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Los modos de alimentación adquiridos por el lactante son centrales para su crecimiento y desarrollo, así como para la disminución del riesgo de diversas enfermedades crónicas; pueden alterar además las preferencias alimentarias en otras edades. La obesidad, las alergias y otras enfermedades crónicas asociadas a la nutrición han pasado a ser los problemas más prevalentes en los niños chilenos. Hay abundante evidencia científica reciente tanto internacional como nacional acerca de los modos de alimentación del lactante, que están haciendo indispensable una actualización de las guías chilenas de alimentación del año 2004. Este artículo actualiza y propone nuevas recomendaciones de alimentación para población chilena durante los primeros dos años de vida. Infant feeding habits are essential for child growth and development, as well as reducing various chronic disease risks; they can also alter later preferences of food. Obesity, allergies and other chronic diseases related to nutrition have become the most frequent problems in Chilean children. There is a lot of recent evidence, both international and domestic, about infant feeding habits, which forces an update to the 2004 Chilean guidelines. This study updates and proposes new feeding recommendations for the Chilean population during the first two years of life.

Background: With the aim of contributing to he Healthy Goal 2010 of reducing significantly the prevalence of childhood obestiy we developed and implemented during 2003 and 2004, a school-based obesity prevention intervention which included nutrition education and the promotion of physical activity. Aim To report the results of the intervention. Material and methods: The sample included 1760 children (1st to 7th grade) from 3 elementary public schools in Casablanca (experimental group) and 671 from a similar school located in Quillota, a neighboring city (control). Primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI) Zscore, the mile and shuttle-run tests and obesity prevalence. We also compared changes in waist circumference and triceps skinfold between both groups. Effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by analyzing separately the group *age* time interaction for the first 3 outcomes (follow-up-baseline), using a mixed model of covariance and by comparing variations in obesity prevalence between both groups. Results: There was a significant decline in BMI Z scores in experimental schools for both genders, but greater in boys (p

Background: In Chile, obesity is currently the main nutritional problem. Since prevention should start early in life, it is important to determine the prevalence of obesity during childhood according to age category. Aim: To determine and compare the evolution of the obesity prevalence and other anthropometric indicators in preschool children between 2002 and 2004. Material and methods: Twice a year, we analyzed the data of children aged 2 to 4 yrs, from day care centers belonging to the National Association of Day Care Centers located in Greater Santiago, from 2002 till 2004 (the number of children included on each point in time fluctuated between 3,500 and 10,000). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were carried out to determine the evolution of obesity prevalence, weight for age (WA) and body mass index (BMI) Z scores (according to the Centers for Disease Control 2000 reference) on preschoolers who were 2 years old in March 2002 and that were followed 3 years, until November 2004. These parameters were compared by age and gender over time. Results: The prevalence of obesity varied between 11 and 13.6% in two-year old children and between 17% and 20% in three and four year olds. The cross-sectional analysis showed that WA and BMI Z scores were significantly lower at 2 years of age, while the longitudinal analysis clearly demonstrated that there was a sharp rise in obesity between 2 and 3 years of age. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity is high in preschool children, especially among the 3 and 4 year-olds with a significant rise from 2 to 3 years of age

Background: As a consequence of the epidemiological transition in Chile, the nutritional status of the population has changed notoriously. Aim: To study the changes in the nutritional status of six years-old Chilean children from 1987 to 2003. Material and Methods: The computer data base of a government institution in charge of the School Lunch Program (JUNAEB) was used. It contains data on weight, height, sex and date of birth of six years old children, in the years 1987, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003. Results: The data of approximately 80,000 children was analyzed. Both weight and height increased over the study years. There was a significant reduction in the number of children with weight deficit but also an increase in the proportion of children with obesity. Stunting was also reduced. The proportion of children with HAZ over 2 SD increased from 0.76 in 1987 to 2.2% in 2003. The prevalence of obesity has not increased since the year 2000. Conclusion: The stabilization in the prevalence of obesity is a positive finding, considering its adverse consequences for health (Rev Méd Chile 2005; 133: 1013-20).

La importancia de los factores nutricionales en la etiología de la Displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) esta sustentada por la estrecha relación entre los factores que predisbronen a esta entidad y el desarrollo de falla nutricional. El objetivo de este manuscrito es revisar las bases científicas en las cuales se fundamenta la interacción de la nutrición y el desarrollo de la función pulmonar en el recién nacido de bajo peso al nacer; discutir la evidencia proveniente de estudios clínicos y/o revisiones sistemáticas que evalúen el efecto de prácticas nutricionales tendientes a disminuir la incidencia y la gravedad de la DBP, y la evaluación y el manejo nutricional de pacientes ya afectados con esta enfermedad. Intervenciones nutricionales dirigidas a incrementar el aporte de calorías y principalmente de proteínas con restricción del aporte hídrico desde el primer día de vida, evitar déficit de antioxidantes como vitamina E y selenio, administrar altas dosis de Vitamina A por vía intramuscular, tendrían un rol en prevenir o disminuir la severidad de la DBP. El incrementar el aporte de calorías con aportes proteicos superiores a 3 gr/kg/día, limitar el uso de diuréticos y corticoides, mantener buena oxigenación, promover alimentación ad-libitum e implementar equipos de apoyo nutricional al alta, reducirían el déficit nutricional y la falla de crecimiento asociada

El aumento en la sobrevida de los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer ha significado un reto para el equipo médico involucrado en el cuidado de los más pequeños en términos de lograr cubrir sus necesidades nutricionales y conseguir el objetivo final de un crecimiento y desarrollo óptimos durante la hospitalización. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión actualizada del conocimiento existente de las necesidades nutricionales, las prácticas clínicas y los fundamentos científicos que las avalan, utilizadas en la nutrición del prematuro de muy bajo peso al nacer. Se discuten las recomendaciones con respecto a las necesidades calóricas, aporte de nutrientes específicos y requerimientos hídricos; se analizan las diferentes estrategias de alimentación existentes ofreciendo recomendaciones prácticas para lograr una nutrición óptima durante el periodo crítico comprendido desde el nacimiento hasta el alta hospitalaria. Se presentan además las prácticas clínicas y estrategias de alimentación que incrementan o disminuyen el riesgo de enterocolitis necrotizante, ofreciendo recomendaciones para evitar esta temida complicación quirúrgica. La evidencia científica existente destaca la importancia de suplir al prematuro con los nutrientes suficientes no sólo para mejorar su sobrevida, crecimiento y desarrollo neurológico, sino también en su salud futura repercutiendo en su calidad de vida. También nos ha permitido evaluar los beneficios y riesgos de diferentes prácticas clínicas enfatizando aquellas con suficiente evidencia como para ser parte integral de la nutrición del prematuro como lo son el aporte parenteral temprano de proteínas y calorías, alimentación enteral mínima con leche materna de la propia madre, el uso de fortificantes y/o fórmulas de prematuros y el promover activamente la lactancia materna

Background: With the aim of contributing to he Healthy Goal 2010 of reducing significantly the prevalence of childhood obestiy we developed and implemented during 2003 and 2004, a school-based obesity prevention intervention which included nutrition education and the promotion of physical activity. Aim To report the results of the intervention. Material and methods: The sample included 1760 children (1st to 7th grade) from 3 elementary public schools in Casablanca (experimental group) and 671 from a similar school located in Quillota, a neighboring city (control). Primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI) Zscore, the mile and shuttle-run tests and obesity prevalence. We also compared changes in waist circumference and triceps skinfold between both groups. Effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by analyzing separately the group *age* time interaction for the first 3 outcomes (follow-up-baseline), using a mixed model of covariance and by comparing variations in obesity prevalence between both groups. Results: There was a significant decline in BMI Z scores in experimental schools for both genders, but greater in boys (p