Search

Oxidative stress induced by medium-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVB) is one of the most dangerous environmental stressors for the skin. Therefore, various medicinal remedies aim to prevent the harmful effects of UVB or support the recovery of the damaged cells. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of bioactive phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) together with 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA), a stable, lipophilic derivative of the antioxidant vitamin C, on UVB-induced changes of proteome in cultured human keratinocytes 24 h after treatment. Surprisingly, proteomic analysis revealed very prominent CBG and EAA effects on kinases. These changes mainly influenced ERK1/2, IKK, MAP3K7, MAPK14, RIPK2, and NLK. Their expression was decreased by CBG and EAA, especially if used together after UVB-irradiation, so the effects of UVB were abolished restoring the profile of kinases to non-irradiated control. Moreover, CBG and EAA also reduced the UVB-induced modifications of proteins by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal, especially in the case of AKT, Camkk1, cJun, ERK1, IKKα, MAPK11 and PERK. We conclude that, by maintaining proteome stability and kinase-dependent signalling, both CBG and EAA may support the recovery of human keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation, especially if applied together, while the time-dependence of these effects should be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are secondary metabolites with high physiological importance for survival under ultraviolet radiation (UVR). This is particularly important in drylands, where cyanobacteria are the main components of biological soil crusts (biocrusts), which are subjected to strong natural solar UVB (280–315 nm) irradiation. This research aims to assess the capability of cyanobacteria isolated from biocrusts from Sejzi Plain, Iran, to produce EPS under UVB treatment. Using a top-down approach, two cyanobacterial species were isolated from biocrusts, and identified as Microcoleus vaginatus and Oscillatoria sp. Both taxa were exposed to controlled UVB radiation for 24, 48 and 72 h. Chlorophyll a content, more soluble EPS fraction (loosely bound EPS, LB-EPS), and less soluble EPS fraction (tightly bound EPS, TB EPS) production were measured. M. vaginatus and Oscillatoria sp. produced equal amounts of both EPS under the UVB treatment. A significant relationship was found for decreasing LB-EPS after 24 h of exposure to UVB, while the amount of TB EPS did not decrease, and even increased significantly after 48 and 72 h. The chlorophyll a content of treated cyanobacteria and their control culture was not significantly different. Therefore, under prolonged UVB up to 72 h, these cyanobacteria produced more TB-EPS than LB-EPS. Consequently, TB-EPS might contribute to higher survival under UVB than LB-EPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllosphere-associated microorganisms must deal with various abiotic stresses such as high-low temperature, low nutrients, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These collective actions may trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes cellular damage. Cellular defense mechanisms such as morphological changes (size or appearance), production of photo-protectant compounds, and enhancement of antioxidant activities, all of which may contribute to the suppression of ROS and significantly increase survival rates under UV radiation. In this study, five UVB-resistant plant growth-promoting methylotrophs (Methylorubrum thiocyanatum (SD2), Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii (UK3), Methylorubrum populi (KD5), and Methylobacterium brachiatum (KD1 and SD3)) were investigated as adaptive strategies against UVB radiation. Exposure to UVB radiation revealed that methylotrophs changed their morphology to club or dumbbell shapes, and formed biofilm-like structures. Furthermore, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analyses of the methanol-based intracellular extracts of methylotrophs revealed the presence of carotenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, and antioxidants. Additionally, methylotrophs showed enhanced antioxidant activities such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and proline content with increased UVB exposure (1 -4 h). These findings demonstrate the ability and various adaptation strategies of methylotrophs to survive UVB exposure. These adaptive strategies may be one reason for the promotion of plant growth by methylotrophs under UVB radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phospholipids and their metabolites play an important role in maintaining the membrane integrity and the metabolic functions of keratinocytes under physiological conditions and in the regeneration process after exposure to high-energy UVB radiation. Therefore, in the search for compounds with a protective and regenerative effect on keratinocyte phospholipids, the effectiveness of two antioxidant compounds has been tested: a stable derivative of ascorbic acid, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA) and cannabigerol (CBG), both of which are primarily located in the membrane structures of keratinocytes. In addition, this study has demonstrated that EAA and CBG, especially in a two-component combination, enhance the antioxidant properties of keratinocytes and reduce lipid peroxidation assessed at the level of MDA (malondialdehyde)/neuroprostanes. Moreover, by reducing the activity of enzymes that metabolise phospholipids, free PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and endocannabinoids (PLA2; phospholipase A2, COX1/2; cyclooxygenases 1/2, LOX-5; lipoxygenase 5, FAAH; fatty acid amide hydrolase, MAGL; monoacylglycerol lipase), antioxidants have been found to regulate the levels of endocannabinoids (AEA; anandamide, 2-AG; 2-arachidonoylglycerol, PEA; palmitoylethanolamide) and eicosanoids (PGD2; prostaglandin D2, PGE2; prostaglandin E2, 15-d-PGJ2; 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, 15-HETE; 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), that are enhanced by UVB radiation. The metabolic effect of both groups of PUFA metabolites is mainly related to the activation of G protein-related receptors (CB1/2; cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2, PPARγ; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, TRPV1; transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), the expression of which is reduced under the influence of EAA, CBG, and especially the two-component combination. It promotes the regeneration of keratinocyte metabolism disrupted by UVB, particularly in relation to redox balance and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of vegetables is essential for reducing the risk of noncommunicable diseases, yet global intake falls short of recommended levels. Enhancing the nutraceutical content of vegetables through postharvest abiotic stress, such as ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, offers a promising solution to increase health benefits. This study developed a user-friendly, at-home UVB device designed to increase the phytochemical content in common vegetables like carrots, lettuce, and broccoli. The device applies UVB radiation (305–315 nm) to fresh-cut vegetables, optimizing exposure time and intensity to maximize nutraceutical enrichment. The results demonstrated that UVB exposure increased the phenolic content by 44% in carrots, 58% in broccoli, and 10% in lettuce, with chlorogenic acid levels rising by 367% in lettuce, 547% in broccoli, and 43% in carrots after 48 h of storage. UVB treatment also enhanced antioxidant activity by up to 41% in broccoli and anti-inflammatory potential by 22% in carrots. In terms of gene expression, UVB treatment upregulated UCP-1 expression by 555% in carrots, enhanced thermogenesis, and increased SIRT-1 and ATGL expression by over 200%, promoting lipid metabolism. This process provides a convenient and efficient method for consumers to boost the health benefits of their vegetables. The study concludes that UVB-induced abiotic stress is an effective strategy to improve vegetable nutritional quality, offering a novel approach to increasing bioactive compound intake and aiding in the prevention of diet-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is characterized by excessive exfoliation of the epidermal layer due to enhanced pro-inflammatory signaling and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, further modulated by UV-based anti-psoriatic treatments. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of a lipid extract derived from the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica on the proteomic alterations induced by lipid derivatives in non-irradiated and UVB-irradiated keratinocytes from psoriatic skin lesions compared to keratinocytes from healthy individuals. The findings revealed that the microalgae extract diminished the viability of psoriatic keratinocytes without affecting the viability of these cells following UVB exposure. Notably, the microalgae extract led to an increased level of 4-HNE-protein adducts in non-irradiated cells and a reduction in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-protein and 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2)-protein adducts in UVB-exposed keratinocytes from psoriasis patients. In healthy skin cells, the extract decreased the UV-induced elevation of 4-HNE-protein and 15d-PGJ2-protein adducts. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory attributes of the lipid extract from the Nannochloropsis oceanica suggest its potential as a protective agent for keratinocytes in healthy skin against UVB radiation's detrimental effects. Moreover, it could offer therapeutic benefits to skin cells afflicted with psoriatic lesions by mitigating their proliferation and inflammatory responses during UV radiation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oxidative stress induced by medium-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVB) is one of the most dangerous environmental stressors for the skin. Therefore, various medicinal remedies aim to prevent the harmful effects of UVB or support the recovery of the damaged cells. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of bioactive phytocannabinoid cannabigerol (CBG) together with 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA), a stable, lipophilic derivative of the antioxidant vitamin C, on UVB-induced changes of proteome in cultured human keratinocytes 24 h after treatment. Surprisingly, proteomic analysis revealed very prominent CBG and EAA effects on kinases. These changes mainly influenced ERK1/2, IKK, MAP3K7, MAPK14, RIPK2, and NLK. Their expression was decreased by CBG and EAA, especially if used together after UVB-irradiation, so the effects of UVB were abolished restoring the profile of kinases to non-irradiated control. Moreover, CBG and EAA also reduced the UVB-induced modifications of proteins by the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal, especially in the case of AKT, Camkk1, cJun, ERK1, IKKα, MAPK11 and PERK. We conclude that, by maintaining proteome stability and kinase-dependent signalling, both CBG and EAA may support the recovery of human keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation, especially if applied together, while the time-dependence of these effects should be further studied.

Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation is a major physical factor that induces structural changes in human skin. The aim of this study was to determine whether the novel silent information regulator 1 (sirtuin 1 SIRT1) protein activator, penilumamide, exerted any protective effects against UVB-induced skin damage using human HaCaT keratinocytes as a model. Enzymatic assays were performed to determine the SIRT1-activating ability of penilumamide, which was compared with that of resveratrol, a potent natural product SIRT1 activator with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Penilumamide markedly activated SIRT1 enzyme activity compared to resveratrol. To further investigate the protective effect of penilumamide against UVB-induced cytotoxicity, HaCaT cells were pretreated with penilumamide (10 μM) for 24 hr followed by irradiation with UVB (40 mJ/cm2). UVB (40 mJ/cm2) irradiation significantly reduced cell viability in a time-dependent manner, whereas pretreatment with penilumamide blocked this effect. Further, penilumamide decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by UVB irradiation in HaCaT cells. Pretreatment with penilumamide also prevented UVB irradiation-induced changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In addition, pretreatment with penilumamide significantly reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB). These results indicate that penilumamide protects HaCaT cells from UVB-induced inflammation. Taken together data demonstrate that penilumamide exerted protective effects against UVB-induced ROS generation in HaCaT cells. Therefore, penilumamide may be considered to be used as a new SIRT1 activator to protect human keratinocyte against UVB-induced damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent trends, radiation falls under the narrowband ultraviolet‐B region (305–315 nm) widely used in phototherapy lamp applications in the treatment of skin diseases. In this paper, we report a Gd3+‐doped NaYF4 luminescent material synthesized for the first time using the low‐temperature co‐precipitation method. It crystallized into a face‐centred cubic structure, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction characterization techniques and Rietveld refinement. The photoluminescence property of the as‐prepared sample shows a highly intense, sharp emission band obtained at 311 nm, which belongs to the narrowband ultraviolet‐B region and corresponds to the transition of the 6P7/2→8S7/2 level of the Gd3+ ions under 272 nm excitation (8S7/2 to 6IJ). The transitions of the Gd3+ ions are detected entirely with different concentrations of Gd3+ ions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the average particle was 288 nm. The critical distance for energy transfer was calculated to be equal to 11.5017 Å. Dipole–dipole interaction is responsible for energy transfer, as analyzed by Dexter theory. These excellent optical characteristics, together with their highly efficient and low‐cost synthesis approach, indicate that synthesized NaYF4:Gd3+ phosphors have excessive potential for phototherapeutic lamp applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionOverexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause damage to the skin, leading to sunburn and photo-aging. Chemical sunscreen products may give rise to health risks including phototoxicity, photosensitivity, and photosensitivity. Natural polysaccharides have attracted considerable interests due to diverse biological activities.MethodsA novel polysaccharide isolated was purified and structurally characterized using chemical methods followed by HPLC, GLC-MS, as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The photoprotective effect of the EPS on UVB-induced damage was assessed in vitro using cultured keratinocytes and in vivo using C57BL/6 mouse models.ResultsThe average molecular weight of the EPS was 5.48 × 106 Da, composed of glucose, mannose and galactose residues at a ratio of 2:2:1. The repeating units of the EPS were →3)-β-D-Glcp (1→3) [β-D-Galp (1→2)-α-D-Glcp (1→2)]-α-D-Manp (1→3)-α-D-Manp (1→. In cultured keratinocytes, the EPS reduced cytotoxicity and excessive ROS production induced by UVB irradiation. The EPS also exhibits an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation found in the photodamage in mice. 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis for skin suggested that the EPS partly reversed the shifts of metabolic profiles of the skin in UVB-exposed mice.ConclusionThe EPS exhibits skin photoprotective effects through regulating oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings highlight that the EPS is a potential candidate in sunscreen formulations for an efficient solution to UVB radiation.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays a crucial role in the development of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. The types of UV radiation are differentiated by wavelength: UVA (315 to 400 nm), UVB (280 to 320 nm), and UVC (100 to 280 nm). UV radiation can cause direct DNA damage in the forms of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs). In addition, UV radiation can also cause DNA damage indirectly through photosensitization reactions caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which manifest as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanine (8-OHdG). Both direct and indirect DNA damage can lead to mutations in genes that promote the development of skin cancers. The development of melanoma is largely influenced by the signaling of the melanocortin one receptor (MC1R), which plays an essential role in the synthesis of melanin in the skin. UV-induced mutations in the BRAF and NRAS genes are also significant risk factors in melanoma development. UV radiation plays a significant role in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) development by causing mutations in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, which dysregulates cell proliferation and survival. UV radiation can also induce the development of squamous cell carcinoma via mutations in the TP53 gene and upregulation of MMPs in the stroma layer of the skin.

Phospholipids and their metabolites play an important role in maintaining the membrane integrity and the metabolic functions of keratinocytes under physiological conditions and in the regeneration process after exposure to high-energy UVB radiation. Therefore, in the search for compounds with a protective and regenerative effect on keratinocyte phospholipids, the effectiveness of two antioxidant compounds has been tested: a stable derivative of ascorbic acid, 3-O-ethyl ascorbic acid (EAA) and cannabigerol (CBG), both of which are primarily located in the membrane structures of keratinocytes. In addition, this study has demonstrated that EAA and CBG, especially in a two-component combination, enhance the antioxidant properties of keratinocytes and reduce lipid peroxidation assessed at the level of MDA (malondialdehyde)/neuroprostanes. Moreover, by reducing the activity of enzymes that metabolise phospholipids, free PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and endocannabinoids (PLA2; phospholipase A2, COX1/2; cyclooxygenases 1/2, LOX-5; lipoxygenase 5, FAAH; fatty acid amide hydrolase, MAGL; monoacylglycerol lipase), antioxidants have been found to regulate the levels of endocannabinoids (AEA; anandamide, 2-AG; 2-arachidonoylglycerol, PEA; palmitoylethanolamide) and eicosanoids (PGD2; prostaglandin D2, PGE2; prostaglandin E2, 15-d-PGJ2; 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, 15-HETE; 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), that are enhanced by UVB radiation. The metabolic effect of both groups of PUFA metabolites is mainly related to the activation of G protein-related receptors (CB1/2; cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2, PPARγ; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, TRPV1; transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1), the expression of which is reduced under the influence of EAA, CBG, and especially the two-component combination. It promotes the regeneration of keratinocyte metabolism disrupted by UVB, particularly in relation to redox balance and inflammation.

Psoriasis is characterized by excessive exfoliation of the epidermal layer due to enhanced pro-inflammatory signaling and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, further modulated by UV-based anti-psoriatic treatments. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of a lipid extract derived from the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica on the proteomic alterations induced by lipid derivatives in non-irradiated and UVB-irradiated keratinocytes from psoriatic skin lesions compared to keratinocytes from healthy individuals. The findings revealed that the microalgae extract diminished the viability of psoriatic keratinocytes without affecting the viability of these cells following UVB exposure. Notably, the microalgae extract led to an increased level of 4-HNE-protein adducts in non-irradiated cells and a reduction in 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-protein and 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2)-protein adducts in UVB-exposed keratinocytes from psoriasis patients. In healthy skin cells, the extract decreased the UV-induced elevation of 4-HNE-protein and 15d-PGJ2-protein adducts. The antioxidant/anti-inflammatory attributes of the lipid extract from the Nannochloropsis oceanica suggest its potential as a protective agent for keratinocytes in healthy skin against UVB radiation’s detrimental effects. Moreover, it could offer therapeutic benefits to skin cells afflicted with psoriatic lesions by mitigating their proliferation and inflammatory responses during UV radiation treatment.

The consumption of vegetables is essential for reducing the risk of noncommunicable diseases, yet global intake falls short of recommended levels. Enhancing the nutraceutical content of vegetables through postharvest abiotic stress, such as ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, offers a promising solution to increase health benefits. This study developed a user-friendly, at-home UVB device designed to increase the phytochemical content in common vegetables like carrots, lettuce, and broccoli. The device applies UVB radiation (305–315 nm) to fresh-cut vegetables, optimizing exposure time and intensity to maximize nutraceutical enrichment. The results demonstrated that UVB exposure increased the phenolic content by 44% in carrots, 58% in broccoli, and 10% in lettuce, with chlorogenic acid levels rising by 367% in lettuce, 547% in broccoli, and 43% in carrots after 48 h of storage. UVB treatment also enhanced antioxidant activity by up to 41% in broccoli and anti-inflammatory potential by 22% in carrots. In terms of gene expression, UVB treatment upregulated UCP-1 expression by 555% in carrots, enhanced thermogenesis, and increased SIRT-1 and ATGL expression by over 200%, promoting lipid metabolism. This process provides a convenient and efficient method for consumers to boost the health benefits of their vegetables. The study concludes that UVB-induced abiotic stress is an effective strategy to improve vegetable nutritional quality, offering a novel approach to increasing bioactive compound intake and aiding in the prevention of diet-related diseases.

In today's evolving global environment, reproductive dysfunctions brought on by various environmental toxins are of greatest concern. Radiation is a constant threat to living things, causing both genetic and cellular changes that result in mutations and cell death. It is thought that ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation we are exposed to daily has biological effects on rats and humans that are both short and long term. Due to the damaging effects of UVB radiation on the living system, this study explores the automatic mechanism by which a certain level of radiation induces oxidative stress, which is further controlled by the antioxidant activity of naringin (NG). In our study, male Swiss albino mice were exposed to UVB irradiation, which altered mice's body and testes weight, hormonal imbalance, biochemical parameters, and histo-morphometric parameter. In addition, we chose naringin's UVB irradiation deterrent effect. Twenty-four healthy adult male Swiss albino mice weighing 25–35 g were chosen at random. For 15 days of exposure, they were divided into four groups at random: group I—control, group II—UVB exposure (2 h per day), group III—UVB exposure with naringin (NG) (80 mg/kg, bw), and group IV—naringin (NG) (80 mg/kg, bw). Compared to the control group, UVB irradiation causes alterations in the animal body weight, testes weight, hormones, enzymatic and non-enzymatic assays, and histological parameters. It was seen that NG retrieved the alterations in parameters caused by UVB irradiation. The UVB radiation exposure on mice caused the testicular dysfunction drastically, while the naringin recapitulates testis functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Although chlorpyrifos (CPS) has been banned in many developed countries, it still remains one of the best-selling pesticides in the world. Widespread environmental and occupational exposure to CPS pose a serious risk to human health. Another environmental factor that can adversely affect human health is ultraviolet radiation B (UVB, 280–315 nm wave length). Here we attempt determine if exposure to CPS can modify toxic effects of UVB. Such situation might be a common phenomenon in agriculture workers, where exposure to both factors takes place. Methods Two skin cell lines; namely human immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT and BJ human fibroblasts were used in this study. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a cell membrane damage detection assay (LDH Cytotoxicity Assay), a DNA damage detection assay (Comet Assay), an apoptosis induction detection assay (Apo-ONE Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay) and a cell reactive oxygen species detection assay (ROS-Glo H2O2 assay). Cytokine IL-6 production was also measured in cells using an ELISA IL-6 Assay. Results Pre-incubation of skin cells with CPS significantly increased UVB-induced toxicity at the highest UVB doses (15 and 20 mJ/cm2). Also pre-exposure of BJ cells to CPS significantly increased the level of DNA damage, except for 20 mJ/cm2 UVB. In contrast, pre-exposure of HaCaT cells, to CPS prior to UVB radiation did not cause any significant changes. A decrease in caspase 3/7 activity was observed in HaCaT cells pre-exposed to 250 µM CPS and 5 mJ/cm2 UVB. Meanwhile, no statistically significant changes were observed in fibroblasts. In HaCaT cells, pre-exposure to CPS resulted in a statistically significant increase in ROS production. Also, in BJ cells, similar results were obtained except for 20 mJ/cm2. Interestingly, CPS seems to inhibited IL-6 production in HaCaT and BJ cells exposed to UVB (in the case of HaCaT cells for all UVB doses, while for BJ cells only at 15 and 20 mJ/cm2). Conclusions In conclusion, the present study indicates that CPS may contribute to the increased UVB-induced toxicity in skin cells, which was likely due to the induction of ROS formation along with the generation of DNA damage. However, further studies are required to gain better understanding of the mechanisms involved.

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes skin injury by trigging excessive calcium influx and signaling cascades in the skin keratinocytes. The heat‐sensitive Ca2+‐permeable transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) channels robustly expressed in the keratinocytes play an important role in skin barrier formation and wound healing. Here, we report that inhibition of cutaneous TRPV3 alleviates UVB radiation‐induced skin lesions. In mouse models of ear swelling and dorsal skin injury induced by a single exposure of weak UVB radiation, TRPV3 genes and proteins were upregulated in quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot assays. In accompany with TRPV3 upregulations, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were also increased. Knockout of the TRPV3 gene alleviates UVB‐induced ear swelling and dorsal skin inflammation. Furthermore, topical applications of two selective TRPV3 inhibitors, osthole and verbascoside, resulted in a dose‐dependent attenuation of skin inflammation and lesions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the causative role of overactive TRPV3 channel function in the development of UVB‐induced skin injury. Therefore, topical inhibition of TRPV3 may hold potential therapy or prevention of UVB radiation‐induced skin injury.A single exposure of weak UVB radiation leads to a significant upregulation of cutaneous heat‐sensitive Ca2+ permeable TRPV3 ion channel genes and proteins in the skin. In accompany with TRPV3 upregulations, the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were also increased. Knockout or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV3 alleviates UVB‐induced ear swelling and dorsal skin inflammation. Therefore, topical inhibition of TRPV3 may hold potential therapy or prevention of UVB radiation‐induced skin injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) is characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maqui berry extracts on human skin fibroblasts (NHSFs) exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVB). The photoprotective properties of the extracts were investigated via the determination of the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH), and the chemical composition was assessed. The chemical purity of the extracts was studied via the evaluation of the toxic elements level. The water extract (MWE 57.75 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g) had the highest mean polyphenol content. The water (MWE) and ethanol (MEE70) extracts had the highest inhibitory activities against DPPH radical formation (283.63 ± 7.29 and 284.60 ± 4.31 mg Tx/L, respectively). The analyzed extracts were found to be safe in terms of toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead). The tested extracts of maqui berry did not cause a cytotoxic effect on NHSF cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. When the NHSF cells were exposed to UVB radiation in the presence of maqui extracts, their viability was increased or maintained. The maqui berry extracts had a slightly protective effect against skin damage caused by UVB radiation. These were preliminary studies that require further research to determine which maqui compounds correspond with the photoprotective activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylotrophs are a diverse group of bacteria that abundantly colonize the phyllosphere and have great potential to withstand UV irradiation because of their pigmented nature and ability to promote plant growth through various mechanisms. The present study investigated the effects of UVB radiation on plant growth-promoting (PGP) properties of methylotrophic bacteria and the growth of Vigna radiata L. A total of 55 methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from desert plants, and 15 methylotrophs were resistant to UVB radiation for 4 h. All UVB-resistant methylotrophs possess a methyldehydrogenase gene. Identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that all 15 UVB-resistant methylotrophs belonged to the genera Methylorubrum (07), Methylobacterium (07), and Rhodococcus (01). Screening of methylotrophs for PGP activity in the presence and absence of UVB radiation revealed that all isolates showed ACC deaminase activity and growth on a nitrogen-free medium. Furthermore, the production of IAA-like substances ranged from 8.62 to 85.76 µg/mL, siderophore production increased from 3.47 to 65.75% compared to the control. Seed germination assay with V. radiata L. (mung bean) exposed to UVB radiation revealed that methylotrophs improved seed germination, root length, and shoot length compared to the control. The present findings revealed that the isolates SD3, SD2, KD1, KD5, UK1, and UK3 reduced the deleterious effects of UVB radiation on mung bean plants and can be used to protect seedlings from UVB radiation for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that UVB radiation induces several adverse skin alterations starting from simple photoaging to skin cancer. In addition, it was demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found to be related to cancer development and progression. The aim of study was to examine whether male hairless (SKH-1) mice (Mus musculus) that were subchronically exposed to UVB radiation presented with actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma lesions, and that treatment with latex C-serum cream significantly prevented abnormal skin development. Data demonstrated for the first time the photoprotective activity of latex C-serum extracted from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis var. subconcolor Ducke. Latex C-serum prevented the progression of AK to squamous cell carcinoma in SKH-1 mice, indicating that mice topically treated with latex C-serum presented only AK lesions and treatment with the highest concentration (10%) significantly reduced epidermal thickness, suggesting diminished cell proliferation. Latex C-serum protected the skin of mice against oxidative stress damage, increasing catalase (CAT) activity, regenerating glutathione (GSH) levels, lowering thiobarbituric acid-reactive species (TBARS) production and regenerating the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the skin. Evidence that UV radiation in skin induced systemic alterations and erythrocytic analysis indicated that latex C-serum increased CAT activity and GSH levels. Taken together these data indicate that latex C-serum plays an important antioxidant and photoprotective role, preventing serious damage to the skin following exposure to UVB radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although chlorpyrifos (CPS) has been banned in many developed countries, it still remains one of the best-selling pesticides in the world. Widespread environmental and occupational exposure to CPS pose a serious risk to human health. Another environmental factor that can adversely affect human health is ultraviolet radiation B (UVB, 280–315 nm wave length). Here we attempt determine if exposure to CPS can modify toxic effects of UVB. Such situation might be a common phenomenon in agriculture workers, where exposure to both factors takes place. Methods: Two skin cell lines; namely human immortalized keratinocytes HaCaT and BJ human fibroblasts were used in this study. Cytotoxicity was investigated using a cell membrane damage detection assay (LDH Cytotoxicity Assay), a DNA damage detection assay (Comet Assay), an apoptosis induction detection assay (Apo-ONE Homogeneous Caspase-3/7 Assay) and a cell reactive oxygen species detection assay (ROS-Glo H2O2 assay). Cytokine IL-6 production was also measured in cells using an ELISA IL-6 Assay. Results: Pre-incubation of skin cells with CPS significantly increased UVB-induced toxicity at the highest UVB doses (15 and 20 mJ/cm2). Also pre-exposure of BJ cells to CPS significantly increased the level of DNA damage, except for 20 mJ/cm2 UVB. In contrast, pre-exposure of HaCaT cells, to CPS prior to UVB radiation did not cause any significant changes. A decrease in caspase 3/7 activity was observed in HaCaT cells pre-exposed to 250 µM CPS and 5 mJ/cm2 UVB. Meanwhile, no statistically significant changes were observed in fibroblasts. In HaCaT cells, pre-exposure to CPS resulted in a statistically significant increase in ROS production. Also, in BJ cells, similar results were obtained except for 20 mJ/cm2. Interestingly, CPS seems to inhibited IL-6 production in HaCaT and BJ cells exposed to UVB (in the case of HaCaT cells for all UVB doses, while for BJ cells only at 15 and 20 mJ/cm2). Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study indicates that CPS may contribute to the increased UVB-induced toxicity in skin cells, which was likely due to the induction of ROS formation along with the generation of DNA damage. However, further studies are required to gain better understanding of the mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is a major skin cancer-causing agent. Initiation, promotion, and progression are the diverse phases of UVB-induced carcinogenesis. Exposure to UVB causes abnormalities in a series of biochemical and molecular pathways: thymine dimer formation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and altered cell signaling, eventually resulting in tumor formation. The increased skin cancer rates urge researchers to develop more efficient drugs, but synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs have more contrary effects and drug resistance issues, which have been reported recently. The current review focuses on the relationship between microbes and cancer. Human skin acts as a barrier against the external environment and serves as a protective shield for its inhabitant microbiota, collectively called skin microbes. The gut microbiome plays a vital role in cancer therapy. Production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate by intestinal microbes has anti-cancer properties against various cancer cell lines. Yet, the knowledge of SCFAs produced by skin microbes remains yet to be elucidated exhaustively. In this review, we strive to summarize the findings of studies performed to date regarding the anti-cancer properties of SCFA against various cancer cell lines and provide insight into future directions in the skin microbiome field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB; 280–315 nm) is a significant environmental factor that alters plant development, changes interactions between species, and reduces the prevalence of pests and diseases. While UVB radiation has negative effects on plant growth and performance at higher doses, at lower and ambient doses, UVB radiation acts as a non-chemical method for managing biotic stresses by having positive effects on disease resistance and genes that protect plants from pests. Understanding the recent relationship between UVB radiation and plants’ biotic stresses is crucial for the development of crops that are resistant to UVB and biotic stresses. However, little is known about the recent interactions between UVB radiation and biotic stresses in plants. This review discusses the most recent connections between UVB radiation and biotic stresses in crops, including how UVB radiation affects a plant’s resistance to disease and pests. The interaction of UVB radiation with pathogens and herbivores has been the subject of the most extensive research of these. This review also discusses additional potential strategies for conferring multiple UVB-biotic stress resistance in crop plants, such as controlling growth inhibition, miRNA 396 and 398 modulations, and MAP kinase. This study provides crucial knowledge and methods for scientists looking to develop multiple resistant crops that will improve global food security.

Long-term field studies of the effect of presowing seed treatment of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with XeCl-excilamp UVB radiation on sowing qualities of seeds and plant productivity have been carried out. The features of morphogenesis at various stages of growth and development of wheat plants have been determined. A subdose of exposure has been identified that increases the crop yield. The studies prove the prospects of introducing UVB treatment into the pool of modern agricultural technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the egg capsule plays a crucial role in the embryonic development of cephalopods, its ability to protect embryos from Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is unknown. Our study evaluated the photoprotection mechanisms of S. officinalis to UV-B radiation and estimated the ability of the black capsule to act as a physical shield against it. Embryos with and without capsule and juveniles were exposed to four experimental UVB conditions for 55 days. The effects of different UVB doses were evaluated in terms of morphological abnormalities and differences in gene expression between each group. We observed that the development might be severely impaired in embryos exposed to UVB without capsule protection, and these effects were time- and UVB-dose-dependent. In addition, we found variations in gene expression levels (light-sensitive, stress response and DNA repair) in different tissues as a function of UVB doses. We suggest a relationship between morphological abnormalities and the limit of molecular regulation. These results suggest that the quantitative differences in expression are essential for defining the survivability of the embryo face to UVB. Thus, we demonstrated that the egg capsule could ensure successful embryonic development of the cuttlefish S. officinalis even at high doses of UVB.

Ultraviolet type B (UVB) radiation plays an important role in hyperpigmentation disorder, which induces cellular oxidative stress and causes abnormal melanin production and secretion. The stress condition plays an essential role in actin polymerization relating to F-actin rearrangement and forms dendrite to send melanin pigment to the uppermost layer of the skin. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that mainly synthesize under stress conditions to protect plants from harmful environments and have been reported as effective agents in anti-oxidant and anti-melanogenesis. However, the influence of phenolic compounds on F-actin rearrangement-associated dendrite formation has not been studied so far. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the enhancing phytophenolic targets in riceberry rice (Oryza sativa L.) germination and UVB radiation (RR-GR) to suppress melanogenesis relating to F-rearrangement. As a result, the RR-GR had the potential to enhance phenolic acids such as protocatechuic and vanillic acid, which have been proven to possess anti-oxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase properties. Riceberry rice's modification showed the potential to reduce cellular oxidative stress and suppress B16F10 melanogenesis relating to F-actin rearrangement that is associated with dendrite formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) is characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of maqui berry extracts on human skin fibroblasts (NHSFs) exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVB). The photoprotective properties of the extracts were investigated via the determination of the total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH), and the chemical composition was assessed. The chemical purity of the extracts was studied via the evaluation of the toxic elements level. The water extract (MWE 57.75 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g) had the highest mean polyphenol content. The water (MWE) and ethanol (MEE70) extracts had the highest inhibitory activities against DPPH radical formation (283.63 ± 7.29 and 284.60 ± 4.31 mg Tx/L, respectively). The analyzed extracts were found to be safe in terms of toxic elements (arsenic, cadmium, lead). The tested extracts of maqui berry did not cause a cytotoxic effect on NHSF cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. When the NHSF cells were exposed to UVB radiation in the presence of maqui extracts, their viability was increased or maintained. The maqui berry extracts had a slightly protective effect against skin damage caused by UVB radiation. These were preliminary studies that require further research to determine which maqui compounds correspond with the photoprotective activity.

Despite being exposed to extreme water temperatures and solar irradiances, Red Sea corals are relatively resistant to bleaching. While their thermal tolerance is well described, little is known about their resistance to ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB). Here, we performed a short-term (2 days) UVB-removal incubation with Stylophora pistillata, and in situ measurements with Pocillopora verrucosa complemented by a long-term (46 days) transplantation and UVB-removal experiment. Using a suite of physiological parameters (effective quantum yield (Fv’/Fm’), oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation, LPO), and primary production), we assessed the impacts of UVB on the physiology and acclimation capacity of Red Sea corals. Shielding S. pistillata from UVB did not change the gross primary production or Fv’/Fm’, and respiration and LPO in the host remained unaffected. In situ, P. verrucosa exhibited less varying and significantly higher Fv’/Fm’ in 8 m depth (0.61 ± 0.04) than in 4 m (0.52 ± 0.06), 2 m (0.51 ± 0.09), and 0.5 m (0.50 ± 0.11), where water temperatures ranged from 30.5–33.4, 30.6–34.0, 30.8–34.5, 30.6–37.3°C and daily UVB exposures averaged 0.9, 2.9, 11.8 and 21.4 kJ m-2, respectively. Fv’/Fm’ correlated the strongest with UVB (-0.57), followed by PAR (-0.54) and temperature (-0.40), suggesting that UVB is a key determinant of photosynthetic efficiency. Fv’/Fm’ of upward transplanted specimens (T 1m) was initially decreased but gradually increased and reached the same values as shallow corals (1 m) after 44 days. UVB removal significantly increased the Fv’/Fm’ of transplanted corals in the first 20 days. Oxidative stress was initially highest in T 1m samples under full sunlight but equalized with 1 m specimens by day 46, whereas oxidative stress was significantly reduced by day 4 in T 1m corals sheltered from UVB. Overall, UVB-removal generally had little impact on the physiology of shallow-water S. pistillata and P. verrucosa but considerably accelerated the acclimation of upward transplanted corals. Our study highlights that UVB is a crucial stressor governing the photoacclimation capacity of these Red Sea coral species.

The aim of this research is to investigate the sterilizing effect of UVB radiation on the degradation and oxidation of low- and high-density polyethylene specimens using ASTM 638 and 695. Polyethylene is a reliable, efficient, and low-cost biomaterial and an alternative to various bone transplants. Twenty high-density polyethylene (HDPE) specimens and twenty low-density polyethylene (LDPE) specimens were used for tensile and compression testing. The dosage of 13.5 J/cm2 was chosen with an exposure time of 48 minutes during the sterilization process. In terms of mechanical tensile properties, LDPE has a lower effect compared with HDPE. The p-value of yield stress equals 3.008×10−4, the p-value of ultimate stress equals 2.5×10−4, and the p-value of break stress equals 0.0075. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of data on the density of annual rings of conifers for the periods 1979‒1993 and 1979‒2006 allows us to identify patterns in the response of trees, taking into account the processes of abnormal decrease and natural recovery of total ozone content (TOC). Reconstructions of changes in TOC over the past 300 years along the Ural meridian according to the TEMIS (Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service project) satellite monitoring of TOC and stem wood responses observed in data on the maximum density of annual rings of pine, spruce, and larch have been performed on the basis of methods of dendrochronological and spectral singular analysis, which made it possible to compare the current and past state of stratospheric ozone fields. Although changes in stratospheric ozone can play the role of a factor significantly limiting the annual growth of wood, such an approach to estimates works only under conditions of overlapping responses of trees under UVB effects in the spectral range of 280‒315 nm on stress responses from other climatic factors. Based on the results of a numerical modeling for three latitude ranges, models of maximum annual density are calculated in terms of changes in TOC and reconstructions of their past changes are given. The aridity of the climate and its cyclicity increase the stress effect of the ozonosphere on vegetation associated with an increase in UVB radiation and allow us to differentiate the responses of trees according to stressors by statistical methods. Reconstructions of TOC from April to September for the Ural meridian show that the level of TOC has not yet reached previous historical values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation‐induced oxidative stress is the main cause of photodamage to the skin. Glutathione (GSH) serves important physiological functions, including scavenging oxygen‐free radicals and maintaining intracellular redox balance. γ‐glutamylcysteine (γ‐GC), as an immediate precursor of GSH and harboring antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, represents an unexplored option for skin photodamage treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether γ‐GC can reduce UVB‐induced NIH‐3T3 cell damage. Methods: The experimental groups were as follows: control, UVB radiation, UVB radiation after pretreatment with γ‐GC. Cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assays were used to measure cell proliferation, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting to detect the apoptosis rate and apoptosis‐associated proteins. The levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and GSH/GSSG (oxidized GSH) were measured to assess oxidative stress. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect DNA damage. The members of the MAPK signaling pathways were detected by immunoblotting. Results: UVB irradiation significantly reduced cell viability and destroyed the oxidative defense system. Pretreatment with γ‐GC reduced UVB‐induced cytotoxicity, restored the oxidation defense system, and inhibited activation of the MAPK pathway. It also reduced the apoptosis rate, downregulated the levels of cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, pretreatment with γ‐GC reduced the accumulation of γH2AX after UVB radiation exposure, indicating that γ‐GC could protect cells from DNA damage. Conclusion: γ‐GC protected NIH‐3T3 from damage caused by UVB irradiation. The photoprotective effect of γ‐GC is mediated via strengthening the endogenous antioxidant defense system, which prevents DNA damage and inhibits the activation of the MAPK pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.) contain various nutrients and phytochemicals that enhance human health and prevent the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Here, we report that oral administration of orange sweet pepper juices prepared by a high-speed blender and low-speed masticating juicer reduces UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice. Sweet pepper juices reduced UVB-induced skin photoaging by the regulation of genes involved in dermal matrix production and maintenance such as collagen type I α 1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, 3, 9. Administration of sweet pepper juices also restored total collagen levels in UVB-exposed mice. In addition, sweet pepper juices downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and IL-23, which was likely via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, primary antioxidant enzymes in the skin were enhanced by oral supplementation of sweet pepper juices, as evidenced by increased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase-2. Immunohistochemical staining showed that sweet pepper juices reduced UVB-induced DNA damage by preventing 8-OHdG formation. These results suggest that sweet pepper juices may offer a protective effect against photoaging by inhibiting the breakdown of dermal matrix, inflammatory response, and DNA damage as well as enhancing antioxidant defense, which leads to an overall reduction in skin damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthopleura hermaphroditica is an intertidal anemone that lives semi-buried in soft sediments of estuaries and releases its brooded embryos directly to the benthos, being exposed to potentially detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. In this study, we investigated how experimental radiation (PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; and UVB: ultraviolet B radiation) influences burrowing (time, depth and speed) in adults and juveniles when they were exposed to PAR (P, 400–700 nm), PAR + UVA (PA, 315–700 nm) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB, 280–700 nm) experimental treatments. The role of sediment as a physical shield was also assessed by exposing anemones to these radiation treatments with and without sediment, after which lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and total antioxidant capacity were quantified. Our results indicate that PAB can induce a faster burial response compared to those anemones exposed only to P. PAB increased oxidative damage, especially in juveniles where oxidative damage levels were several times higher than in adults. Sediment offers protection to adults against P, PA and PAB, as significant differences in their total antioxidant capacity were observed compared to those anemones without sediment. Conversely, the presence or absence of sediment did not influence total antioxidant capacity in juveniles, which may reflect that those anemones have sufficient antioxidant defenses to minimize photooxidative damage due to their reduced tolerance to experimental radiation. Burrowing behavior is a key survival skill for juveniles after they have been released after brooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MP) are a global concern due to their small size, insolubility in water, and non-degradable nature, and long-term environmental persistence. Weathering processes, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, can alter their properties, enhancing their ability to absorb pollutants or release harmful substances, such as pesticides, which is also an environmental concern, thereby complicating their environmental impact and mitigation efforts. This study investigates the impact of UVB-induced photoaging on polyethylene (PE) microplastics and their sorption behavior towards the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CP). PE microplastics were exposed to varying UVB aging durations, leading to significant changes in their physicochemical and morphological properties. The sorption experiments revealed that aged microplastics exhibited increased affinity for CP, with adsorption capacity rising by 17.9% compared to pristine PE. This enhanced adsorption was attributed to the (1) introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups, facilitating the formation of hydrogen bonds between the microplastic surface and surrounding water molecules, thereby contributing to the adsorption of CP; (2) formation of irregular micropores and surface roughness, potentially providing ample sites for pesticide adsorption and (3) reduction in crystallinity from 35% to 30%, which favors the sorption of hydrophobic organic pollutants. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations supported these findings by showing changes in the electronic structure of PE that facilitate interactions with CP. These results provide critical insights into the environmental behavior of aged microplastics and their potential to adsorb hazardous chemicals, underscoring the need for further research on the environmental impact of microplastic aging. • UVB aging increases the sorption affinity of PE microplastics to chlorpyrifos. • Photodegradation induces surface roughness and micropore formation on polyethylene. • Aging decreases PE crystallinity, enhancing hydrophobic pollutant adsorption. • Increased oxygen-containing groups on aged PE enhance pesticide adsorption. • DFT calculations reveal changes in polyethylene's electronic structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the main type of cancer in the Caucasian population, and the number of cases continues to rise. Research mostly focuses on clinical characteristics analysis, but genetic features are crucial to malignancies' establishment and advance. We aim to explore the genetic basics of skin cancer, surrounding microenvironment interactions, and regulation mechanisms to provide a broader perspective for new therapies' development. Skin cancer is one of the main types of cancer worldwide, and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent within this group. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common types. Multifactorial features are well-known for cancer development, and new hallmarks are gaining relevance. Genetics and epigenetic regulation play an essential role in cancer susceptibility and progression, as well as the variety of cells and molecules that interact in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we provide an update on the genetic features of NMSC, candidate genes, and new therapies, considering diverse perspectives of skin carcinogenesis. The global health situation and the pandemic have been challenging for health care systems, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer. We provide innovative approaches to overcome the difficulties in the current clinical dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces physiological and morphological photoaging of the skin resulting in wrinkles, and loss of elasticity. This study analyzed nanoencapsulation of a gel combination of Centella asiatica (CA) transfersomes and rosemary essential oil (REO) nanoemulsion with lipid-based nanocarriers for the ability of both biological compounds to synergistically prevent UVB radiation, along with ameliorative and anti-aging effects. Methods: To ensure the quality, lipid-based nanocarriers of transfersomes and nanoemulsion were characterized based on physicochemical properties such as particle size distribution, polydispersity index, zeta potential. In vivo studies were used to determine the biological effects of a gel combination of CA transfersomes, and REO nanoemulsion applied topically two weeks before UVB radiation (840 mJ/cm 2) in BALB/c hairless mice. Results: Results showed that the optimum lipid-based nanocarriers had a particle size of 43.97 ± 5.6 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.64 ± 0.01, and a zeta potential of -10.91 ± 1.99 mV. In vivo experiments revealed that topical application of a gel combination of CA transfersomes and REO nanoemulsion significantly ameliorated wrinkle formation, epidermal hyperplasia, and collagen fiber arrangement caused by UVB exposure. Further, the gel combining CA transfersomes and REO nanoemulsion suppressed lipid peroxidation by decreasing the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and collagen destruction by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. Moreover, the gel combination of CA transfersomes and REO nanoemulsion upregulated type I collagen through activation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad pathway, thereby recovering the density of collagen fiber reduced by UVB radiation. Conclusions: Overall, these data indicate that topical application of a gel combination of CA transfersomes and REO nanoemulsion could act synergistically and potentially prevents oxidative stress and collagen degradation in the skin from UVB-induced photoaging.

Human skin is the largest organ and the most external interface between the environment and the body. Vast communities of viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and mites, collectively named the skin microbiome (SM), cover the skin surface and connected structures. Skin-resident microorganisms contribute to the establishment of cutaneous homeostasis and can modulate host inflammatory responses. Imbalances in the SM structure and function (dysbiosis) are associated with several skin conditions. Therefore, novel target for the skincare field could be represented by strategies, which restore or preserve the SM natural/individual balance. Several of the beneficial effects exerted by the SM are aroused by the microbial metabolite butyrate. Since butyrate exerts a pivotal role in preserving skin health, it could be used as a postbiotic strategy for preventing or treating skin diseases. Herein, we describe and share perspectives of the potential clinical applications of therapeutic strategies using the postbiotic butyrate against human skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against ultraviolet (UVB)-induced thyroid toxicity and to study the haemtological and biochemical parameters. Twenty-four female Wistar rats, aged 3-4 months and weighing 130-150 g, were used, and the rats were divided into four Groups (Groups I to IV). Group I received standard food and water ad libitum and was treated as a control; Group II received a dose of 280 nm of UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day. Group III received 280 nm UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day and received curcumin 25 mg/kg body weight given orally. Group IV received 280 nm of UVB radiation for 2 hrs/day and received ascorbic acid 250 mg/kg body weight given orally. All the treatments were consequently performed for 15 days. The results showed that haemtological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb) (p<0.05), red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), MCV, MCH, and MCHC decreased significantly. Biochemical parameters included lipid peroxidation (LPO) (p<0.05), H2O2 (p<0.01), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p< 0.01), catalase (p<0.01), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (p<0.01), and glutathione reductase. NO increased, and glutathione (GSH) (p<0.01) decreased significantly. However, cotreatment with curcumin and ascorbic acid significantly increased the haemtological parameters. In addition, oxidative parameters such as LPO (p<0.01), SOD (p< 0.01), CAT (p<0.01), GST (p<0.01), and NO (p<0.01) significantly increased, and GSH (p<0.01) significantly decreased upon cotreatment with curcumin and ascorbic acid. The results indicated the ameliorative effect of curcumin and ascorbic acid against UVB-induced thyroid toxicity in female Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amphibians are declining around the world as they are particularly sensitive to multiple environmental stressors, among them the increase of UVB radiation and the environmental contaminations of body waters caused by agrochemicals. Because of the limited research on the interaction between agrochemicals and UVB radiation on tropical amphibians, we performed this study to test the hypothesis that the exposure to UVB radiation will enhance the toxic effects of the organophosphorus (OPs) insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon and monocrotophos, which are widely used in Colombia, on tadpoles from three tropical anuran species. Under laboratory conditions, we exposed independently tadpoles of Boana xerophylla, Engystomops pustulosus and Rhinella horribilis to each of the three insecticides with the presence of UVB radiation and without UVB, during 96 h toxicity tests. We then examined their effects on tadpole mortality, capacity to swim and total length. We found that UVB enhanced the mortality of insecticides (these treatments had a lower LC50 than those without UVB radiation), increased the tadpole immobility (they were unable to swim), and decreased the total length. Therefore, we validated the prediction that UVB radiation enhances the toxicity of the OPs insecticides studied on our anuran species and consequently may be one of the causal factors of amphibian population declines in the tropical countries. However, we suggest to perform more realistic field studies in areas with agrochemical presence to a better understanding of the effect of these stressors on anurans as there are environmental factors that attenuate underwater UVB radiation and toxicity in aquatic organisms, although it is also known that under field conditions some OPs insecticides become more toxic in the presence of UVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet type B (UVB) radiation plays an important role in hyperpigmentation disorder, which induces cellular oxidative stress and causes abnormal melanin production and secretion. The stress condition plays an essential role in actin polymerization relating to F-actin rearrangement and forms dendrite to send melanin pigment to the uppermost layer of the skin. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites that mainly synthesize under stress conditions to protect plants from harmful environments and have been reported as effective agents in anti-oxidant and anti-melanogenesis. However, the influence of phenolic compounds on F-actin rearrangement-associated dendrite formation has not been studied so far. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the enhancing phytophenolic targets in riceberry rice (Oryza sativa L.) germination and UVB radiation (RR-GR) to suppress melanogenesis relating to F-rearrangement. As a result, the RR-GR had the potential to enhance phenolic acids such as protocatechuic and vanillic acid, which have been proven to possess anti-oxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase properties. Riceberry rice’s modification showed the potential to reduce cellular oxidative stress and suppress B16F10 melanogenesis relating to F-actin rearrangement that is associated with dendrite formation.

Introduction: Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is known to cause damage to the skin, leading to sunburn and photo-aging. Chemical sunscreen products may give rise to health risks including phototoxicity, photosensitivity, and photosensitivity. Natural polysaccharides have attracted considerable interests due to diverse biological activities., Methods: A novel polysaccharide isolated was purified and structurally characterized using chemical methods followed by HPLC, GLC-MS, as well as 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The photoprotective effect of the EPS on UVB-induced damage was assessed in vitro using cultured keratinocytes and in vivo using C57BL/6 mouse models., Results: The average molecular weight of the EPS was 5.48 × 10 6  Da, composed of glucose, mannose and galactose residues at a ratio of 2:2:1. The repeating units of the EPS were →3)-β-D-Glc p (1→3) [β-D-Gal p (1→2)-α-D-Glc p (1→2)]-α-D-Man p (1→3)-α-D-Man p (1→. In cultured keratinocytes, the EPS reduced cytotoxicity and excessive ROS production induced by UVB irradiation. The EPS also exhibits an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress, inflammation, and collagen degradation found in the photodamage in mice. 1 H NMR-based metabolomics analysis for skin suggested that the EPS partly reversed the shifts of metabolic profiles of the skin in UVB-exposed mice., Conclusion: The EPS exhibits skin photoprotective effects through regulating oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro . Our findings highlight that the EPS is a potential candidate in sunscreen formulations for an efficient solution to UVB radiation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Xu, Ding, Pu, Kong, Chen, Lu and Zhang.)

The present study demonstrates biotechnological applications of the lichen Pleurosticta acetabulum , specifically the production of large amounts of hydrogen even after the lichen exposure to extreme conditions such as a) extreme UVB radiation (1.7 mW/cm2 = 1000 J m−2 min−1) over different time periods (4, 20 & 70 h) and b) combined exposure of the lichen to high intensity UVB radiation and extreme low (−196 °C) or extreme high temperatures (+70 °C). The results highlight that the extremophilic and polyextremophilic behavior of lichens both in dehydrated and in regenerated form, under extreme conditions not necessarily recorded on earth, is compatible with their biotechnological uses. The lichen viability was measured using fluorescence induction techniques (OJIP-test), which record changes in the molecular structure and function of the photosynthetic mechanism, while its ability to produce molecular hydrogen was measured through thermal conductivity gas chromatography (GC-TCD) analysis. Hydrogen is a promising fuel for the future. The exciting result of a lichen micro-ecosystem is its ability to expel its moisture and remain in an inactive state, protecting itself from extreme conditions and maintaining its ability to high yield hydrogen production in a closed system, with the sole addition of water and without the need for additional energy. Our results expand the potential use of lichens for future biotechnological applications in extreme Earth environments, but also in environments on other planets, such as Mars, thus paving the way for astrobiotechnological applications. • Lichens produce H 2 even after exposure to extreme temperatures and UVB radiation. • Biotechnological applications of lichens even in extreme environments. • Extremophilic behavior of lichens support astrobiotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of secondary metabolites may exhibit developmentally regulated variation in different plant organs. Moreover, prevailing environmental conditions may interact with development-related variations in plant traits. In this study, we examined developmentally regulated variation in phenolic accumulation in the twigs of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) and how the effects of elevated temperature and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on growth and phenolics accumulation varied as the plants get older. In an open-field experiment, six female and six male genotypes were exposed to single and combined elevated temperature and UVB radiation treatments for three consecutive growing seasons. The concentrations of low molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins did not show age-dependent variation in the twigs. In temperature-treated plants, diameter growth rate decreased, and concentration of condensed tannins increased as plants aged; there were no cumulative effects of elevated UVB radiation on growth and phenolic accumulation. Females maintained a higher concentration of low molecular weight phenolics throughout the experimental period; however, growth and phenolic concentration did not vary over time in females and males. Our results suggest that phenolic accumulation in perennial plants may not necessarily always exhibit age-dependent variation and the effects of elevated temperature on growth and phenolic may diminish as plants get older. • Low molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins did not show age-dependent variation. • In temperature-treated plants, diameter growth rate decreased, and condensed tannins increased as plants aged. • Elevated UVB radiation had no cumulative effect on growth or phenolic concentration. • Growth and phenolic concentration did not vary over time in females and males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L.) contain various nutrients and phytochemicals that enhance human health and prevent the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Here, we report that oral administration of orange sweet pepper juices prepared by a high-speed blender and low-speed masticating juicer reduces UVB-induced skin damage in SKH-1 hairless mice. Sweet pepper juices reduced UVB-induced skin photoaging by the regulation of genes involved in dermal matrix production and maintenance such as collagen type I α 1 and matrix metalloproteinase-2, 3, 9. Administration of sweet pepper juices also restored total collagen levels in UVB-exposed mice. In addition, sweet pepper juices downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17, and IL-23, which was likely via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, primary antioxidant enzymes in the skin were enhanced by oral supplementation of sweet pepper juices, as evidenced by increased expression of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase-2. Immunohistochemical staining showed that sweet pepper juices reduced UVB-induced DNA damage by preventing 8-OHdG formation. These results suggest that sweet pepper juices may offer a protective effect against photoaging by inhibiting the breakdown of dermal matrix, inflammatory response, and DNA damage as well as enhancing antioxidant defense, which leads to an overall reduction in skin damage.

Anthopleura hermaphroditica is an intertidal anemone that lives semi-buried in soft sediments of estuaries and releases its brooded embryos directly to the benthos, being exposed to potentially detrimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels. In this study, we investigated how experimental radiation (PAR: photosynthetically active radiation; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; and UVB: ultraviolet B radiation) influences burrowing (time, depth and speed) in adults and juveniles when they were exposed to PAR (P, 400–700 nm), PAR + UVA (PA, 315–700 nm) and PAR + UVA + UVB (PAB, 280–700 nm) experimental treatments. The role of sediment as a physical shield was also assessed by exposing anemones to these radiation treatments with and without sediment, after which lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and total antioxidant capacity were quantified. Our results indicate that PAB can induce a faster burial response compared to those anemones exposed only to P. PAB increased oxidative damage, especially in juveniles where oxidative damage levels were several times higher than in adults. Sediment offers protection to adults against P, PA and PAB, as significant differences in their total antioxidant capacity were observed compared to those anemones without sediment. Conversely, the presence or absence of sediment did not influence total antioxidant capacity in juveniles, which may reflect that those anemones have sufficient antioxidant defenses to minimize photooxidative damage due to their reduced tolerance to experimental radiation. Burrowing behavior is a key survival skill for juveniles after they have been released after brooding.

Data on the effect of global warming on the ozone layer and the intensity of near-surface near-noon UVB radiation in 2100 compared to the year 2000 are presented. Changes in the ozone layer are calculated at a latitude of 50° N for January and June of 2100 when compared with 2000 using the one-dimensional photochemical model, as well as the SOCRATES interactive two-dimensional photochemical model, using greenhouse gas concentrations given in the scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) RCP 4.5 and PCP 6.0. Surface UVB radiation fluxes for the above conditions are calculated using a program developed at the Norwegian Institute for Atmospheric Research in 2005 (by Ola Engelsen). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]