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La taylorització ha influenciat profundament les dinàmiques de l'actual mode de producció, les quals l'empresa IKEA ha reproduït a partir de l'anàlisi científica del "saber fer" de la gent per a crear una tecnologia que permet que qualsevol persona pugui muntar i desmuntar un moble seguint unes instruccions i sense haver d'aprendre res de nou. Amb aquesta investigació es pretén desxifrar la informació que contenen les unions entre components dels productes d'IKEA, per socialitzar aquest coneixement i aconseguir que la població es pugui reapropiar de la tecnologia per a fabricar el que necessiti. La taylorización ha influenciado profundamente las dinámicas del actual modo de producción, las cuales la empresa IKEA ha reproducido mediante el análisis científico del "saber hacer" de la gente para crear una tecnología que permite que cualquier persona pueda montar y desmontar un mueble siguiendo unas instrucciones y sin tener que aprender nada nuevo. Con esta investigación se pretende descifrar la información que contienen las uniones entre componentes de los productos de IKEA, para socializar este conocimiento y conseguir que la población se pueda reapropiar de la tecnología para fabricar lo que necesite. Taylorization has profoundly influenced the dynamics of the current mode of production, which the company IKEA has reproduced from the scientific analysis of people's "know-how" to create a technology that allows anyone to assemble and disassemble a piece of furniture following instructions and without having to learn anything new. This research aims to decode the information contained in the joints between components of IKEA products, in order to socialize this knowledge and allow people to recover ownership of the technology to manufacture what they need.

Even though bivalve molluscs are recognized as bioindicators of freshwater quality, their responses to multiple stressors are unpredictable. This study aims to elucidate the inter-population peculiarities of the effect in the sub-chronic environmentally relevant exposure to novel contaminants. The specimens of Unio tumidus from reference (Pr) and contaminated (Ct) areas were treated with ibuprofen (IBU, 0.8 µg L

This study focused on the reaction of bivalve molluscs to biogas digestate, which is a waste product of an increasingly developing biogas production in rural areas worldwide. The effects of biogas digestate on aquatic organisms are not fully known, and neither this substance nor any types of manure were tested in the monitoring based on valvometry, which is a biomonitoring method based on bivalve behavior. The change in bivalves functioning in biogas digestate inflow was studied using three different diluted digestate concentrations. Exposure to the highest concentration of digestate induced a decline of mean shell opening and activity time of Unio tumidus species. A significant difference in behavioral patterns was recorded during the first 10 min after exposure to the digestate. A Gradual decreasing tendency of shell opening levels was apparent under the highest concentration reaching 55% compared to the pretreatment value. Also, a decreasing tendency was observed under the medium concentration (82.4% of initial level) after 2 h, while an increase in shell opening levels was recorded in the most diluted digestate. This research work proved that the inflow of biogas digestate has significant impact on bivalves’ behavior. Unio tumidus is a sensitive indicator of biogas digestate inflow in the aquatic environment. Moreover, it proved that the opening and closing activities over time depend on the concentration of the digestate. Therefore, the mollusk bivalves might be utilized in early warning systems to detect organic pollutants in water.

A sample of 30 thick-shelled river musselsUnio crassusPhilipsson (Unionida: Unionidae) was collected from the River Sauer in Luxembourg to acquire data on parasitic infestations of the mussels. Among other parasites, different development stages of freshwater mites were collected from the gills and the mantle of the mussels and were documented with bright-field, stereo, and confocal laser scanning microscopy and microscopic X-ray computed tomography. The retrieved data allowed a morphological description of larvae and female adults of the mites and assigning them to the genusUnionicolaHaldeman (Trombidiformes: Unionicolidae) and the subgenusPentataxThor. Additionally, adult stages and larvae were barcoded by sequencing a section of the mitochondrialCOIand18SrRNA genes. This resulted in 4 new, similarUnionicolalineages from the adult stages, which differ in at least 14.7% (uncorrectedpdistance) from those already published. Barcoding of larval DNA was not successful. The comparison with known European species of the genusUnionicolaand analysis of the barcoding results allowed the proposal of a new species of the genusUnionicola.The species was namedUnionicola sauerensissp. nov. after the River Sauer in Luxembourg, where the infested mussels were collected.

The ubiquitous use of antibiotics leads exposure of these chemicals on non-target aquatic species, while the toxicity assays for these chemicals are time/labor consuming and expensive. Alternative approaches using primary cell cultures which retain the tissue functionality at its highest form have received global attention compared to cell lines. In the current study, the cytotoxic effects of two commonly used antibiotics from amphenicol (florfenicol) and macrolide (erythromycin) groups were evaluated on primary cell cultures of Unio crassus (mantle, digestive gland, gill, and gonad) and Cyprinus carpio (gill and liver) using MTT and Neutral Red assays. The highest cytotoxic effects were found on the mussel digestive gland and carp liver cells for florfenicol and erythromycin, while the lowest cytotoxic effects were found in mussel mantle cells for both drugs in the MTT test. In the NR test, the highest cytotoxic effects of erythromycin and florfenicol were found in the mussel gill, mantle, gonad, and carp gill cells; the lowest cytotoxic effect of erythromycin was found in the mussel digestive gland, while the lowest effect of florfenicol was found in the carp liver cells. The cytotoxicity of florfenicol was quite low for the carp liver, while the cytotoxicity of erythromycin was quite low in the mussel digestive tract. Thus, it was concluded that cells made from mussel tissues could be used in ecotoxicity tests, and sensitivity may vary according to the tissue.

The vulnerability of bivalve mollusks to micropollutants is estimated mainly in single model exposures. However, chronic environmental stress and complex exposures can modulate their responses. To evaluate the impact of population-dependent adaptations on the ability to react to common micropollutants, we compared freshwater bivalves Unio tumidus from two distinct populations, pure (Pr) and contaminated (Ct), in their exposures to microplastics (MP, 1 mg L−1, size 0.1–0.5 mm), pharmaceutical ibuprofen (IBU, 0.8 μg L−1), or their combination (Mix) for 14 days. Control groups from both sites showed remarkable differences, with lower levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), metallothionein protein (MTSH), NADH and NAD+, cytochrome P450-related EROD, glutathione-S transferase (GST), and citrate synthase (CS) but higher levels of GSH, GSSG, caspase-3 and cathepsin D (CTD) in the Ct-control group. These data indicate a chronic stress impact in the Ct population. Under exposures, we found an almost common strategy in both populations for NAD+/NADH and MTSH suppression and CTD induction. Additionally, Mix exposure caused an increase in CS, and IBU did not change GSH in both populations. However, the expected response to IBU – the suppression of caspase-3 – was indicated only in PrIBU- and PrMix-mollusks. CTD efflux increased dramatically only in PrMP- and PrMix- groups, and suppression of EROD and GST was detected in the PrMix-group. According to discriminant analysis, exposed Pr-groups were highly differentiated from control, whereas Ct-control and exposed groups had common localization demonstrating high resistance to environmental stress. Thus, the same exposures resulted in different adverse outcome pathways depending on the population.

Hydropower plants (HPPs) can affect the hydrological regime. However, biochemical responses of aquatic animals for the evaluation of this disturbing are not applied yet. The specimens of Unio tumidus were sampled in a reservoir (R) of a small HPP as well as downstream from the dam (DS). Biochemical indexes in the digestive gland and alkali labile phosphates (ALP) in the gonads were examined. The R-mollusks showed low cholinesterase, catalase and caspase-3 activities, and metallothionein concentration, but elevated levels of zinc and copper, oxidized glutathione and protein carbonyls. Concentrations of lactate, pyruvate and ALP, activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation level were similar in both groups. Integrated biomarker response (IBR/n) index (n = 13) was 2.17 and 0.29 in the R- and DS-groups correspondingly. We suggest that using integrative biological response based on the biochemical markers of bivalve mollusks can be a valid early warning step in assessing 'environmental flow' impact.

Iron (Fe) treatment is one of the most commonly used methods to restore eutrophic lakes and reservoirs. The Fe-based coagulants dosage results in an almost immediate improvement in water quality at a relatively low cost. However, the effects of the application of coagulants are not always predictable, and the scale of the risks is not fully understood. The dosage of coagulants changes the chemical and physical properties of water, thereby affecting aquatic biocenoses. In this study, several laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Fe-based coagulant dosage on two bivalves species: Anodonta anatina and Unio tumidus. Their ability to efficiently filter water and reduce seston makes them a key component of aquatic ecosystems in terms of maintaining proper ecological health and stable functioning. Behavioral response, biochemical parameters, and body chemistry changes in mussels exposed to different doses of coagulant were surveyed. A dose-dependent reduction in filtration activity of both species was observed. As early as 10 g Fe m

Graphical abstract Bivalve molluscs represent the most recognized bioindicators of freshwater pollution. However, their ability to indicate specific xenobiotics in complex exposures is unclear. In this study, we aimed to track the particular effects of the pesticide Roundup (Rnd) and the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine (Cpz) on the mussel Unio tumidus at the simpler environmentally relevant models. We treated the mussels by Rnd (17 μg L−1), Cpz (18 μg L−1), the mixture of Rnd and Cpz at 18 °C (RndCpz), and Rnd at 25 °C (RndT) and examined their digestive glands after 14 days of exposure. We analyzed total antioxidant capacity, glutathione (GSH&GSSG) and protein carbonyls levels, total and Zn-related concentrations of metallothioneins (MT and Zn-MT, respectively), the activities of CYP450-related EROD, glutathione S-transferase, cholinesterase, caspase-3, citrate synthase (CS), lysosomal membrane integrity (NRR), and Zn level in the tissue. Shared responses were indicated as the increase of the antioxidant, Zn-MT, and EROD levels, whereas the changes of Zn concentration, NRR, and caspase-3 activity were most diverse compared to control. According to discriminant analysis, complex exposures abolished the individual response traits and intensified the harmful effects that caused a decrease in the Zn level in the RndCpz- and RndT-groups and the loss of lysosomal integrity in the RndT-group. We concluded that multi-marker expertise with the application of integrated indices had benefits when evaluating the effects of complex exposures. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-16775-1.

The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of resistant bacteria, mainly from the Enterobacterales group, with high pathogenic/zoonotic potentials that can lead to problems in public health. The increasing presence in freshwater ecosystems highlights the need to evaluate potential sentinel species as risk indicators for both ecosystem and human health. The freshwater mussels provide several ecosystem services, may represent potential sentinel species due to their ability to flter water and retain both organic and inorganic particles. We tested the capability of U. mancus to retain Escherichia coli as a model bacterial organism. Under experimental conditions, the mussels could clear suspended E. coli, facilitating its rapid elimination from water within the frst 24 h after exposure. The species also presented a maximum retention time of 4 days. We also provide allometric equations correlating the fltering capacity with the length and the weight of mussel body parts often used in biometric studies. We provide a frst assessment of the potential of the bivalve Unio mancus to act as a sentinel species for the detection of Enterobacterales and demonstrate the ability to act as a water cleaner., Tis study has been fnanced by the Girona Provincial Council and the Obra Social de la Caixa within the framework of the collaboration project between the Girona Provincial Council and la Caixa regarding natural spaces 2017 (approval by the Governing Board of April 17, 2018).

Plastic has become one of the most prominent contaminants in recent decades, posing a major environmental threat with critical implications for seafood safety. Thus, we investigated the abundance and characterization of the microplastics (MPs) in the sediment and bivalves from cildir Lake, Almus Dam Lake, and Kartalkaya Dam Lake in Turkey. The abundance of the MPs ranged from 19-156 MP kg(-1) in the sediments, while 0.75-10.0 MP individual(-1) (indiv.(-1)) in Anodonta sp., 0.16-1.00 MP indiv.(-1) in Dreissena polymorpha, 0.50-2.50 indiv.(-1) in the Unio damescensis was detected. ATR-FTIR was used to identify four distinct polymer types, with polyethylene terephthalate being the most prevalent. Fiber predominated in bivalve samples, whereas fragments in sediment and MPs were often < 500 mu m in length. Our data could serve as a foundation for a frequent monitoring routine in Turkish lakes since bivalves are one of the key vectors of MP contamination in humans.

Microplastic pollution is a major problem that threatens freshwater mussels as well as marine bivalves, since these filter-feeding organisms are directly exposed to microplastics in the water column. There is no study on the microplastic contamination ofIn total, 32A total of 1,253 microplastics, ranging from 0.81 to 6.69 items/gram (mean 2.85This study indicated that

Roundup (Rn), a glyphosate-based formulation, is one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world. It affects non-targeted organisms in several ways, including adhesive activity towards metal ions. Zinc (Zn) plays a crucial role in a number of biochemical processes. In this study, we aim to elucidate the direct impact of Rn on Zn accumulation and Zn-dependent activities in the ex vivo system. To this end, we exposed the samples of the digestive gland of a bivalve mollusk Unio tumidus to 3 µM of Rn (calculated as 3 µM of glyphosate), Zn, Zn chelator (N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine) (TPEN, Tp), and their combinations ZnTp and ZnRn for 17 h. We determined the levels of Zn in the tissue (Zn t) and metallothioneins (Zn-MT), metallothioneins (MTSH), and glutathione (GSHGSSG), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lysosomal membrane integrity, and caspase-3 activity. Our study demonstrated that Rn and Tp had different effects on the accumulation and functionality of Zn. Rn did not affect the accumulation of Zn (Zn t, Zn-MT) in the Zn- and ZnRn-groups. On the contrary, Tp produced effects antagonistic to Zn on caspase-3 activity, lysosomal stability, and MTSH concentration. Rn caused particular pro-oxidative effect that decreased GSH level (Rn- and ZnRn-groups) and lysosomal stability (Rn-group). The shared affected index was the GSH/GSSG ratio, which decreased by 2-8 times in each exposure. As the first experience with the application of Tp to indicate Zn activity in mollusks, the study concluded that the ex vivo approach could be useful in the study of numeral aquatic pollutants.

The impact of the hydropower plants (HPPs) on the aquatic life is expected, but the biochemical markers of ecotoxicity have not been investigated in relation to HPP proximity. The aim of this study was to compare the responses of mollusk Unio tumidus from the small HPP (reservoir (Ku) and downstream of the dam (Kd)) and micro HPP (upstream (Zu) and downstream of the dam (Zd)). In total, 11 indexes (n) from digestive gland, hemocytes (lysosomal integrity), and gonads (alkali-labile phosphates, ALP) were analyzed. The mollusks from the reservoir demonstrate the typical signs of toxic impact: cholinesterase and glutathione depletion, the highest glutathione S-transferase activity, and ratio of extralysosomal cathepsin D compare to all other groups. The specimens from the micro HPP have the highest levels of glutathione (Zd) and lipid peroxidation (Zu) and lesser Cu/Zn-SOD activity (Zu) than other groups. These indications of stressful conditions may derive from the regular oscillations in the water flow regimes at the micro HPP. For both HPPs, the responses of upstream and downstream groups are distinct. The calculated IBR/n (4.17, 3.85, 3.12, and 0.26 for Ku, Kd, Zu, and Zd correspondingly) gives a quantitative basis for the evaluation of environmental impact of HPPs. Graphical abstract .

Freshwater mussels are widely used in the monitoring of pollution because they are filter-feeding, long-lived animals that tend to accumulate metals in their shells. The temporal scale of such studies can reach thousands of years, since the composition of shells preserves them against decay. This allows us to reconstruct past environmental conditions and to compare current environmental conditions to those prevalent thousands of years ago. Here we assessed metal concentrations (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in recently harvested mussel shells and mussel shells found by archaeologists, and tested the hypothesis that levels of some metals are higher in today's shells, reflecting increasing anthropogenic impact. We observed lower metal concentrations (with the exception of Cd) in shells found by archaeologists (n = 35) than in recently harvested mussel shells (n = 14) (Unio crassus, Unio pictorum, Unio tumidus) in the same water bodies. There were no significant differences in metal levels among species in shells found by archaeologists, while in recently harvested mussels almost all metals for which we tested were found in their highest levels in Unio crassus. The results suggest that metal concentrations in prehistoric times were lower than today, which probably reflects human impact, rather than changes in the geochemical structure of rocks. The results also revealed that metal transfer between mussel shells and surrounding deposits does not occur. We therefore suggest that they might be successfully used as independent bioindicators.

A pesticide is a chemical substance used for the disposal of pests, such as insects, weeds, invertebrates, or rodents. Pesticides interfere with the normal metabolism of the target species; however, some of them may inadvertently affect organisms other than those targeted. Increased quantities of pesticides in water disturb various ecological processes and may increase the mortality rate of various native species of flora and fauna. One of the groups of organisms that are at the greatest risk from the adverse effects of pesticides is the bivalves. This study was designed to assess the behavioural reaction of bivalves to widespread pesticides. As a representative example, the Polish native Unio tumidus (Philipsson 1788) was used. The study investigated different groups of toxic pesticides, such as herbicides (lenacil), insecticides (thiacloprid, DDT and dichlorvos), and fungicides (tebuconazole), in concentrations of 10 mg L−1. The results showed various behavioural reactions of bivalves to the pesticides. The most evident were activity time and shell opening rate. Moreover, as a result of DDVP contamination, effects were recorded in terms of shell opening level as well as rapid onset of death. Among the five analysed plant protection products, the most toxic was DDVP. Its presence caused adductor muscle paralysis in all analysed individuals. The least toxic pesticides were DDT and thiacloprid. A strong reaction to lenacil was observed especially in the shell opening rate. Tebuconazole caused significant reductions in activity. Despite the fact that the impact of pesticides on ecosystems is under regular observation, with the use of a wide range of scientific techniques, the use of bivalves was shown to have considerable potential for water quality monitoring.

Bivalves represent one of the most important components of freshwater zoobenthos, and their shells provide a substrate for many organisms to create epibiotic communities of predominantly facultative nature. Thus far, information regarding colonization of Unio tumidus by microorganism assemblages has been almost absent. Moreover, data on the functioning of trophic networks created by epibionts are also unavailable. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the assemblage of epibiotic microorganisms inhabiting live and dead bivalves with regard to the physicochemical properties of the habitat and determine whether stable isotope levels in primary producers and consumers colonizing bivalve shells exhibit significant seasonal variability. The substrate characteristic and physicochemical properties of water – primarily biogenic compounds and total organic carbon clearly modified the taxonomic composition of microorganisms and the function of the trophic network. This was reflected by the increased diversity of microorganisms (phycoflora, ciliates and rotifers) on live bivalves and the increase in their abundance on dead bivalves. The level of stable isotopes exhibited clear seasonal variability in individual components of the epibiotic trophic network, whereas food preferences of the potential consumers (protozoans and rotifers) depended significantly on the availability and abundance of food.

81. Unio tumidus Philipsson, 1788 Findings in Serbia. Unio tumidus tumidus: Doki&cacute; (1882); Droüet (1881, 1884); Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio tumidus solidus: Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio tumidus: Arambaši&cacute; (1994); &Zcaron;ivi&cacute; et al. (2001); JDS-ITR Report (2002); Paunovi&cacute; et al. (2005, 2006, 2007 a, 2012 a); Simi&cacute; et al. (2006); Tomovi&cacute; et al. (2010 b, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016); Rakovi&cacute; (2015); Novakovi&cacute; (2012); Savi&cacute; (2012); Martinovi&cacute;-Vitanovi&cacute; et al. (2013); Luci&cacute; et al. (2015), Zori&cacute; et al. (2020). Common name. Swollen river mussel. Morphology. Large bivalve. Solid, ovoid tumid shell with a very rounded ventral margin. Its dimensions reach 80 mm (rarely up to 120 mm) in length, 40 mm in height and 35 mm in depth. For more details see Welter-Schultes (2012: 15, figure on the top of the page). Distribution and ecology. Western Palearctic species widespread in Europe. It has similar habitat requirements as U. pictorum , and generally occurs in slow-flowing large rivers, less frequently in lakes and reservoirs, with a dominance of a muddy substrate. In Serbia, this is one of the most common and widespread bivalves. It has been recorded along almost the entire courses of the Danube, Sava, Tisza, Velika Morava, Zapadna and Ju&zcaron;na Morava Rivers. Other remarks. Due to pollution and habitats destruction this species is critically endangered in Austria and endangered in Germany and Spain. It has 90 nominal species as synonyms (Graf &Cummings 2021). It has been assessed as LC, yet with decreasing population trend, on the IUCN Red List (Vavrova 2011 d)., Published as part of Marković, Vanja, Gojšina, Vukašin, Novaković, Boris, Božanić, Milenka, Stojanović, Katarina, Karan-Žnidaršič, Tamara & Živić, Ivana, 2021, The freshwater molluscs of Serbia: Annotated checklist with remarks on distribution and protection status, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5003 (1) on pages 38-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5003.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5120059, {"references":["Dokic, L. (1882) Skoljke u Srbiji. Grada za faunu Kraljecine Srbije. Kraljevsko-srpska drzavna stamparija, Beograd, 36 pp. [in Serbian]","Tadic, A. (1960) Najvazniji predstavnici skoljaka roda Unio iz Save, Dunava i Kopackog jezera. Prirodnjacki muzej, Beograd, 46 pp. [in Serbian]","Arambasic, M. (1994) Composition and structure of mollusc fauna of the Yugoslav part of the Danube and saprobity estimation. In: Jankovic, D. & Jovicic, M. (Eds.), The Danube in Yugoslavia: Contamination, protection and exploitation. Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, Beograd, pp. 124 - 130.","Zivic, I., Markovic, Z. & Brajkovic, M. (2001) Macrozoobenthos in the Pusta Reka river, left tributary of the South Morava river. Archives of Biological Sciences, 53 (3 - 4), 109 - 122.","JDS-ITR National Tisza Report (2002) Report on the joint investigation of the Tisza River on the territory of the FR Yugoslavia within the international JDS-ITR Program. Federal Hydro- Meteorological Institute, Belgrade, 52 pp.","Paunovic, M., Simic, V., Jakovcev-Todorovic, D. & Stojanovic, B. (2005) Results on macroinvertebrate community investi- gation in the Danube River in the sector upstream the Iron Gate (1083 - 1071 km). Archives of Biological Sciences, 57, 57 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.2298 / ABS 0501057 P","Simic, V., Simic, S., Petrovic, A., Paunovic, M., Soric, V. & Dimitrijevic, V. (2006) Biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems in Serbia (BAES ex situ online database). Faculty of Sciences, Kragujevac. Available from: http: // baes. pmf. kg. ac. rs (accessed 12 April 2015)","Tomovic, J., Vrankovic, J., Zoric, K., Borkovic Mitic, S., Pavlovic, S., Saicic, Z. & Paunovic, M. (2010 b) Malakofauna of the Serbian stretch of the Danube River and studied tributaries (the Tisza, Sava and Velika Morava). In: Paunovic, M, Simonovic, P, Simic, V. & Simic, S. (Eds.), Danube in Serbia - Joint Danube survey 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management - Directorate for Water, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Institute for Biology and Ecology, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research \" Sinisa Stankovic \", Belgrade, pp. 207 - 224.","Rakovic, M. (2015) Diversity of Molluscs in the Danube River (1260 - 863.5 rkm) and Taxonomic Analysis of the Genera Planorbarius, Radix, Physella and Ferrissia (Pulmonata: Basommatophora). 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In: Milacic, R, Scancar, J. & Paunovic, M. (Eds.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 31. The Sava River. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, pp. 335 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 44034 - 6 _ 13","Zoric, K., Atanackovic, A., Tomovic, J., Vasiljevic, B., Tubic, B. & Paunovic, M. (2020) Diversity of Alien Macroinvertebrate Species in Serbian Waters. Water, 12 (12), 3521. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / w 12123521","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification, planet poster editions. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 674 pp. [in German]","Graf, D. L. & Cummings, K. S. (2021) The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). Available from: http: // www. mussel-project. net / (accessed 20 March 2021)","Vavrova, L. (2011 d) Unio tumidus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2011, e. T 156111 A 4899186. [downloaded 4 May 2021]"]}

80. Unio pictorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Findings in Serbia. Unio pictorum platyrhynchus: Doki&cacute; (1882); Droüet (1882, 1884); Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio pictorum f. longirostris: Doki&cacute; (1882); Droüet (1881, 1884); Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio pictorum: Arambaši&cacute; (1994); &Zcaron;ivi&cacute; et al. (2001); JDS-ITR Report (2002); Paunovi&cacute; et al. (2005, 2006, 2007 a, 2012 a); Tomovi&cacute; et al. (2010 b, 2013, 2014); Tomovi&cacute; (2016); Rakovi&cacute; (2015); Novakovi&cacute; (2012); Martinovi&cacute;-Vitanovi&cacute; et al. (2007, 2013); Luci&cacute; et al. (2015); Zori&cacute; et al. (2020). Common name. Painter’s mussel. Morphology. Large bivalve. Shell is elongate-shaped with straight, parallel dorsal and ventral margins, tapered posterior end, and rounded anterior end. It reaches dimensions up to 100 mm (rarely up to 140 mm) in length, 40 mm in height and 30 mm in depth. For more details see Welter-Schultes (2012: 14, figure on the top of the page). Distribution and ecology. Western Palearctic species widespread in Europe, from the Atlantic to the Ural region, Black and Caspian Sea basins (Van Damme 2011a). Introduced to the Amur Basin, eastern Asia (Graf & Cummings 2021). Commonly found on a muddy substrate in larger lowland rivers (Aldridge 1999). In Serbia, it mostly occurs in large lowland rivers, canals, lakes and reservoirs, and it has been recorded along almost the entire stretches of the Danube, Sava and Tisza Rivers, and in the lower parts of the Velika Morava and Ju&zcaron;na Morava Rivers. Other remarks. In some parts of its general distribution range the populations of Unio pictorum are declining, while in others it is spreading in smaller waters and reservoirs replacing rare U. crassus Philipsson, 1788 (Welter-Schultes 2012). In Serbia populations of U. pictorum have been spreading in the larger rivers. There are 159 nominal species as synonyms. (Graf &Cummings 2021). On the IUCN Red List it has been assessed as LC (Vavrova 2011 c)., Published as part of Marković, Vanja, Gojšina, Vukašin, Novaković, Boris, Božanić, Milenka, Stojanović, Katarina, Karan-Žnidaršič, Tamara & Živić, Ivana, 2021, The freshwater molluscs of Serbia: Annotated checklist with remarks on distribution and protection status, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5003 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5003.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5120059, {"references":["Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Apud J. B. Delamolliere, Detroit, Lugduni, 220 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Dokic, L. (1882) Skoljke u Srbiji. Grada za faunu Kraljecine Srbije. Kraljevsko-srpska drzavna stamparija, Beograd, 36 pp. [in Serbian]","Drouet, H. (1882) Unionidae de la Serbie. s. n., Paris, 40 pp.","Drouet, H. (1884) Suppl. Unionidae de la Serbie. s. n., Paris, pp. 159 - 174.","Tadic, A. (1960) Najvazniji predstavnici skoljaka roda Unio iz Save, Dunava i Kopackog jezera. Prirodnjacki muzej, Beograd, 46 pp. [in Serbian]","Arambasic, M. (1994) Composition and structure of mollusc fauna of the Yugoslav part of the Danube and saprobity estimation. In: Jankovic, D. & Jovicic, M. (Eds.), The Danube in Yugoslavia: Contamination, protection and exploitation. Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic, Beograd, pp. 124 - 130.","Zivic, I., Markovic, Z. & Brajkovic, M. (2001) Macrozoobenthos in the Pusta Reka river, left tributary of the South Morava river. Archives of Biological Sciences, 53 (3 - 4), 109 - 122.","JDS-ITR National Tisza Report (2002) Report on the joint investigation of the Tisza River on the territory of the FR Yugoslavia within the international JDS-ITR Program. Federal Hydro- Meteorological Institute, Belgrade, 52 pp.","Paunovic, M., Simic, V., Jakovcev-Todorovic, D. & Stojanovic, B. (2005) Results on macroinvertebrate community investi- gation in the Danube River in the sector upstream the Iron Gate (1083 - 1071 km). Archives of Biological Sciences, 57, 57 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.2298 / ABS 0501057 P","Tomovic, J., Vrankovic, J., Zoric, K., Borkovic Mitic, S., Pavlovic, S., Saicic, Z. & Paunovic, M. (2010 b) Malakofauna of the Serbian stretch of the Danube River and studied tributaries (the Tisza, Sava and Velika Morava). In: Paunovic, M, Simonovic, P, Simic, V. & Simic, S. (Eds.), Danube in Serbia - Joint Danube survey 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management - Directorate for Water, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Institute for Biology and Ecology, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research \" Sinisa Stankovic \", Belgrade, pp. 207 - 224.","Tomovic, J. (2016) Ekologija, biodiverzitet i konzervacija slatkovodnih skoljki familije Unionidae u Srbiji. Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Kragujevac, 157 pp. [PhD. thesis, in Serbian]","Rakovic, M. (2015) Diversity of Molluscs in the Danube River (1260 - 863.5 rkm) and Taxonomic Analysis of the Genera Planorbarius, Radix, Physella and Ferrissia (Pulmonata: Basommatophora). University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 147 pp. [PhD. thesis, in Serbian]","Novakovic, B. (2012) Indicative ecological status assessment of the Juzna Morava River based on aquatic macroinvertebrates. Water research and management, 2 (4), 45 - 50.","Lucic, A., Paunovic, М., Tomovic, J., Kovacevic, S., Zoric, K., Simic, V., Atanackovic, A., Markovic, V., Kracun-Kolarevic, M., Hudina, S., Lajtner, J., Gottstein, S., Milosevic, D., Andus, S., Zganec, K., Jaklic, M., Simcic, T. & Vilenica, M. (2015) Aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Sava River. In: Milacic, R, Scancar, J. & Paunovic, M. (Eds.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 31. The Sava River. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, pp. 335 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 44034 - 6 _ 13","Zoric, K., Atanackovic, A., Tomovic, J., Vasiljevic, B., Tubic, B. & Paunovic, M. (2020) Diversity of Alien Macroinvertebrate Species in Serbian Waters. Water, 12 (12), 3521. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / w 12123521","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification, planet poster editions. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 674 pp. [in German]","Aldridge, D. C. (1999) The morphology, growth and reproduction of Unionidae (Bivalvia) in a Fenland waterway. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 65, 47 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / mollus / 65.1.47","Graf, D. L. & Cummings, K. S. (2021) The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). Available from: http: // www. mussel-project. net / (accessed 20 March 2021)","Vavrova, L. (2011 c) Unio pictorum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2011, e. T 155543 A 4796089. [downloaded 4 May 2021]"]}

82. Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 Findings in Serbia. Unio stevenianus: Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio dokici: Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio piscinalis: Droüet (1881, 1884); Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio cytherea: Droüet (1881, 1884); Doki&cacute; (1882); Tadi&cacute; (1960). Unio crassus: Doki&cacute; (1882); Tadi&cacute; (1960); Markovi&cacute; (1999); &Zcaron;ivi&cacute; et al. (2001); JDS-ITR Report (2002); Simi&cacute; et al. (2006); Novakovi&cacute; (2012, pers. comm. 2012, 2014, 2018); Savi&cacute; (2012); Rakovi&cacute; (2015); Luci&cacute; et al. (2015); Tomovi&cacute; et al. (2010 b); Tomovi&cacute; (2016). Common name. Thick shelled river mussel. Morphology. Large bivalve. Shell is distinctly rounded in the posterior end, with a completely rounded dorsal margin. It reaches 70 mm (rarely up to 120 mm) in length, 45 mm in height and 35 mm in depth. For more details see Welter-Schultes (2012: 12, figure on the top of the page). Distribution and ecology. Western Palearctic species preferring clean waters (rivers and smaller watercourses) in lowland regions. It usually could be found on a sandy or stony substrate, avoiding polluted muddy rivers. In Serbia it has been found in the Sava, Tisza, Velika and Zapadna Morava, Nišava and Kolubara Rivers and catchments. There are also sporadic findings of the species in the Danube River (Tadi&cacute; 1960; Tomovi&cacute; et al. 2016). This mussel rarely reaches altitudes over 300 m. a.s.l. in Serbia, while in the neighboring Bulgaria, for example, an abundant population has been recorded as high as nearly 900 m. a.s.l. (Kenderov & Sashov 2017). Other remarks. Despite its relatively wide distribution range it is one of Europe’s most endangered freshwater mussel taxa, being assessed as EN on the IUCN Red List (Lopes-Lima et al. 2014 a) and listed in the 92/43 EEC Directive (annexes II and IV; Directive, 1992). The species is protected on national level as well by Serbian national regulative (Annex 1-strictly protected species; Official Gazette of RS 5/2010, 47/2011, 32/2016, 98/2016). One of the limiting ecological factors for this species are juveniles, which are extremely sensitive to any pollution and require well-oxygenated waters (Welter-Schultes 2012). There are 318 nominal species as synonyms (Graf & Cummings 2021)., Published as part of Marković, Vanja, Gojšina, Vukašin, Novaković, Boris, Božanić, Milenka, Stojanović, Katarina, Karan-Žnidaršič, Tamara & Živić, Ivana, 2021, The freshwater molluscs of Serbia: Annotated checklist with remarks on distribution and protection status, pp. 1-64 in Zootaxa 5003 (1) on page 39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5003.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5120059, {"references":["Tadic, A. (1960) Najvazniji predstavnici skoljaka roda Unio iz Save, Dunava i Kopackog jezera. Prirodnjacki muzej, Beograd, 46 pp. [in Serbian]","Dokic, L. (1882) Skoljke u Srbiji. Grada za faunu Kraljecine Srbije. Kraljevsko-srpska drzavna stamparija, Beograd, 36 pp. [in Serbian]","Zivic, I., Markovic, Z. & Brajkovic, M. (2001) Macrozoobenthos in the Pusta Reka river, left tributary of the South Morava river. Archives of Biological Sciences, 53 (3 - 4), 109 - 122.","JDS-ITR National Tisza Report (2002) Report on the joint investigation of the Tisza River on the territory of the FR Yugoslavia within the international JDS-ITR Program. Federal Hydro- Meteorological Institute, Belgrade, 52 pp.","Simic, V., Simic, S., Petrovic, A., Paunovic, M., Soric, V. & Dimitrijevic, V. (2006) Biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems in Serbia (BAES ex situ online database). Faculty of Sciences, Kragujevac. Available from: http: // baes. pmf. kg. ac. rs (accessed 12 April 2015)","Novakovic, B. (2012) Indicative ecological status assessment of the Juzna Morava River based on aquatic macroinvertebrates. Water research and management, 2 (4), 45 - 50.","Savic, A. (2012) Ecological analysis of macrozoobenthos communities in the Nisava River. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 172 pp. [PhD. Thesis, in Serbian]","Rakovic, M. (2015) Diversity of Molluscs in the Danube River (1260 - 863.5 rkm) and Taxonomic Analysis of the Genera Planorbarius, Radix, Physella and Ferrissia (Pulmonata: Basommatophora). University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 147 pp. [PhD. thesis, in Serbian]","Lucic, A., Paunovic, М., Tomovic, J., Kovacevic, S., Zoric, K., Simic, V., Atanackovic, A., Markovic, V., Kracun-Kolarevic, M., Hudina, S., Lajtner, J., Gottstein, S., Milosevic, D., Andus, S., Zganec, K., Jaklic, M., Simcic, T. & Vilenica, M. (2015) Aquatic macroinvertebrates of the Sava River. In: Milacic, R, Scancar, J. & Paunovic, M. (Eds.), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 31. The Sava River. Springer, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, pp. 335 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 44034 - 6 _ 13","Tomovic, J., Vrankovic, J., Zoric, K., Borkovic Mitic, S., Pavlovic, S., Saicic, Z. & Paunovic, M. (2010 b) Malakofauna of the Serbian stretch of the Danube River and studied tributaries (the Tisza, Sava and Velika Morava). In: Paunovic, M, Simonovic, P, Simic, V. & Simic, S. (Eds.), Danube in Serbia - Joint Danube survey 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management - Directorate for Water, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Institute for Biology and Ecology, University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research \" Sinisa Stankovic \", Belgrade, pp. 207 - 224.","Tomovic, J. (2016) Ekologija, biodiverzitet i konzervacija slatkovodnih skoljki familije Unionidae u Srbiji. Univerzitet u Kragujevcu, Kragujevac, 157 pp. [PhD. thesis, in Serbian]","Welter-Schultes, F. W. (2012) European non-marine molluscs, a guide for species identification, planet poster editions. Planet Poster Editions, Gottingen, 674 pp. [in German]","Kenderov, L. & Sashov, Y. (2017) New record of thick shelled river mussel Unio crassus (Unionidae, Bivalvia) from Palakaria river, Bulgaria. Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection, 9, 96 - 99.","Lopes-Lima, M., Kebapcy, U. & Van Damme, D. (2014 a) Unio crassus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2014, e. T 22736 A 42465628. Available from: https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2014 - 1. RLTS. T 22736 A 42465628. en (accessed 11 March 2021)","Directive, H. (1992) Council Directive 92 / 43 / EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora. Official Journal of the European Union, 206, 7 - 50.","Graf, D. L. & Cummings, K. S. (2021) The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). Available from: http: // www. mussel-project. net / (accessed 20 March 2021)"]}