians

Author

Dysoley, L, Kim, S, Lopes, S, Khim, N, Bjorges, S, Top, S, Huch, C, Rekol, H, Westercamp, N, Fukuda, MM, Hwang, J, Roca-Feltrer, A, Mukaka, M, Menard, D, Taylor, WR, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), School of Public Health [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], National Institute of Public Health [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Malaria Consortium [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], World Health Organization [Phnom Penh] (WHO), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Malaria Branch [Atlanta, GA, États-Unis], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Bangkok, Thaïlande], Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria [Bangkok, Thaïlande] (DPDM), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Bangkok, Thaïlande], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Bangkok, Thaïlande], U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre for Tropical Medicine [Oxford, Royaume-Uni], Nuffield Department of Medicine [Oxford, UK] (Big Data Institute), University of Oxford [Oxford]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Malaria Genetics and Resistance Group [Paris], Biologie des Interactions Hôte-Parasite - Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This research was made possible through support provided by the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative via the Office of Health, Infectious Diseases, and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of an Interagency Agreement with CDC and the Malaria Consortium., Bodescot, Myriam, University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, University of Oxford-University of Oxford, and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Plasmodium falciparum, Glucose-6-Phosphate, [SDV.GEN] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, Primaquine, Parasitemia, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Antimalarials, Young Adult, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, G6PD deficiency, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Malaria, Falciparum, Child, Aged, [SDV.GEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics, [SDV.SP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, Middle Aged, Artemisinins, Malaria, [SDV.SP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences, Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Child, Preschool, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, Transmission blocking, Cambodia, Research Article
Abstract

Background The WHO recommends single low-dose primaquine (SLDPQ, 0.25 mg/kg body weight) in falciparum-infected patients to block malaria transmission and contribute to eliminating multidrug resistant Plasmodium falciparum from the Greater Mekong Sub region (GMS). However, the anxiety regarding PQ-induced acute haemolytic anaemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd) has hindered its use. Therefore, we assessed the tolerability of SLDPQ in Cambodia to inform national policy. Methods This open randomised trial of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHAPP) + SLDPQ vs. DHAPP alone recruited Cambodians aged ≥1 year with acute uncomplicated P. falciparum. Randomisation was 4:1 DHAPP+SLDPQ: DHAPP for G6PDd patients and 1:1 for G6PDn patients, according to the results of the qualitative fluorescent spot test. Definitive G6PD status was determined by genotyping. Day (D) 7 haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was the primary outcome measure. Results One hundred nine patients (88 males, 21 females), aged 4–76 years (median 23) were enrolled; 12 were G6PDd Viangchan (9 hemizygous males, 3 heterozygous females). Mean nadir Hb occurred on D7 [11.6 (range 6.4 ─ 15.6) g/dL] and was significantly lower (p = 0.040) in G6PDd (n = 9) vs. G6PDn (n = 46) DHAPP+SLDPQ recipients: 10.9 vs. 12.05 g/dL, Δ = -1.15 (95% CI: -2.24 ─ -0.05) g/dL. Three G6PDn patients had D7 Hb concentrations

Published
2019

10. Systematic review of indoor residual spray efficacy and effectiveness against Plasmodium falciparum in Africa

Author

Ellie, Sherrard-Smith, Jamie T, Griffin, Peter, Winskill, Vincent, Corbel, Cédric, Pennetier, Armel, Djénontin, Sarah, Moore, Jason H, Richardson, Pie, Müller, Constant, Edi, Natacha, Protopopoff, Richard, Oxborough, Fiacre, Agossa, Raphael, N'Guessan, Mark, Rowland, Thomas S, Churcher, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology [London] (DIDE), Imperial College London, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Vector Control Group (MIVEGEC-VCG), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Université d’Abomey-Calavi = University of Abomey Calavi (UAC), Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel], Ifakara Health Institute, Innovative Vector Control Consortium, Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Cote d'Ivoire [Abidjan] (CSRS-CI), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), PMI VectorLink Project, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Ministère de la Santé, IVCC, Wellcome Trust, and University of Abomey Calavi (UAC)

Subjects
Insecticides, VECTOR CONTROL, Time Factors, Science, Plasmodium falciparum, MOSQUITOS, Article, qx_600, Pyrethrins, MD Multidisciplinary, parasitic diseases, qv_256, BENIN, Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, lcsh:Science, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Science & Technology, fungi, TRENDS, COVERAGE, wc_750, Malaria, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Culicidae, qx_510, qx_135, Africa, INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE, Science & Technology - Other Topics, POPULATIONS, lcsh:Q, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Public Health, PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL, BEHAVIOR
Abstract

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is an important part of malaria control. There is a growing list of insecticide classes; pyrethroids remain the principal insecticide used in bednets but recently, novel non-pyrethroid IRS products, with contrasting impacts, have been introduced. There is an urgent need to better assess product efficacy to help decision makers choose effective and relevant tools for mosquito control. Here we use experimental hut trial data to characterise the entomological efficacy of widely-used, novel IRS insecticides. We quantify their impact against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes and use a Plasmodium falciparum transmission model to predict the public health impact of different IRS insecticides. We report that long-lasting IRS formulations substantially reduce malaria, though their benefit over cheaper, shorter-lived formulations depends on local factors including bednet use, seasonality, endemicity and pyrethroid resistance status of local mosquito populations. We provide a framework to help decision makers evaluate IRS product effectiveness., Indoor residual spraying is a commonly used method for mosquito, and malaria, control and there are a number of available insecticides that are available for this. Here, the authors evaluate the efficacy of widely-used and novel insecticides against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes.

Published
2018

11. Analysing trends and forecasting malaria epidemics in Madagascar using a sentinel surveillance network: a web‑based application

Author

Florian Girond, Vincent Herbreteau, Sixte Zigiumugabe, Fanjasoa Rakotomanana, Judith Hedje, Lea Randriamampionona, Patrice Piola, Laurence Randrianasolo, Télesphore Yao Brou, Morgan Mangeas, Christophe Rogier, Maherisoa Ratsitorahina, Milijaona Randrianarivelojosia, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement, Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Polytechnic of Namibia [Windhoek], Ministère de la Santé Publique [Antananarivo, Madagascar], U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, INSB-INSB-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Biomedical Research of the French Armed Forces (IRBA), This research was supported by the USAID (Grant No. AID-687-G-13-00003). We thank administration authorities and health authorities from the Ministry of Health, the National Malaria Control Program and the President’s Malaria Initiative. We especially thank all the sentinel surveillance team of the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar., Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Université des Antilles (UA), Ministère de la Santé Publique - Ministry of Public Health [Antananarivo, Madagascar], Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-IFR48, Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Institut des sciences biologiques (INSB-CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées [Brétigny-sur-Orge] (IRBA), Solofoharivelo, Marie Chrystine, and Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA)

Subjects
Male, Veterinary medicine, MESH: Text Messaging, Indoor residual spraying, MESH: Madagascar, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Child, Medicine, Prospective Studies, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Aged, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, MESH: Infant, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Internet, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, MESH: Sentinel Surveillance, Female, Adult, MESH: Forecasting, medicine.medical_specialty, Short Message Service, Adolescent, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, MESH: Software, parasitic diseases, Madagascar, Humans, Web application, Epidemics, [SDV.MP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, MESH: Epidemics, Aged, Retrospective Studies, MESH: Adolescent, Internet, Text Messaging, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Research, Public health, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Outbreak, MESH: Adult, MESH: Retrospective Studies, medicine.disease, Data science, MESH: Male, MESH: Prospective Studies, Malaria, Mews, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Early warning system, Parasitology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Sentinel Surveillance, MESH: Female, Software, Forecasting
Abstract

Background : The use of a malaria early warning system (MEWS) to trigger prompt public health interventions is a key step in adding value to the epidemiological data routinely collected by sentinel surveillance systems. Methods : This study describes a system using various epidemic thresholds and a forecasting component with the support of new technologies to improve the performance of a sentinel MEWS. Malaria-related data from 21 sentinel sites collected by Short Message Service are automatically analysed to detect malaria trends and malaria outbreak alerts with automated feedback reports. Results : Roll Back Malaria partners can, through a user-friendly web-based tool, visualize potential outbreaks and generate a forecasting model. The system already demonstrated its ability to detect malaria outbreaks in Madagascar in 2014. Conclusion : This approach aims to maximize the usefulness of a sentinel surveillance system to predict and detect epidemics in limited-resource environments.

Published
2017

12. Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?

Author

Maureen Coetzee, Jan H. Kolaczinski, Mark Hoppé, Peter W. Gething, Nicholas Hamon, Dabiré K Roch, John E. Gimnig, Hilary Ranson, Alan J. Magill, Clément Kerah Hinzoumbe, Janet Hemingway, Frédéric Simard, David Schellenberg, Christen Fornadel, John A. Pickett, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [Seattle], The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, UNAIDS [Genève, Suisse] (ONUSIDA), U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative [Antananarivo] (PMI), U.S. President's Malaria Initiative [Atlanta, GA,], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Rothamsted Research, University of Oxford [Oxford], and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Mosquito Control, 030231 tropical medicine, Dose drugs, Article, Insecticide Resistance, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Anopheles, Pyrethrins, medicine, Animals, Humans, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, Africa South of the Sahara, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biology, business.industry, Public health, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Biotechnology, Insect Vectors, Malaria, Mosquito control, 030104 developmental biology, Insecticide resistance, Communicable Disease Control, Management methods, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Malaria control
Abstract

World Malaria Day 2015 highlighted the progress made in the development of new methods of prevention (vaccines and insecticides) and treatment (single dose drugs) of the disease. However, increasing drug and insecticide resistance threatens the successes made with existing methods. Insecticide resistance has decreased the efficacy of the most commonly used insecticide class of pyrethroids. This decreased efficacy has increased mosquito survival, which is a prelude to rising incidence of malaria and fatalities. Despite intensive research efforts, new insecticides will not reach the market for at least 5 years. Elimination of malaria is not possible without effective mosquito control. Therefore, to combat the threat of resistance, key stakeholders need to rapidly embrace a multifaceted approach including a reduction in the cost of bringing new resistance management methods to market and the streamlining of associated development, policy, and implementation pathways to counter this looming public health catastrophe.

Published
2016

14. Testing and treatment for malaria elimination: a systematic review.

Author

Newby G, Cotter C, Roh ME, Harvard K, Bennett A, Hwang J, Chitnis N, Fine S, Stresman G, Chen I, Gosling R, and Hsiang MS

Subjects
Humans, Malaria diagnosis, Malaria drug therapy, Malaria prevention & control
Abstract

Background: Global interest in malaria elimination has prompted research on active test and treat (TaT) strategies., Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of TaT strategies to reduce malaria transmission., Results: A total of 72 empirical research and 24 modelling studies were identified, mainly focused on proactive mass TaT (MTaT) and reactive case detection (RACD) in higher and lower transmission settings, respectively. Ten intervention studies compared MTaT to no MTaT and the evidence for impact on malaria incidence was weak. No intervention studies compared RACD to no RACD. Compared to passive case detection (PCD) alone, PCD + RACD using standard diagnostics increased infection detection 52.7% and 11.3% in low and very low transmission settings, respectively. Using molecular methods increased this detection of infections by 1.4- and 1.1-fold, respectively., Conclusion: Results suggest MTaT is not effective for reducing transmission. By increasing case detection, surveillance data provided by RACD may indirectly reduce transmission by informing coordinated responses of intervention targeting., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2023
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15. Countrywide insecticide resistance monitoring and first report of the presence of the L1014S knock down resistance in Niger, West Africa.

Author

Soumaila H, Hamani B, Arzika II, Soumana A, Daouda A, Daouda FA, Iro SM, Gouro S, Zaman-Allah MS, Mahamadou I, Kadri S, Salé NM, Hounkanrin W, Mahamadou B, Zamaka HN, Labbo R, Laminou IM, Jackou H, Idrissa S, Coulibaly E, Bahari-Tohon Z, Mathieu E, Carlson J, Dotson E, Awolola TS, Flatley C, and Chabi J

Subjects
Animals, Insecticide Resistance genetics, Permethrin pharmacology, Acetylcholinesterase, Niger, Mosquito Vectors genetics, Africa, Western, Anopheles genetics, Malaria prevention & control, Pyrethrins pharmacology, Insecticides pharmacology
Abstract

Background: Mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is the principal malaria vector control strategy adopted by Niger. To better inform on the most appropriate ITN to distribute, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Niger and its partners, conducted insecticide resistance monitoring in selected sites across the country., Methods: The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to chlorfenapyr and pyrethroid insecticides was investigated in a total of sixteen sites in 2019 and 2020, using 2-5-day-old adults reared from wild collected larvae per site. The susceptibility status, pyrethroid resistance intensity at 5 and 10 times the diagnostic concentrations, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism with diagnostic concentrations of deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin were assessed using WHO bioassays. Two doses (100 and 200 µg/bottle) of chlorfenapyr were tested using the CDC bottle assay method. Species composition and allele frequencies for knock-down resistance (kdr-L1014F and L1014S) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1 G119S) mutations were further characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)., Results: High resistance intensity to all pyrethroids tested was observed in all sites except for alpha-cypermethrin in Gaya and Tessaoua and permethrin in Gaya in 2019 recording moderate resistance intensity. Similarly, Balleyara, Keita and Tillabery yielded moderate resistance intensity for alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and Niamey V low resistance intensity against deltamethrin and permethrin in 2020. Pre-exposure to PBO substantially increased susceptibility with average increases in mortality between 0 and 70% for tested pyrethroids. Susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (100 µg/bottle) was recorded in all sites except in Tessaoua and Magaria where susceptibility was recorded at the dose of 200 µg/bottle. Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant malaria vector species in most of the sites followed by An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis. The kdr-L1014S allele, investigated for the first time, was detected in the country. Both kdr-L1014F (frequencies [0.46-0.81]) and L1014S (frequencies [0.41-0.87]) were present in all sites while the ace-1 G119S was between 0.08 and 0.20., Conclusion: The data collected will guide the NMCP in making evidence-based decisions to better adapt vector control strategies and insecticide resistance management in Niger, starting with mass distribution of new generation ITNs such as interceptor G2 and PBO ITNs., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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16. Evidence supporting deployment of next generation insecticide treated nets in Burkina Faso: bioassays with either chlorfenapyr or piperonyl butoxide increase mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae.

Author

Hien AS, Soma DD, Maiga S, Coulibaly D, Diabaté A, Belemvire A, Diouf MB, Jacob D, Koné A, Dotson E, Awolola TS, Oxborough RM, and Dabiré RK

Subjects
Animals, Biological Assay, Burkina Faso, Female, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticide-Treated Bednets classification, Pesticide Synergists, Anopheles drug effects, Anopheles genetics, Insecticide-Treated Bednets standards, Mosquito Vectors drug effects, Mosquito Vectors genetics, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrins
Abstract

Background: Pyrethroid resistance poses a major threat to the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in Burkina Faso and throughout sub-Saharan Africa, particularly where resistance is present at high intensity. For such areas, there are alternative ITNs available, including the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-based ITNs and dual active ingredient ITNs such as Interceptor G2 (treated with chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin). Before deploying alternative ITNs on a large scale it is crucial to characterize the resistance profiles of primary malaria vector species for evidence-based decision making., Methods: Larvae from the predominant vector, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were collected from 15 sites located throughout Burkina Faso and reared to adults for bioassays to assess insecticide resistance status. Resistance intensity assays were conducted using WHO tube tests to determine the level of resistance to pyrethroids commonly used on ITNs at 1×, 5 × and 10 × times the diagnostic dose. WHO tube tests were also used for PBO synergist bioassays with deltamethrin and permethrin. Bottle bioassays were conducted to determine susceptibility to chlorfenapyr at a dose of 100 µg/bottle., Results: WHO tube tests revealed high intensity resistance in An. gambiae s.l. to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin in all sites tested. Resistance intensity to permethrin was either moderate or high in 13 sites. PBO pre-exposure followed by deltamethrin restored full susceptibility in one site and partially restored susceptibility in all but one of the remaining sites (often reaching mortality greater than 80%). PBO pre-exposure followed by permethrin partially restored susceptibility in 12 sites. There was no significant increase in permethrin mortality after PBO pre-exposure in Kampti, Karangasso-Vigué or Mangodara; while in Seguenega, Orodara and Bobo-Dioulasso there was a significant increase in mortality, but rates remained below 50%. Susceptibility to chlorfenapyr was confirmed in 14 sites., Conclusion: High pyrethroid resistance intensity in An. gambiae s.l. is widespread across Burkina Faso and may be a predictor of reduced pyrethroid ITN effectiveness. PBO + deltamethrin ITNs would likely provide greater control than pyrethroid nets. However, since susceptibility in bioassays was not restored in most sites following pre-exposure to PBO, Interceptor G2 may be a better long-term solution as susceptibility was recorded to chlorfenapyr in nearly all sites. This study provides evidence supporting the introduction of both Interceptor G2 nets and PBO nets, which were distributed in Burkina Faso in 2019 as part of a mass campaign., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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17. Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Mali, 2015-2016.

Author

Diarra Y, Koné O, Sangaré L, Doumbia L, Haidara DBB, Diallo M, Maiga A, Sango HA, Sidibé H, Mihigo J, Nace D, Ljolje D, Talundzic E, Udhayakumar V, Eckert E, Woodfill CJ, Moriarty LF, Lim P, Krogstad DJ, Halsey ES, Lucchi NW, and Koita OA

Subjects
Child, Preschool, Drug Combinations, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mali, Amodiaquine therapeutic use, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Artemether, Lumefantrine Drug Combination therapeutic use, Artemisinins therapeutic use, Malaria, Falciparum prevention & control
Abstract

Background: The current first-line treatments for uncomplicated malaria recommended by the National Malaria Control Programme in Mali are artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ). From 2015 to 2016, an in vivo study was carried out to assess the clinical and parasitological responses to AL and ASAQ in Sélingué, Mali., Methods: Children between 6 and 59 months of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection and 2000-200,000 asexual parasites/μL of blood were enrolled, randomly assigned to either AL or ASAQ, and followed up for 42 days. Uncorrected and PCR-corrected efficacy results at days 28 and 42. were calculated. Known markers of resistance in the Pfk13, Pfmdr1, and Pfcrt genes were assessed using Sanger sequencing., Results: A total of 449 patients were enrolled: 225 in the AL group and 224 in the ASAQ group. Uncorrected efficacy at day 28 was 83.4% (95% CI 78.5-88.4%) in the AL arm and 93.1% (95% CI 89.7-96.5%) in the ASAQ arm. The per protocol PCR-corrected efficacy at day 28 was 91.0% (86.0-95.9%) in the AL arm and 97.1% (93.6-100%) in the ASAQ arm. ASAQ was significantly (p < 0.05) better than AL for each of the aforementioned efficacy outcomes. No mutations associated with artemisinin resistance were identified in the Pfk13 gene. Overall, for Pfmdr1, the N86 allele and the NFD haplotype were the most common. The NFD haplotype was significantly more prevalent in the post-treatment than in the pre-treatment isolates in the AL arm (p < 0.01) but not in the ASAQ arm. For Pfcrt, the CVIET haplotype was the most common., Conclusions: The findings indicate that both AL and ASAQ remain effective for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Sélingué, Mali.

Published
2021
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18. Assessment of molecular markers of anti-malarial drug resistance among children participating in a therapeutic efficacy study in western Kenya.

Author

Chebore W, Zhou Z, Westercamp N, Otieno K, Shi YP, Sergent SB, Rondini KA, Svigel SS, Guyah B, Udhayakumar V, Halsey ES, Samuels AM, and Kariuki S

Subjects
Biomarkers blood, Child, Preschool, Genes, Protozoan, Humans, Infant, Kenya epidemiology, Malaria, Falciparum blood, Malaria, Falciparum parasitology, Parasitemia drug therapy, Plasmodium falciparum genetics, Prevalence, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Drug Resistance genetics, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects, Protozoan Proteins blood
Abstract

Background: Anti-malarial drug resistance remains a major threat to global malaria control efforts. In Africa, Plasmodium falciparum remains susceptible to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), but the emergence of resistant parasites in multiple countries in Southeast Asia and concerns over emergence and/or spread of resistant parasites in Africa warrants continuous monitoring. The World Health Organization recommends that surveillance for molecular markers of resistance be included within therapeutic efficacy studies (TES). The current study assessed molecular markers associated with resistance to Artemether-lumefantrine (AL) and Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) from samples collected from children aged 6-59 months enrolled in a TES conducted in Siaya County, western Kenya from 2016 to 2017., Methods: Three hundred and twenty-three samples collected pre-treatment (day-0) and 110 samples collected at the day of recurrent parasitaemia (up to day 42) were tested for the presence of drug resistance markers in the Pfk13 propeller domain, and the Pfmdr1 and Pfcrt genes by Sanger sequencing. Additionally, the Pfpm2 gene copy number was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction., Results: No mutations previously associated with artemisinin resistance were detected in the Pfk13 propeller region. However, other non-synonymous mutations in the Pfk13 propeller region were detected. The most common mutation found on day-0 and at day of recurrence in the Pfmdr1 multidrug resistance marker was at codon 184F. Very few mutations were found in the Pfcrt marker (< 5%). Within the DP arm, all recrudescent cases (8 sample pairs) that were tested for Pfpm2 gene copy number had a single gene copy. None of the associations between observed mutations and treatment outcomes were statistically significant., Conclusion: The results indicate absence of Pfk13 mutations associated with parasite resistance to artemisinin in this area and a very high proportion of wild-type parasites for Pfcrt. Although the frequency of Pfmdr1 184F mutations was high in these samples, the association with treatment failure did not reach statistical significance. As the spread of artemisinin-resistant parasites remains a possibility, continued monitoring for molecular markers of ACT resistance is needed to complement clinical data to inform treatment policy in Kenya and other malaria-endemic regions.

Published
2020
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19. Assessment of subpatent Plasmodium infection in northwestern Ethiopia.

Author

Assefa A, Ahmed AA, Deressa W, Wilson GG, Kebede A, Mohammed H, Sassine M, Haile M, Dilu D, Teka H, Murphy MW, Sergent S, Rogier E, Zhiyong Z, Wakeman BS, Drakeley C, Shi YP, Von Seidlein L, and Hwang J

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dried Blood Spot Testing, Ethiopia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Malaria, Falciparum diagnosis, Malaria, Falciparum prevention & control, Malaria, Vivax diagnosis, Malaria, Vivax prevention & control, Male, Middle Aged, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Young Adult, Disease Eradication methods, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Malaria, Vivax epidemiology
Abstract

Background: Ethiopia has set a goal for malaria elimination by 2030. Low parasite density infections may go undetected by conventional diagnostic methods (microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests) and their contribution to malaria transmission varies by transmission settings. This study quantified the burden of subpatent infections from samples collected from three regions of northwest Ethiopia., Methods: Sub-samples of dried blood spots from the Ethiopian Malaria Indicator Survey 2015 (EMIS-2015) were tested and compared using microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) to determine the prevalence of subpatent infection. Paired seroprevalence results previously reported along with gender, age, and elevation of residence were explored as risk factors for Plasmodium infection., Results: Of the 2608 samples collected, the highest positive rate for Plasmodium infection was found with nPCR 3.3% (95% CI 2.7-4.1) compared with RDT 2.8% (95% CI 2.2-3.5) and microscopy 1.2% (95% CI 0.8-1.7). Of the nPCR positive cases, Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 3.1% (95% CI 2.5-3.8), Plasmodium vivax 0.4% (95% CI 0.2-0.7), mixed P. falciparum and P. vivax 0.1% (95% CI 0.0-0.4), and mixed P. falciparum and Plasmodium malariae 0.1% (95% CI 0.0-0.3). nPCR detected an additional 30 samples that had not been detected by conventional methods. The majority of the nPCR positive cases (61% (53/87)) were from the Benishangul-Gumuz Region. Malaria seropositivity had significant association with nPCR positivity [adjusted OR 10.0 (95% CI 3.2-29.4), P < 0.001]., Conclusion: Using nPCR the detection rate of malaria parasites increased by nearly threefold over rates based on microscopy in samples collected during a national cross-sectional survey in 2015 in Ethiopia. Such subpatent infections might contribute to malaria transmission. In addition to strengthening routine surveillance systems, malaria programmes may need to consider low-density, subpatent infections in order to accelerate malaria elimination efforts.

Published
2020
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