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Fifty-six cases of sexual abuse on Nigerian female children have been analysed. Cases of sexual abuse represent 0.8% of all cases referred to the consultant gynaecological/Paediatric out-patient clinics. Cases of sexual abuse on Nigerian children may be much more than we have reported since most parents and guardians do not like to report such cases to doctors or the law enforcement agents. Various forms of sexual abuses have been defined.

The often publicised claims of traditional medicine practitioners and prayer houses of success in the treatment of infertility have recently been investigated. Seventeen out of the seventy-five women managed in our unit for infertility in the last ten years, admitted having been to traditional medicine practitioners or prayer houses and were closely and confidentially interviewed. All seventeen of them freely volunteered information that gave great cause for concern. They admitted having been made to commit adultery, either with the Chief Priest of the traditional medical practice, the prayer house prophet or his assistants. Two of the women admitted that their previous pregnancies occured through the process of adultery. Furthermore, all the native medical concoctions given to them were anlysed and found to contain no fertility enhancing properties. Some of the husbands of these women were found to have azoospermia or severe oligospermia. Twelve of these women became pregnant and delivered live babies, when the cause of their infertility was identified and treated. Therapeutic insemination of donor semen was very successful, using ultrasound to monitor ovarian follicular growth.

Four hundred and twenty two female patients presenting with infertility at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, and Harriett Patterson Medical Clinic Enugu, were studied. All the patients had hysterosalipingogram done. This was followed by ultragonography and later by laparoscopy. One hundred and seven patients were found to have normal uterus and tubes, with peritoned spilage. This was confirmed at laparosocopy in 100 patients, ie 93.04 agreement. The findings of loculated spill at hysterosalpingogram could not be confirmed at lapatoscopy. Bilateral tubal block was found at hysterosalpingogram in 51 cases and confirmed at laparoscopy in 40 cases ie 80 persent agreement. Asherman's syndrome for obvious reason was not found at laparoscopy. Uterine fibroids and ovarian cysts were mostly discovered at laparoscopy and ultrasonography. Forty patients were found to have endometriosos, and severe pelvic adhesion were found in 35 patients at laparoscopy. Asherman's syndrome was discovered by hysterosalpingogram in 30 patients. The study shows that these three methods of investigation are complimentary to one another.

Ten patients complaining of Dyfunctional Uterine bleeding were given Duphaston tablets from day 16 to 25 of the menstrual cycle. In eight of the patients, the menstural cycle became regular after 3-6 cycle of treatment. The other two patients were re-evaluated with ultrasound, and found to have endometrial polyps. There were no adverse side effects. Duphaston tablets can be used to correct dyfunctional uterine bleeding.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The stem of Musa paradisiaca (plantain) has found application in traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, inflammation, ulcers and wound injuries., Aim of the Study: This study investigated the phytochemical composition, toxicity profile, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous Musa paradisiaca stem extract (AMPSE) in rats., Methods: Phytochemical analysis of methanol-MPSE was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Acute toxicity testing was carried out through oral administration of a single dose of AMPSE up to 5 g/kg. Four separate groups of rats were used for the subacute toxicity testing (n = 6). Group 1 served as a normal control and did not receive AMPSE, groups 2-4 received AMPSE daily by gavage for 28 days. In the experiments with excision and incision wounds, the rats were treated with 10 w/w AMPS extract. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of AMPSE were assessed using egg albumin-induced paw oedema and acetic acid-induced writhing methods, respectively. For the subacute, anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies, AMPSE was administered to the experimental rats at doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg body weight., Results: Bioactive compounds identified include β-sitisterol, n-hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, diethyl sulfate, p-hydroxynorephedrine, phenylephrine, nor-pseudoephedrine, metaraminol, pseudoephedrine and vanillic acid. No signs of toxicity and no deaths were observed in all the groups. For the groups treated with AMPSE for 28 days, a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, sodium, chloride, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed while high density lipoprotein cholesterol, glutathione and superoxide dismutase increased compared to control (p < 0.05). In wound healing experiments, AMPSE showed greater percent wound contraction and wound resistance fracture compared to the povidone-iodine (PI) treated and control groups. Treatment with 900 mg/kg AMPSE resulted in significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to the control., Conclusion: This study shows that AMPSE is not toxic but contains biologically active compounds with hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering and wound-healing effects. Treatment of rats with AMPSE has shown that AMPSE has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, lipid-lowering and wound-healing effects, supporting its therapeutic use in ethnomedicine., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Garcinia kola is a medicinal plant commonly known as bitter kola. It is utilised in ethnomedicine for the treatment of diarrhoea, bronchitis, bacterial infection, cough, hepatitis, gonorrhoea, laryngitis, food poison, liver and gastric diseases., Objective: This study reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and ethnomedicinal potentials of G. kola ., Materials and Methods: An extensive review was performed using electronic literature collated from ScienceDirect, Springer, Wiley, and PubMed databases., Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the isolation of several chemical compounds including 9-octadecenoic acid, linoleic acid, 14-methylpentadecanoic acid, 1-butanol, hexadecanamide, I-4',II-4',I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-hexahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone, lanost-7-en-3-one, kolaflavanone (8E)-4-geranyl-3,5-dihydroxybenzophenone, glutinol, Garcinia biflavonoid (GB-2a-II-4'-OMe), 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, 24-methylene, tirucallol, lupeol, β-amyrin, obtusifoliol and Kolaviron. Diverse pharmacological in-vivo and in vitro investigations revealed that G. kola has anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-asthmatic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities., Conclusion: The present study revealed that G. kola has preventive and therapeutic potentials against various diseases in both in vivo and in vitro studies and therefore can be utilised as a raw material in the pharmaceutical industries for the development of therapeutic products. However, there is a need for clinical trial experiments to validate and provide accurate and substantial information on the required safe dosage and efficacy for the treatment of several diseases.

In traditional medicine, Ocimum gratissimum (clove basil) is used in the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, anaemia, diarrhoea, pains, and fungal and bacterial infections. The present study reviewed the phytochemicals, essential oils, and pharmacological activities of O. gratissimum . The bioactive compounds extracted from O. gratissimum include phytochemicals (oleanolic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, epicatechin, sinapic acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, apigenin, nepetoidin, xanthomicrol, nevadensin, salvigenin, gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, rutin, and kaempfero) and essential oils (camphene, β-caryophyllene, α- and β-pinene, α-humulene, sabinene, β-myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, trans-β-ocimene, linalool, α- and δ-terpineol, eugenol, α-copaene, β-elemene, p-cymene, thymol, and carvacrol). Various in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that O. gratissimum and its bioactive constituents possess pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antidiarrhoeal, and antimicrobial properties. This review demonstrated that O. gratissimum has a strong preventive and therapeutic effect against several diseases. The effectiveness of O. gratissimum to ameliorate various diseases may be attributed to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties as well as its capacity to improve the antioxidant systems. However, despite the widespread pharmacological activities of O. gratissimum , further experiments in human clinical trial studies are needed to establish effective and safe doses for the treatment of various diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)