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10 results on '"UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE)"'

1. Increasingly negative tropical water–interannual CO2 growth rate coupling

Author

Laibao Liu, Philippe Ciais, Mengxi Wu, Ryan S. Padrón, Pierre Friedlingstein, Jonas Schwaab, Lukas Gudmundsson, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences [Exeter] (EMPS), University of Exeter, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Carbon cycle, Climate change
Abstract

Terrestrial ecosystems have taken up about 32% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the past six decades1. Large uncertainties in terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks, however, make it difficult to predict how the land carbon sink will respond to future climate change2. Interannual variations in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) are dominated by land–atmosphere carbon fluxes in the tropics, providing an opportunity to explore land carbon–climate interactions3–6. It is thought that variations in CGR are largely controlled by temperature7–10 but there is also evidence for a tight coupling between water availability and CGR11. Here, we use a record of global atmospheric CO2, terrestrial water storage and precipitation data to investigate changes in the interannual relationship between tropical land climate conditions and CGR under a changing climate. We find that the interannual relationship between tropical water availability and CGR became increasingly negative during 1989–2018 compared to 1960–1989. This could be related to spatiotemporal changes in tropical water availability anomalies driven by shifts in El Niño/Southern Oscillation teleconnections, including declining spatial compensatory water effects9. We also demonstrate that most state-of-the-art coupled Earth System and Land Surface models do not reproduce the intensifying water–carbon coupling. Our results indicate that tropical water availability is increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle and modulating tropical terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks.

Published
2023
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2. Air pollution trends measured from Terra: CO and AOD over industrial, fire-prone, and background regions

Author

Merritt N. Deeter, Helen M. Worden, Rajesh Kumar, Louisa K. Emmons, Susan S. Kulawik, Cathy Clerbaux, James R. Drummond, Gene Francis, Martin Andreas Robert M. George, Benjamin Gaubert, Wenfu Tang, John Worden, Juying Warner, John C. Gille, Rebecca R. Buchholz, Sara Martínez-Alonso, Mian Chin, Ming Luo, Kevin W. Bowman, Vivienne Payne, Daniel Hurtmans, Pierre-François Coheur, Mijeong Park, Zigang Wei, Robert C. Levy, David P. Edwards, Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory (ACOML), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Research Applications Laboratory [Boulder] (RAL), University of Toronto, Dalhousie University [Halifax], Spectroscopy, Quantum Chemistry and Atmospheric Remote Sensing (SQUARES), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science [College Park] (AOSC), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC)

Subjects
Pollution, Systèmes d'information géographique, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Population, Air pollution, Soil Science, NASA/Terra satellite, AOD, 02 engineering and technology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, MOPITT, Troposphere, Interannual variability, Pédologie, Agronomie du sol, medicine, Trend, Computers in Earth Sciences, education, Géologie, Carbon monoxide, Air quality index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, media_common, education.field_of_study, Geology, 020801 environmental engineering, Trend analysis, 13. Climate action, Climatology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer
Abstract

Following past studies to quantify decadal trends in global carbon monoxide (CO) using satellite observations, we update estimates and find a CO trend in column amounts of about −0.50 % per year between 2002 to 2018, which is a deceleration compared to analyses performed on shorter records that found −1 % per year. Aerosols are co-emitted with CO from both fires and anthropogenic sources but with a shorter lifetime than CO. A combined trend analysis of CO and aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from space helps to diagnose the drivers of regional differences in the CO trend. We use the long-term records of CO from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) and AOD from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument. Other satellite instruments measuring CO in the thermal infrared, AIRS, TES, IASI, and CrIS, show consistent hemispheric CO variability and corroborate results from the trend analysis performed with MOPITT CO. Trends are examined by hemisphere and in regions for 2002 to 2018, with uncertainties quantified. The CO and AOD records are split into two sub-periods (2002 to 2010 and 2010 to 2018) in order to assess trend changes over the 16 years. We focus on four major population centers: Northeast China, North India, Europe, and Eastern USA, as well as fire-prone regions in both hemispheres. In general, CO declines faster in the first half of the record compared to the second half, while AOD trends show more variability across regions. We find evidence of the atmospheric impact of air quality management policies. The large decline in CO found over Northeast China is initially associated with an improvement in combustion efficiency, with subsequent additional air quality improvements from 2010 onwards. Industrial regions with minimal emission control measures such as North India become more globally relevant as the global CO trend weakens. We also examine the CO trends in monthly percentile values to understand seasonal implications and find that local changes in biomass burning are sufficiently strong to counteract the global downward trend in atmospheric CO, particularly in late summer., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2021
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3. Solar 11-Year Cycle Signal in Stratospheric Nitrogen Dioxide—Similarities and Discrepancies Between Model and NDACC Observations

Author

Stanley P. Sander, Richard Querel, Diana Zhu, Andrea Pazmino, King-Fai Li, Shuhui Wang, Yuk L. Yung, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, Department of Environmental Sciences [Riverside], University of California [Riverside] (UCR), University of California-University of California, Harvard University [Cambridge], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences [Pasadena], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), STRATO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Lauder] (NIWA)

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Northern Hemisphere, Irradiance, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar irradiance, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Atmosphere, Altitude, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Ozone layer, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Southern Hemisphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

NOx (NO2 and NO) plays an important role in controlling stratospheric ozone. Understanding the change in stratospheric NOx and its global pattern is important for predicting future changes in ozone and the corresponding implications on the climate. Stratospheric NOx is mainly produced by the reaction of N2O with the photochemically produced O(1D) and, therefore, it is expected to vary with changes in solar UV irradiance during the solar cycle. Previous studies on this topic, often limited by the relatively short continuous data, show puzzling results. The effect of the 1991 Pinatubo eruption might have caused interference in the data analysis. In this study, we examine the NO2 vertical column density (VCD) data from the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). Data collected at 16 stations with continuous long-term observations covering the most recent Solar Cycles 23 and 24 were analyzed. We found positive correlations between changes in NO2 VCD and solar Lyman- $\alpha $ over nine stations (mostly in the Northern Hemisphere) and negative correlations over three stations (mostly in the Southern Hemisphere). The other four stations do not show significant NO2 solar-cycle signal. The varying NO2 responses from one location to another are likely due to different geo-locations (latitude and altitude). In particular, two high-altitude stations show the strongest positive NO2 solar-cycle signals. Our 1D chemical-transport model calculations help explain the altitude dependence of NO2 response to the solar cycle. NO2 solar-cycle variability is suggested to play an important role controlling O3 at an altitude range from $\approx20~\mbox{km}$ to near 60 km, while OH solar-cycle variability controls O3 at 40 – 90 km. While observations show both positive and negative NO2 responses to solar forcing, the 1D model predicts negative NO2 responses to solar UV changes throughout the middle atmosphere. 3D global model results suggest complex roles of dynamics in addition to photochemistry. The energetic particle-induced NO2 variabilities could also contribute significantly to the NO2 variability during solar cycles.

Published
2020
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4. Ice cloud microphysical trends observed by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder

Author

Brian H. Kahn, Qing Yue, Gerald Manipon, Graeme L. Stephens, Hanii Takahashi, Julien Delanoë, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Evan Manning, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, SPACE - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Convection, Effective radius, Atmospheric Science, Ice cloud, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Radiative cooling, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Latitude, lcsh:Chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Environmental science, Cirrus, lcsh:Physics, Water vapor, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We use the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) version 6 ice cloud property and thermodynamic phase retrievals to quantify variability and 14-year trends in ice cloud frequency, ice cloud top temperature (Tci), ice optical thickness (τi) and ice effective radius (rei). The trends in ice cloud properties are shown to be independent of trends in information content and χ2. Statistically significant decreases in ice frequency, τi, and ice water path (IWP) are found in the SH and NH extratropics, but trends are of much smaller magnitude and statistically insignificant in the tropics. However, statistically significant increases in rei are found in all three latitude bands. Perturbation experiments consistent with estimates of AIRS radiometric stability fall significantly short of explaining the observed trends in ice properties, averaging kernels, and χ2 trends. Values of rei are larger at the tops of opaque clouds and exhibit dependence on surface wind speed, column water vapour (CWV) and surface temperature (Tsfc) with changes up to 4–5 µm but are only 1.9 % of all ice clouds. Non-opaque clouds exhibit a much smaller change in rei with respect to CWV and Tsfc. Comparisons between DARDAR and AIRS suggest that rei is smallest for single-layer cirrus, larger for cirrus above weak convection, and largest for cirrus above strong convection at the same cloud top temperature. This behaviour is consistent with enhanced particle growth from radiative cooling above convection or large particle lofting from strong convection.

Published
2018
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5. Global in situ observations of essential climate and ocean variables at the air–sea interface

Author

P. M. Poulain, Lixin Wu, Paul Poli, Dongxiao Zhang, Anne O'Carroll, Christopher J. Merchant, Craig Donlon, Sidney Thurston, Kathleen Dohan, Val R. Swail, Lisan Yu, Etienne Charpentier, Jonathan D Turton, Gilles Reverdin, Boris A Kelly-Gerreyn, Theresa Paluszkiewicz, Verena Hormann, Robert E. Jensen, Xiaopei Lin, Peter J. Minnett, Gary B. Brassington, Alexander Ignatov, Inga Monika Koszalka, Bin Wang, Rick Lumpkin, Eric Lindstrom, Gary K. Corlett, Bruce Ingleby, Yi Chao, Lancelot J. Braasch, Champika Gallage, Luca Centurioni, Xiujun Sun, Zhaohui Chen, Nikolai Maximenko, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Met Office Climate Research Division, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Department of Oceanography, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Australian Bureau of Meteorology [Melbourne] (BoM), Australian Government, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Chimie et biochimie des complexes moléculaires (CBCM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Ocean University of China (OUC), NASA Headquarters, International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM)-University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Meteorology [Reading], University of Reading (UOR), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e di Oceanografia Sperimentale (OGS), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Environment and Climate Change Canada, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), School of Marine Science and Technology [Tianjin], Tianjin University (TJU), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California-University of California, University of California-University of California-NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Weather forecasting, Ocean Engineering, Context (language use), climate variability and change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, global in situ observations, 14. Life underwater, weather forecasting, lcsh:Science, Sea level, essential climate and ocean variables, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, SVP drifters, Earth system science, Drifter, air-sea interface, 13. Climate action, Ocean color, Sustainability, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, Satellite, computer
Abstract

International audience; The air–sea interface is a key gateway in the Earth system. It is where the atmosphere sets the ocean in motion, climate/weather-relevant air–sea processes occur, and pollutants (i.e., plastic, anthropogenic carbon dioxide, radioactive/chemical waste) enter the sea. Hence, accurate estimates and forecasts of physical and biogeochemical processes at this interface are critical for sustainable blue economy planning, growth, and disaster mitigation. Such estimates and forecasts rely on accurate and integrated in situ and satellite surface observations. High-impact uses of ocean surface observations of essential ocean/climate variables (EOVs/ECVs) include (1) assimilation into/validation of weather, ocean, and climate forecast models to improve their skill, impact, and value; (2) ocean physics studies (i.e., heat, momentum, freshwater, and biogeochemical air–sea fluxes) to further our understanding and parameterization of air–sea processes; and (3) calibration and validation of satellite ocean products (i.e., currents, temperature, salinity, sea level, ocean color, wind, and waves). We review strengths and limitations, impacts, and sustainability of in situ ocean surface observations of several ECVs and EOVs. We draw a 10-year vision of the global ocean surface observing network for improved synergy and integration with other observing systems (e.g., satellites), for modeling/forecast efforts, and for a better ocean observing governance. The context is both the applications listed above and the guidelines of frameworks such as the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) (both co-sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC–UNESCO; the World Meteorological Organization, WMO; the United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP; and the International Science Council, ISC). Networks of multiparametric platforms, such as the global drifter array, offer opportunities for new and improved in situ observations. Advances in sensor technology (e.g., low-cost wave sensors), high-throughput communications, evolving cyberinfrastructures, and data information systems with potential to improve the scope, efficiency, integration, and sustainability of the ocean surface observing system are explored.

Published
2019
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6. Sea Surface Salinity Observations with Lagrangian Drifters in the Tropical North Atlantic During SPURS: Circulation, Fluxes, and Comparisons with Remotely Sensed Salinity from Aquarius

Author

Verena Hormann, Luca Centurioni, Dong-Kyu Lee, Jordi Font, Yi Chao, Gilles Reverdin, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Remote Sensing Solutions, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University, Busan, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
North Atlantic, Argo float, Oceanography, Salinity, lcsh:Oceanography, Drifter, Circulation (fluid dynamics), 13. Climate action, SPURS, Lagrangian drifters, Environmental science, lcsh:GC1-1581, 14. Life underwater, Sea surface salinity, Global Drifter Program, Aquarius satellite, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

Special issue on SPURS: Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study.-- 10 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, The Global Drifter Program deployed a total of 144 Lagrangian drifters drogued at 15 m depth, including 88 equipped with salinity sensors, in support of the first Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study (SPURS-1) in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean with the goal of measuring salt fluxes associated with surface currents. The quality-controlled data set consists of 996,583 salinity observations collected between August 2012 and April 2014. A comparison of the drifter salinities with Aquarius satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) data shows that the lifespan of the salinity sensor fitted to the drifters is of the order of one year. The salinity and velocity data from the drifters were used to validate salt transport divergence computed with satellite products, with satellite salinity taken from the standard Aquarius v3.0 data set. The results indicate good agreement between the two independent methods, and also demonstrate that the effect of the eddy field combined with SSS variability at the surface dominates the signal. SSS variability within spatial bins as compared to Aquarius-beam footprints measured by drifters can be in excess of 0.1 psu. This result suggests that careful evaluation of the representation error is required when single-point in situ measurements, such as those collected by Argo floats, are used to validate spatially averaged Aquarius salinity data. © 2015 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved, Lance Braasch is gratefully acknowledged for implementing and managing real-time distribution of SVP and SVPS data to the SPURS-1 investigators and for data analysis support. SVP and SVPS drifters described in this study were provided by the GDP of NOAA at SIO, grant #NA10OAR4320156. LC, VH, and DL were supported by NASA grant #NNX12AI67G, and NOAA grant #NA10OAR4320156. The altimeter products F. Wentz, S. Yueh, C. Ruf, J. Lilly, J. Gunn, were produced by Ssalto/Duacs and distributed by AVISO, with support from CNES (http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/duacs). GR thanks the SMOS TOSCA/CNES and STRASSE/SPURS LEFE/INSU projects for funding. YC was funded by the Aquarius project office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the NASA Physical Oceanography program. JF was supported by the Spanish national R+D plan (project AYA2010-22062-C05)

Published
2015
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7. Satellite and In Situ Salinity: Understanding Near-Surface Stratification and Subfootprint Variability

Author

Ludovic Brucker, Andrea Santos-Garcia, Tong Lee, Jacqueline Boutin, Alexander Soloviev, Emmanuel P. Dinnat, Brian Ward, Wenqing Tang, Nicolas Reul, William E. Asher, Nadya T. Vinogradova, Nicolas Kolodziejczyk, Julian Schanze, Kyla Drushka, Jessica Anderson, Thomas Meissner, Yi Chao, Christophe Maes, Thierry Delcroix, W.L. Jones, R. Drucker, Lisan Yu, Gilles Reverdin, Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California-NASA, Remote Sensing Solutions, University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Oceanography [Seattle], Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Ifremer, Centre de Toulon, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Electrical and Computer Engineering Department [Orlando], University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), CNES, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Mesoscale meteorology, Stratification (water), 02 engineering and technology, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, western equatorial pacific, barrier layer, tropical oceans, north-atlantic, ocean salinity, 14. Life underwater, Water cycle, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 021101 geological & geomatics engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Radiometer, boundary-layer, pacific warm pool, Salinity, Ocean dynamics, band radiometer/scatterometer observations, 13. Climate action, polar-regions, air-sea interaction, Environmental science, Satellite, Microwave
Abstract

Remote sensing of salinity using satellite-mounted microwave radiometers provides new perspectives for studying ocean dynamics and the global hydrological cycle. Calibration and validation of these measurements is challenging because satellite and in situ methods measure salinity differently. Microwave radiometers measure the salinity in the top few centimeters of the ocean, whereas most in situ observations are reported below a depth of a few meters. Additionally, satellites measure salinity as a spatial average over an area of about 100 × 100 km2. In contrast, in situ sensors provide pointwise measurements at the location of the sensor. Thus, the presence of vertical gradients in, and horizontal variability of, sea surface salinity complicates comparison of satellite and in situ measurements. This paper synthesizes present knowledge of the magnitude and the processes that contribute to the formation and evolution of vertical and horizontal variability in near-surface salinity. Rainfall, freshwater plumes, and evaporation can generate vertical gradients of salinity, and in some cases these gradients can be large enough to affect validation of satellite measurements. Similarly, mesoscale to submesoscale processes can lead to horizontal variability that can also affect comparisons of satellite data to in situ data. Comparisons between satellite and in situ salinity measurements must take into account both vertical stratification and horizontal variability.

Published
2016
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8. Extending the satellite data record of tropospheric ozone profiles from Aura-TES to MetOp-IASI: characterisation of optimal estimation retrievals

Author

John Worden, Susan S. Kulawik, Helen M. Worden, Cathy Clerbaux, David P. Edwards, Juliette Hadji-Lazaro, Vivienne H. Payne, Hilke Oetjen, Annmarie Eldering, Gene Francis, Daniel Hurtmans, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), NASA-University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spectroscopie de l'atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA

Subjects
Atmospheric sounding, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Atmospheric Science, Ozone, Meteorology, Optimal estimation, lcsh:TA715-787, lcsh:Earthwork. Foundations, Atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Environmental engineering, Troposphere, Atmosphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Tropospheric ozone, lcsh:TA170-171, Sociologie politique, Stratosphere
Abstract

We apply the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) ozone retrieval algorithm to Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI) radiances and characterise the uncertainties and information content of the retrieved ozone profiles. This study focuses on mid-latitudes for the year 2008. We validate our results by comparing the IASI ozone profiles to ozone sondes. In the sonde comparisons, we find a negative bias (1-10%) in the IASI profiles in the lower to mid-troposphere and a positive bias (up to 14%) in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. For the described cases, the degrees of freedom for signal are on average 3.2, 0.3, 0.8, and 0.9 for the columns 0 km - top of atmosphere, (0-6), (0-11), and (8-16) km, respectively. We find that our biases with respect to sondes and our degrees of freedom for signal for ozone are comparable to previously published results from other IASI ozone algorithms. In addition to evaluating biases, we validate the retrieval errors by comparing predicted errors to the sample covariance matrix of the IASI observations themselves. For the predicted versus empirical error comparison, we find that these errors are consistent and that the measurement noise and the interference of temperature and water vapour on the retrieval together mostly explain the empirically derived random errors. In general, the precision of the IASI ozone profiles is better than 20%., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2014
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9. A data-assimilative ocean forecasting system for the Prince William sound and an evaluation of its performance during sound Predictions 2009

Author

François Colas, Xin Jin, Yi Chao, Mark Halverson, Quoc Vu, Mark A. Moline, Xiaochun Wang, G. Carl Schoch, Zhijin Li, Peggy Li, Carter Ohlmann, John D. Farrara, Peter Q. Olsson, Hongchun Zhang, James C. McWilliams, Mark A. Johnson, School of Environmental Science and Engineering [Guangzhou] (SESE), Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics [Los Angeles] (IGPP), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, University of California-University of California, and University of California-University of California-NASA

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Mixed layer, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ocean current, Geology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Atmospheric model, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Drifter, Data assimilation, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Environmental science, Outflow, 14. Life underwater, Sound (geography), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The development and implementation of a three-dimensional ocean modeling system for the Prince William Sound (PWS) is described. The system consists of a regional ocean model component (ROMS) forced by output from a regional atmospheric model component (the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, WRF). The ROMS ocean model component has a horizontal resolution of 1 km within PWS and utilizes a recently-developed multi-scale 3DVAR data assimilation methodology along with freshwater runoff from land obtained via real-time execution of a digital elevation model. During the Sound Predictions Field Experiment (July 19–August 3, 2009) the system was run in real-time to support operations and incorporated all available real-time streams of data. Nowcasts were produced every 6 h and a 48-h forecast was performed once a day. In addition, a sixteen-member ensemble of forecasts was executed on most days. All results were published at a web portal ( http://ourocean.jpl.nasa.gov/PWS ) in real time to support decision making. The performance of the system during Sound Predictions 2009 is evaluated. The ROMS results are first compared with the assimilated data as a consistency check. RMS differences of about 0.7 °C were found between the ROMS temperatures and the observed vertical profiles of temperature that are assimilated. The ROMS salinities show greater discrepancies, tending to be too salty near the surface. The overall circulation patterns observed throughout the Sound are qualitatively reproduced, including the following evolution in time. During the first week of the experiment, the weather was quite stormy with strong southeasterly winds. This resulted in strong north to northwestward surface flow in much of the central PWS. Both the observed drifter trajectories and the ROMS nowcasts showed strong surface inflow into the Sound through the Hinchinbrook Entrance and strong generally northward to northwestward flow in the central Sound that was exiting through the Knight Island Passage and Montague Strait entrance. During the latter part of the second week when surface winds were light and southwesterly, the mean surface flow at the Hinchinbrook Entrance reversed to weak outflow and a cyclonic eddy formed in the central Sound. Overall, RMS differences between ROMS surface currents and observed HF radar surface currents in the central Sound were generally between 5 and 10 cm/s, about 20–40% of the time mean current speeds. The ROMS reanalysis is then validated against independent observations. A comparison of the ROMS currents with observed vertical current profiles from moored ADCPs in the Hinchinbrook Entrance and Montague Strait shows good qualitative agreement and confirms the evolution of the near surface inflow/outflow at these locations described above. A comparison of the ROMS surface currents with drifter trajectories provided additional confirmation that the evolution of the surface flow described above was realistic. Forecasts of drifter locations had RMS errors of less than 10 km for up to 36 h. One and two-day forecasts of surface temperature, salinity and current fields were more skillful than persistence forecasts. In addition, ensemble mean forecasts were found to be slightly more skillful than single forecasts. Two case studies demonstrated the system’s qualitative skill in predicting subsurface changes within the mixed layer measured by ships and autonomous underwater vehicles. In summary, the system is capable of producing a realistic evolution of the near-surface circulation within PWS including forecasts of up to two days of this evolution. Use of the products provided by the system during the experiment as part of the asset deployment decision making process demonstrated the value of accurate regional ocean forecasts in support of field experiments.

Published
2013
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10. Fostering multidisciplinary research on interactions between chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system

Author

Jennie L. Thomas, Jochen Stutz, Markus M. Frey, Thorsten Bartels-Rausch, Katye Altieri, Foteini Baladima, Jo Browse, Manuel Dall’Osto, Louis Marelle, Jeremie Mouginot, Jennifer G. Murphy, Daiki Nomura, Kerri A. Pratt, Megan D. Willis, Paul Zieger, Jon Abbatt, Thomas A. Douglas, Maria Cristina Facchini, James France, Anna E. Jones, Kitae Kim, Patricia A. Matrai, V. Faye McNeill, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Paul Shepson, Nadja Steiner, Kathy S. Law, Steve R. Arnold, Bruno Delille, Julia Schmale, Jeroen E. Sonke, Aurélien Dommergue, Didier Voisin, Megan L. Melamed, Jessica Gier, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), TROPO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Los Angeles] (AOS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, UCLA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering (JIFRESSE), University of California-University of California-NASA, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry [Villigen] (LUC), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Department of Oceanography [Cape Town], University of Cape Town, Geography and Environmental Science [Cornwall], University of Exeter, Biologia Marina i Oceanografia [Barcelona], Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), Department of Chemistry [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences [Hakodate], Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Arctic Research Center [Sapporo], Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Chemistry [Ann Arbor], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry [Stockholm] (ACES), Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima [Bologna] (ISAC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Department of Earth Sciences [Egham], Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering [New York], Columbia University [New York], Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Department of Chemistry [West Lafayette], Purdue University [West Lafayette], Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences [West Lafayette] (EAPS), School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences [Stony Brook] (SoMAS), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Institute of Ocean Sciences [Sidney] (IOS), Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Unité d'Océanographie Chimique, Interfacultary Center for Marine Research (MARE), Université de Liège-Université de Liège, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry [Paul Scherrer Institute] (LAC), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-NASA, University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Global Atmospheric Chemistry, International Arctic Science Committee, and European Commission

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Environmental Engineering, Atmospheric chemistry, modeling chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental change, snow photochemistry, aerosol, arctic sea-ice, Earth science, Stakeholder engagement, Cryosphere, Science coordiation, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, ice-nucleating particles, black carbon, Oceanography, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Anthropocene, Multidisciplinary approach, 14. Life underwater, photochemical production, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, lcsh:GE1-350, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, dome c, Chemistry, Global warming, boundary-layer, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Snow, nitrogen-oxides, 13. Climate action
Abstract

15 pages, 2 figures, The cryosphere, which comprises a large portion of Earth’s surface, is rapidly changing as a consequence of global climate change. Ice, snow, and frozen ground in the polar and alpine regions of the planet are known to directly impact atmospheric composition, which for example is observed in the large influence of ice and snow on polar boundary layer chemistry. Atmospheric inputs to the cryosphere, including aerosols, nutrients, and contaminants, are also changing in the anthropocene thus driving cryosphere-atmosphere feedbacks whose understanding is crucial for understanding future climate. Here, we present the Cryosphere and ATmospheric Chemistry initiative (CATCH) which is focused on developing new multidisciplinary research approaches studying interactions of chemistry, biology, and physics within the coupled cryosphere – atmosphere system and their sensitivity to environmental change. We identify four key science areas: (1) micro-scale processes in snow and ice, (2) the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere system, (3) cryospheric change and feedbacks, and (4) improved decisions and stakeholder engagement. To pursue these goals CATCH will foster an international, multidisciplinary research community, shed light on new research needs, support the acquisition of new knowledge, train the next generation of leading scientists, and establish interactions between the science community and society, CATCH is sponsored by the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project igacproject.org, the International Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project solas-int.org, and the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC, iasc.info). Support for CATCH activities has been provided by the French Chantier Arctique Project Pollution in the Arctic System (PARCS). This work was supported by the H2020 ERA-PLANET (689443) iCUPE project

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