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The article focuses on the trajectories of care and attention during pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum that the shipibo-konibo women of the self-proclaimed Shipibo-konibo Community of Cashahuacra go through. This community was formed almost 15 years ago when a group of families from this amazonian indigenous people from Ucayali settled in the Cashahuacra ravine (Santa Eulalia District, Huarochirí province). More than detailing the practices and knowledge of these trajectories, I emphasize how this social space under construction, which is this indigenous community located in a marginal urban area, characterized by poverty and constant mobility, leaves its mark on the formation of these trajectories. In these, the knowledge and practices of the Shipibo-konibo culture are current but without rejecting those coming from institutional medicine against which there is a critical and pragmatic view in accordance with what it means for a shipibo-konibo woman to be a mother in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of urban migration on the mental health of young women, focusing specifically on how objective life stressors, perceived neighborhood safety, and subjective socioeconomic status influence depression. Depression is the main outcome measure in this research, serving as a critical indicator of mental health in the context of urban migration. Utilizing a stratified cluster sampling approach, we collect data from 2138 young female migrants in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, employing the Life Stress Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items, Perceived Neighborhood Safety Scale, and Subjective Social Economic Status Scale to assess the corresponding constructs. Our findings highlight that life stressors directly contribute to increased depression levels among young female migrants, with perceived neighborhood safety significantly mediating this relationship. Furthermore, subjective socioeconomic status moderates the impact of life stressors on perceived neighborhood safety, underlining the intricate dynamics between objective life stressors and the social-environmental context in shaping mental health outcomes. This research underscores the importance of creating supportive and inclusive social environments to mitigate the adverse psychological effects of life stressors on young female migrants, thereby contributing to discussions on sustainability and social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is conducted in two major regions of Somalia: Lower and Middle Shabele in order to get a deep insight in the idea of socio-economic rural-urban migration patterns. People from rural areas prefer to move toward big cities under different socioeconomic factors. This research study revolves around the concept of rural-urban migration from the countryside of Somalia. It is briefly defining the concept of rural-urban migration. As urbanization is the process by which rural communities starts growing in an urban area or cities for the growth of expansion, for their standards of living, for excellent health facilities, for high education, jobs and several other social and economic reasons. The target areas from Lower and Middle Shabele are: Marka, Barawe, while from Afgoi Province the researcher will include Johar, Balcad, because these are the cities where people used to migrate immensely. The sample size will be 100 people from different areas. This research will be based on quantitative. Data is collected through questionnaire. Results will be presented in tabulation and percentage form. The suggestions will be presented by the researcher according to the results of the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are dynamic systems that grow or decline under different factors. Urban shrinkage is one of the new phenomena in urban literature that was considered in the first decade of the 21st century. In fact, this concept represents a kind of urban decline that is affected by population decline, economy, environment, and other urban dimensions. The multidimensional and causal nature of this phenomenon has led to it appearing in the form of vicious cycles causing death in affected cities over time. Many factors from global to local levels can create or intensify this, including globalisation, competition, deindustrialisation, suburbanisation, and political decline. Numerous studies and researches have in developed countries have measured the causes and effects of this phenomenon, but despite the importance of this concept, very litile has been done in developing countries so far. This study aims to introduce urban shrinkage as one of the important issues largely neglected in the global south, and to investigate the drivers of urban shrinkage in the small-size town of Harsin. The research method is quantitative and qualitative, so that on the one hand, by examining the relevant statistics, the amount of population changes in different periods has been calculated, whilst on the other hand, by a content analysis of interviews with immigrants allows for the themes related to urban shrinkage, and thereby the drivers of this phenomenon to be extracted. Examining the population studies of Kermanshah province, the research shows that in the cities of this province, five cities have lost population between2012 to 2017, with Harsin ranking highest with 11.6%. The content analysis of interviews shows that the most important drivers of Harsin urban shrinkage are to do with employment, lack of amenities, and socio-political problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the consequences of female rural-urban migration with respect to their education, career, and relationship and family formation in the Netherlands. The study is based on four birth cohorts of Dutch women born in 1970-1973 in rural areas, comparing those who had migrated to urban areas before the age of 25 with those who had remained behind. Outcomes were measured at age 42. The data were derived from administrative registers available at Statistics Netherlands. The results show that female migration to cities served to increase women's resources: they were more often university educated and had better paid jobs, in line with the idea of cities as socioeconomic escalators. The city also functioned as a relationship market with a relative abundance of men with resources. Both lower and university educated city women were more likely to be in a relationship with a highly educated man compared to their rural peers. However, lower educated women had an increased probability of being single at age 42 when they lived in cities at age 25. This was not the case for university educated women. In conclusion, for lower educated women urban migration may entail risks as well as benefits, especially with respect to family formation. University educated women on the other hand benefited both in terms of their own socioeconomic outcomes and in terms of their partners' resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trained as an architect, archaeologist, and urban planner, Michel Écochard was both a prominent proponent of Modernist architecture and a conservation architect with a deep appreciation of traditional construction methods and architectural forms. Working in territories where social and economic conditions were quickly changing, Middle East, Africa, and South Asia, Écochard proposed an unconventional method for imagining cities and communities’ development that merged Eastern and Western models. This paper briefly surveys his career, framing it as a search for a “Third Way,” then focuses on a more detailed analysis of two projects, both of which were responses to mass migration.The first project, carried out from 1946 to 1953 as head of the Department of Urban Development in Morocco, was a specific urban planning solution for migrants from rural areas. The second is a planning strategy proposed to address the problem of refugees that had begun coming to Pakistan due to the partition of India and Pakistan in 1947. In carrying out both projects, Michel Écochard developed extensive visual materials to analyse the sites’ social and physical characteristics and convey his vision to others. This paper analyses these materials in detail, relying on both published illustrations and the Michel Écochard Archive of the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT to clearly understand his vision and measure the degree to which it has been achieved.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.28.2022.7

Cities accommodate population growth both through the densification of their existing footprints and through their expansion into their rural peripheries. In recent decades, most population growth has been accommodated through urban expansion. In the Global South, where most urban population growth now takes place, urban expansion occurs in a haphazard, unplanned manner, making cities less productive, less inclusive, less resilient, and less sustainable. This editorial provides a non-technical introduction to the subject of urban expansion, providing the context for the articles in the special issue. The pace and dimensions of global urban expansion and the political contexts in which it occurs are explored and explained. The adverse consequences of unplanned urban expansion are considered, and a case is made for the public sector to assume a key role in preparing rapidly growing cities for their inevitable growth. Seven principles are provided for the public sector to guide planned urban expansion. A set of questions is presented that together form a comprehensive future research agenda on urban expansion.

Cities accommodate population growth both through the densification of their existing footprints and through their expansion into their rural peripheries. In recent decades, most population growth has been accommodated through urban expansion. In the Global South, where most urban population growth now takes place, urban expansion occurs in a haphazard, unplanned manner, making cities less productive, less inclusive, less resilient, and less sustainable. This editorial provides a non-technical introduction to the subject of urban expansion, providing the context for the articles in the special issue. The pace and dimensions of global urban expansion and the political contexts in which it occurs are explored and explained. The adverse consequences of unplanned urban expansion are considered, and a case is made for the public sector to assume a key role in preparing rapidly growing cities for their inevitable growth. Seven principles are provided for the public sector to guide planned urban expansion. A set of questions is presented that together form a comprehensive future research agenda on urban expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The winds of change are often blown by forces of nature like draught, famine, floods, earthquakes, and deadly pandemics which displace the craft communities from their native lands for livelihood. Despite this the handloom sector has suffered severe setbacks in the past decades and has struggled to cope with them. The paper aims to study the handloom craft design system of India, recognizing the strategies to strengthen and develop sustainable craft design system for handloom weavers. This exploratory paper is based on a review of the literature and observations. Case studies of the design interventions, craft study and chronology, at various handloom craft clusters are analyzed to understand the impact on the handloom craft design system, the transition from physical to digital retail that has penetrated the handloom weaving communities, government, and NGO organizations' support and nature of funding models involved. Craft design education and consumer awareness would increase sensitivity to changing markets scenarios. Communication about the textile process and authenticity is important to encourage the consumers to make mindful choices and support authentic handloom textiles which are integral to slow fashion. The system-based approach for sustainable craft design is essential to bring wholistic and value-based strategies for resurgent handloom weaving communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urban expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa is a challenging policy problem with few demonstrated solutions. An approach for managing rapid urbanization resulted in considerable changes in planning strategies in cities in Ethiopia. An initiative from 2013 to 2016 created organizational capacities and capabilities. An external consultant facilitated knowledge exchange, but left the major planning activities to the public sector bodies. Local technical staff and political leaders were trained to create and implement plans for the next 30 years of urban growth in their cities. The paper describes the role of knowledge exchange in empowering local government officials to implement the approach. It outlines the approach itself and then describes the process of knowledge exchange and the challenges and successes that resulted. 'Practice relevance' Urban planning and expansion require forethought as well as sustained effort for delivery over time. A successful intervention is presented together with a core factor of knowledge exchange. The role of the external consultant team was unusual: to provide a limited amount of input data and instead focus on guidance and advice. The significance of simple ideas is their ease of sharing amongst policymakers as a strategy for producing local ownership. Diffusion and dissemination of good ideas often stops after a single expensive and time-consuming pilot project, in part because complexity prevents the participants from attaining expertise to spread the idea without external support. Urban expansion planning is framed as an example of a planning approach that emphasized knowledge exchange. The conclusions could also apply to the development of any future planning techniques that depend on local implementation and uptake.

Dalit people and Dalit women especially experience deep prejudice and pressures in Indian society. This paper highlights these challenges in a specific region of India, the village of Keeranur. The authors explore how to eradicate inequality and how Dalits can live with dignity in society as human beings. Both researchers and Dalits themselves as victims also propose alternative conditions to their current lives. We have gathered first-hand information from 67 Dalit women who reside in the village of Keeranur. In India, four states account for 50% of the Dalit population, according to the 2011 census. Tamilnadu and the hamlet of Keeranur are part of those four states. We evaluated survey instruments for validity and reliability using a pilot test. Logistic regression and exploratory factor analysis were used for the data analysis to determine whether or not Dalits continue to experience crises based on their identities. According to the in-depth report, the researchers discovered that Dalit women still experience sexism, inequality, impoverishment, and difficulties stemming from their identity, in their daily lives. One of the important findings from the study is that urban migration of Dalit women can shield them from their vulnerable identities. As part of this study, we also developed a model that illustrates the various ways Dalits' identity and standard of living might be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brussels is struggling with a negative image as a living environment. This converges with an outward migration of economically better-off inhabitants, which has a negative effect on tax revenues. Improving the image of Brussels has thus become a policy priority. This paper investigates perceptions about Brussels within three subpopulations: Brussels residents, commuters and non-residents. By applying cluster analysis to 180 interviews, distinctive patterns in the perceptions are found. These findings suggest that beliefs about Brussels are both mediated by people's affinity with the city and resonate with ingrained urban and anti-urban ideologies. Lessons for policy and place marketing are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urban expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa is a challenging policy problem with few demonstrated solutions. An approach for managing rapid urbanization resulted in considerable changes in planning strategies in cities in Ethiopia. An initiative from 2013 to 2016 created organizational capacities and capabilities. An external consultant facilitated knowledge exchange, but left the major planning activities to the public sector bodies. Local technical staff and political leaders were trained to create and implement plans for the next 30 years of urban growth in their cities. The paper describes the role of knowledge exchange in empowering local government officials to implement the approach. It outlines the approach itself and then describes the process of knowledge exchange and the challenges and successes that resulted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known regarding the life satisfaction of rural-to-urban migrants in China. In this study we assessed whether self-esteem and perceived social support mediated the association between rural-to-urban migrants' acculturative stress and life satisfaction. We use convenience sampling to recruit 712 migrants who were employed at construction sites in Nanjing for the study. Results reveal that acculturative stress was negatively related to self-esteem, perceived social support, and life satisfaction; self-esteem was positively associated with perceived social support and life satisfaction; and perceived social support was a significant and positive predictor of life satisfaction. In addition, we found that self-esteem and perceived social support partially mediated the relationship between acculturative stress and life satisfaction. Our findings provide a better understanding of life satisfaction over the course of migration, and add to knowledge of psychological well-being and mental health among rural-to-urban migrants in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for anthropic needs and urban development has highlighted the importance of monitoring and change detection of land use land cover (LULC). With an increase in agricultural expansion and infrastructural development, every land surface on earth calls for a long-term investigation of land modification patterns and their underlying contributory factors. The present investigation monitors the LULC changes and assesses the process controls in Kohima and Dimapur districts of Nagaland, India. Currently, these two districts encompassing the main urban cities of the hilly state are experiencing rapid urbanization and unplanned developmental activities. Alike any other LULC changes observed in unplanned and developing cities, these districts are likely to face environmental degradation, and particularly, the occurrence of frequent landslides and flash floods. The study has three objectives—(i) LULC mapping of Kohima and Dimapur districts for three periods (1998, 2008, and 2018), (ii) comparative analysis of LULC change patterns in the two districts during the three epochs (1998–2008, 2008–2018, and 1998–2018), and (iii) assessment of the contributory factors. For the study, remotely sensed LANDSAT images (TM and OLI) in Geographical Information System (GIS) platform were utilized along with field surveys. Supervised classification technique was employed and four major LULC classes were identified using Landsat level-1 classification system. The overall accuracy of the classification varied between 91 and 98%. Results showed that Built Up areas have increased significantly in both the districts at the rate of 322.6 ha/year in Kohima and 301.9 ha/year in Dimapur during 1998–2018. On the other hand, Agricultural Land and Forest Land declined in both districts. Changes in LULC were mainly due to marginalization of shifting cultivation, deforestation, infrastructural development, urban migration, and flourishing of aquaculture farming. This study furnishes baseline information on LULC in the data-scarce region of Northeast India and is an insinuation to the policy-makers to ensure sustainable land use planning in the face of rapid urbanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although agricultural subsidies are usually seen in high‐income countries with small agricultural labour forces, China started to heavily subsidise agriculture when its per‐capita income was very low and more than half of its population was working in agriculture. A concern is that these abnormal agricultural subsidies may have significantly retarded China's urbanisation process by reducing rural–urban migration. Based on a panel of county‐level data from 1,878 Chinese counties, we found that agricultural subsidies reduced China's yearly outflow of agricultural labour by 0.68 million people (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 0.67–0.69) – about 5.7 per cent of the annual rural–urban migration observed during the sample period. We concluded that abnormal agricultural subsidies are a significant cause of China's widely observed under‐urbanisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An original approach was used to examine how staple food choice differs by gender and migration: this consisted of a quantitative survey (six locations with urban consumers from various economic classes (n = 123)), a qualitative in-depth interview with a subset of those consumers (n = 18), and focus group discussions (n = 13). Men and women had similar results in terms of their preferred staple food choice attributes; yet women indicated consuming more rice and banana, and men, more maize and cassava (Chi-squared test; p <.05). Migration status and life stage (formative or adult years) also influenced the type and diversity of staple crops reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2010 there were more migrants from urban center to rural area due to the increase of retirees population and willingness to seek alternative lifestyles to a neo-liberal society. By this migrants movement, rural policy makers expected and considered as a new source of labor to supplement the farming industry and to vitalize social activities in rural society, and to provide organizational ability to systemize rural projects in order to cope with a changing environment. However, it is not quite clear how these migrants may bring about changes in farming and in local communities. This paper will discuss the conditions and potentiality of these migrants in relation to farming projects. The paper argued that most migrants were well-educated, innovators for new farming practices, market oriented, tend to engage in health food production, and emphasize on eco-farming or environmentally friendly farming. As newcomers they have limitations in regards to farming technology, knowledge, physical power and land holdings. In regards to eco-friendly farming, they seem to be influenced more by NGOs and governmental support for organic farming. The migrants who do not farm mostly involved in village projects during the course of implementation. It was concluded that the migrants were very valuable assets to rural community and play a crucial role in putting together various interest groups in villages and establishing income-generating projects so that villagers can start being optimistic about their future.

Mass migration is increasing urban populations globally. One country where urban migration is significantly increasing is Bangladesh, where systematic research will explore the reasons for urban migration in order to devise policies in this area, including maintaining the balance of urban–rural developments. This study used the Urban Health Survey (UHS) 2013 to ascertain the reasons for urban migration in large divisional cities in Bangladesh. The 2013 survey examined the differences between male and female migration, alongside any significant sociodemographic factors that might contribute to their motivation for moving to the city. The survey revealed that a majority of women (64.8%) migrated for family purposes, for example, joining husbands or in-laws, or parents/children. However, in recent years, female migrants have been involved in income-generating activities mostly due to a recent garment-making boom in Dhaka and its suburbs. A higher proportion of men (85.3%) moved to urban areas for work-related reasons: searching for new jobs, better income, or transfer in services. Among the sample in this study, 77% of the respondents (79.3% female and 73.5% male) migrated from villages. This migration mostly centered on Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, where 68.1% of the total study sample migrated followed by 15.7% who went to Chittagong. The results indicate that the contemporary urban-centered economic policy in Bangladesh might require revision to accommodate the increased migrants from rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the many uncertainties of life in cities, promises of economic prosperity, social mobility and happiness have fuelled the imagination of generations of urban migrants in search of a better life. Access to jobs, housing and amenities, and fewer restrictions of personal choices are some of the perceived advantages of cities, characterised here as 'urban promises'. But while discourses celebrating the triumph of cities became increasingly common, urban rewards are not available everywhere and for everyone. Alongside opportunity, cities offer inequality, conflict and poor living conditions. Their narrative of promise has been persistent across different times and places, but the outcomes and experiences of urban life compare poorly with the overoptimistic expectations of many newcomers. And yet, millions still come and stay regardless of odds, raising the question why we have such positive and persistent expectations about cities. To examine this question, this paper considers the process of urban migration from the perspective of decision-making under uncertainty. It discusses how decisions and evaluations are based on imperfect information and offers a novel contribution by examining how the cognitive biases and heuristics which restrict human rationality shape our responses to urban promises. This approach may allow a better understanding of how people make decisions regarding urban migration, how they perceive their urban experiences and evaluate their life stories. We consider the prospects and limitations of the behavioural approach and discuss how biases favouring narratives of bright urban futures can be exploited by 'triumphalist' accounts of cities which neglect their embedded injustices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inversion hypothesis popularized by Ehrenhalt posits that recent urban migration trends in the United States constitute a reversal of the late 20th-century model of middle-class White flight to the suburbs and an urban core inhabited by a mostly working-class, minority population. The hypothesized blurring of the urban–suburban divide has led to calls that policymakers must seize the opportunity to foster racially and economically diverse urban schools before the inversion process is complete with the assumption that doing so will lead to more equitable educational opportunities. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the possibility of fostering racially and economically integrated urban schools in the context of school choice through a qualitative research synthesis of the decision making processes of predominantly White, middle-class families in the urban core as they make school choices. Findings from this research indicate that the decision making of parents in the studies sampled for this synthesis are bound up with their identity work as "city people"; that parents who go "against the grain" in choosing an urban public school perceive that choice to be a risky decision; and that those risks are mitigated by their access to cultural, social, and economic capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malang is a thriving city and destination of migration from rural areas. Vehicle ownership is one indicator of prosperity, but it has a negative effect on city traffic. In 2017 the city of Malang was the third most traffic jam city in Indonesia. This study used the 2016 National Socioeconomic Survey and aimed to see the influence of urbanization and socioeconomic conditions on the preference of owning a vehicle. Income is considered as a budget constraint to the ability to buy a vehicle and is related to the socio-economic conditions of each person. This study used an ordered probit method to measure the level of prosperity with 4 levels of output; those who have no vehicle, who owned at least one motorcycle, who owned at least one car, and who owned at least one car and one motorcycle. The result of the study showed that migration has a negative effect on vehicle ownership. While age has no significant effect, other socio-economic factors have a significant effect. The highest level of vehicle ownership in Malang Raya was one motorcycle, which means that the community in developing cities like Malang Raya was classified as a middle class. This study might be used by the government of Malang to control the growth of vehicles, by considering population growth and socio-economic conditions, to reduce the congestion problem in Malang Raya.