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This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon.

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (www.bdmy.org.mx) project, which was produced in collaboration with the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and A poco no. Versión Españolhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7309009 English versionhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7325203

This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

Con el objetivo de analizar las tensiones ontológicas que enfrenta la Educación Propia y las prácticas de re-existencia de las/os maestras/os indígenas frente a grupos de poder de la región norte del Cauca, Colombia, se hace, primero, una lectura cartografiada de las tensiones político-ontológicas del territorio. Posteriormente, se presentan los mecanismos de lucha que realizan las/os maestras/os indígenas por la prevalencia de las ontologías y proyectos de vida de los pueblos. Con este fin, se define el marco referencial desde los aportes de pedagogías otras, anticoloniales y anticapitalistas, además de contribuciones que surgen epistemológica y políticamente desde el giro decolonial, y algunos otros desde la pedagogía crítica. Los datos fueron recabados a través del método etnográfico en una estancia prolongada en el departamento del Cauca, en el año 2017, y fueron sistematizados a través del método propuesto por Bertely (2000) sobre la etnografía educativa. A cartographic reading of the territory’s political-ontological tensions is first made with the objective to analyze the ontological tensions faced by Self-Education and the practices of re-existence of indigenous teachers facing groups of powers in the northern region of Cauca, Colombia. Subsequently, the mechanisms of struggle carried out by the indigenous teachers are presented for the prevalence of the ontologies and the villages’ life projects. Therefore, the referential framework is defined from other anti-colonial and anti-capitalist pedagogies and contributions that arise epistemologically and politically from the decolonial turn and others from critical pedagogy. The data was collected through an ethnographic method during a prolonged stay in the department of Cauca in 2017 and was systematized through the method proposed by Bertely (2000) on educational ethnography.

Increased consumer concern for the environment has motivated winegrowers to adopt more environmentally friendly practices in their vineyards, such as agroecological measures. Thanks to a 2016 Frenc...

This book is a product of BDMY ((https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, and CONABIO (Mexico). The information in the book was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND Spanish version10.5281/zenodo.4276486 English Version10.5281/zenodo.5140488

This book is a product of BDMY ((https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, and CONABIO (Mexico). The information in the book was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND Portuguese version10.5281/zenodo.5140486 Spanish version10.5281/zenodo.4276486

This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

This Infographic is a product of BDMY project (https://www.bdmy.org.mx), that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, which was produced in collaboration with the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and A poco no. Available languages:English Spanish,DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4549794 Portuguese,DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4549912 CC-BY-NC-ND The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon.

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, which was produced in collaboration with the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and A poco no. Available languages: Spanish, English,DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4549896 Portuguese,DOI 10.5281/zenodo.4549912 The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (www.bdmy.org.mx) project, which was produced in collaboration with the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and A poco no. Available languages: Portuguese CC-BY-NC-ND SpanishDOI 10.5281/zenodo.4549794 EnglishDOI 10.5281/zenodo.4549896 The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon.

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in thisinfographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND Version in Spanishhttps://zenodo.org/deposit/4271290

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. &nbsp

This Infographic is a product of BDMY (https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies. The information in the infographic was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND &nbsp

This book is a product of BDMY ((https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, and CONABIO (Mexico). The information in the book was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon. CC-BY-NC-ND English Version10.5281/zenodo.5140489 Portuguese version10.5281/zenodo.5140487

This book is a product of BDMY ((https://www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, and CONABIO (Mexico). The information in the book was reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon.

This book is a product of BDMY (www.bdmy.org.mx) project, that was produced with funds of the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, and CONABIO (Mexico). The information in the bookwas reviewed and validated by a group of specialists in the taxon.

Family Clionaidae d’Orbigny, 1851 Genus Cliona Grant, 1826, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Grant, R. E. (1826) Notice of a New Zoophyte (Cliona celata Gr.) from the Firth of Forth. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1, 78 - 81."]}

Family Niphatidae van Soest, 1980 Genus Amphimedon Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["van Soest, R. W. M. (1980) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part II. Haplosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. & Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen: No. 104. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 62 (191), pp. 1 - 173.","Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124."]}

Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni, 2007 Tables 6, 7; Figs. 86A–B, 88K Synonymy and references: Chondrilla caribensis Rützler, Duran & Piantoni (2007: 100), and Rützler et al. (2014: 53), Ugalde et al. (2015: 161), and van Soest (2017: 12); Chondrilla caribensis cf. caribensis and Chondrilla caribensis cf. hermatypica: Gómez (2007: 57), and Pérez et al. (2017: 9). Type locality. Belize. Material examined. CNPGG-2405, Hornos reef (19.19083°N, 96.11777°W), 3 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 27 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2007; current records), Bermuda, Bahamas, US (Florida), other countries in the Caribbean Sea (Ugalde et al. 2015), Guyana to Brazil (van Soest 2017). Remarks. Chondrilla caribensis has two intraspecific forms: forma caribensis mainly distributed in the mangroves habitat, and generally grayish to chestnut and purplish-brown color, and forma hermatypica mainly distributed in coral reef areas, distinguished by a yellowish brown to olive color and lighter areolas surrounding the oscules (Rützler et al. 2007a). Although both forms share similar sizes of spherasters, forma caribensis has spherasters with microspination on the tips, and hermatypica lacks the microspination. To distinguish between both forms it is necessary to examine SEM micrographs. Up to now, C. caribensis has been reported it the northern sector of the GoM (Rützler et al. 2007a) and in the Campeche Bank reef by Ugalde et al. (2015). Order Chondrosiida Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Rutzler, K., Duran, S. & Piantoni, C. (2007 a) Adaptation of reef and mangrove sponges to stress: Evidence for ecological speciation exemplified by Chondrilla caribensis new species (Demospongiae, Chondrosida). Marine Ecology, 28, 95 - 111. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.2007.00183. x","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Ugalde, D., Gomez, P. & Simoes, N. (2015) Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Gulf of Mexico, new records and redescription of Erylus trisphaerus (de Laubenfels, 1953). Zootaxa, 3911 (2), 151 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3911.2.1","van Soest, R. W. M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Perez, T., Diaz, M. C., Ruiz, C., Condor-Lujan, B., Klautau, M., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Zea, S., Pomponi, S. A., Thacker, R. W., Carteron, S., Tollu, G., Pouget-Cuvelier, A., Thelamon, P., Marechal, J. P., Thomas, O. P., Ereskovsky, A. V., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2017) How a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of Martinique Island (French Antilles, eastern Caribbean Sea) marine biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 12, e 0173859. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0173859"]}

Family Aplysinidae Carter, 1875 Genus Aiolochroia Wiedenmayer, 1977, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponge of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum, 28, 1 - 287, pls. 1 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 0348 - 5797 - 0"]}

Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 54A–C, 58I Synonymy and references: Ulosa ruetzleri Wiedenmayer (1977: 145); “ Ulosa ” ruetzleri, Dictyonella ruetzleri: see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 92); Scopalina ruetzleri: Gómez (2007: 62), Hajdu et al. (2011: 124), Muricy et al. (2011: 92), Rützler et al. (2014: 74), and Pérez et al. (2017: 12). Type locality. The Bahamas. Material examined. CNPGG-2183, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19491°N, 91.95741°W), 8.7 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 18 August 2018; CNPGG-2201, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19566°N, 91.95997°W), 9.3 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 20 August 2018; CNPGG-2215, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19963°N, 91.96680°W), 4.1 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 22 August 2018; CNPGG-2455, Madagascar reef (21.43933°N, 90.27813°W), 9.8 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 06 March 2019. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2007; De la Cruz-Francisco & Bandala-Pérez 2016; current records), Bermuda, Bahamas, US (Florida), Cuba, other countries in the Caribbean Sea (Rützler et al. 2014); Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011). Remarks. Scopalina ruetzleri has been reported in the northern (Rützler et al. 2009) and the SGoM (Gómez 2007). Although we have only collected material from reefs (Cayo Arcas reef and Madagascar reef), this species is a common one along the coral reefs in the Campeche Bank: Triangulos reef, Obispo reef, Alacranes reef, and Cayo Arenas reef. Genus Svenzea Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 2002, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Wiedenmayer, F. (1977) Shallow-water sponge of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum, 28, 1 - 287, pls. 1 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 0348 - 5797 - 0","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Hajdu, E., Peixinho, S. & Fernandez, J. C. (2011) Esponjas marinhas da Bahia: guia de campo e laboratorio. Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 276 pp.","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Perez, T., Diaz, M. C., Ruiz, C., Condor-Lujan, B., Klautau, M., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Zea, S., Pomponi, S. A., Thacker, R. W., Carteron, S., Tollu, G., Pouget-Cuvelier, A., Thelamon, P., Marechal, J. P., Thomas, O. P., Ereskovsky, A. V., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2017) How a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of Martinique Island (French Antilles, eastern Caribbean Sea) marine biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 12, e 0173859. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0173859","De la Cruz-Francisco, V. & Bandala-Perez, A. E. (2016) Esponjas y Cnidarios (Hydrozoa y Anthozoa) del arrecife Oro Verde; cobertura bentonica y afinidad faunistica con sistemas arrecifales de Veracruz, Mexico. Occeanides, 31, 45 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.37543 / oceanides. v 31 i 2.185","Rutzler, K., Soest, R. W. M. Van & Piantoni, C. (2009) Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 285 - 313.","Alvarez, B., van Soest, R. W. M. & Rutzler, K. (2002) Svenzea, a new genus of Dictyonellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) from tropical reef environments, with description of two new species. Contributions to Zoology, 71, 171 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 18759866 - 07104007"]}

Clathria (Thalysias) venosa (Alcolado, 1984) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 43A–H, 45J Synonymy and references: Microciona venosa Alcolado (1984: 6), Hooper (1996: 411), and Gómez (2014: 70); Clathria venosa, Hajdu et al. (2011: 136), Pérez et al. (2017: 11); Clathria (Thalysias) venosa: Hooper (1996: 411), Rützler et al. (2014: 62), and Gómez (2014: 70). Type locality. Caribbean, Cuba. Material examined. CNPGG-2404, Hornos reef (19.19083°N, 96.11777°W), 3 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 27 August 2018; CNPGG-2410, Isla Verde reef (19.19844°N, 96.06863°W), 3.5 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018; CNPGG-2445, Isla Verde reef (19.20588°N, 96.07305°W), 7.8 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 31 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2014; current records), Cuba (Alcolado 1984), other countries in the Caribbean Sea, Brazil (Zea et al. 2014). Remarks. Clathria (T.) venosa is distinguished by its encrusting habit, with a stellate venous pattern at surface flowing to oscules; its color is pink, greyish, and whitish to cinnamon. C. (T.) venosa has been recorded and described for the southern (Gómez 2014) and the northern GoM (Zea et al. 2014). The species abundance has been shown to be positively correlated with urban organic pollution on coral reefs, exhibiting a significant exponential relation with the pollution degree (Busutil & Alcolado 2012)., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Alcolado, P. M. (1984) Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba. Poeyana, 271, 1 - 21.","Hooper, J. N. A. (1996) Revision of Microcionidae (Porifera: Poecilosclerida: Demospongiae), with description of Australian species. Memoir of the Queensland Museum, 40, 1 - 626.","Gomez, P. (2014) The genus Clathria from the Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean, with redescription and resurrection of Clathria carteri (Poecilosclerida: Microcionidae). Zootaxa, 3790 (1), 51 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3790.1.3","Hajdu, E., Peixinho, S. & Fernandez, J. C. (2011) Esponjas marinhas da Bahia: guia de campo e laboratorio. Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 276 pp.","Perez, T., Diaz, M. C., Ruiz, C., Condor-Lujan, B., Klautau, M., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Zea, S., Pomponi, S. A., Thacker, R. W., Carteron, S., Tollu, G., Pouget-Cuvelier, A., Thelamon, P., Marechal, J. P., Thomas, O. P., Ereskovsky, A. V., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2017) How a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of Martinique Island (French Antilles, eastern Caribbean Sea) marine biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 12, e 0173859. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0173859","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Alcolado, P. M. & Busutil, L. (2012) Inventario de las esponjas neriticas del Parque Nacional de Guadalupe. Series Oceanologica, 10, 62 - 76."]}

Desmapsamma anchorata (Carter, 1882) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 49A–C, 58D Synonymy and references: Fibularia anchorata Carter (1882: 283); Desmacidon carterianum Arndt (1927: 147); Desmapsamma anchorata: Gómez (2002: 77), Hajdu et al. (2011: 151), Muricy et al. (2011: 162), and Pérez et al. (2017: 11); Desmacidon reptans, Echinoclathria (Holopsamma) helwigi and Holopsamma helwigi, see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 162). Type locality. Antigua. Material examined. CNPGG-2443, Cabezo reef (19.05086°N, 95.82388°W), 10.4 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 30 August 2018; CNPGG-1754 Alacranes reef (22.3529”N, 89.6723”W) 12 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 7 March 2012; CNPGG-1756 Alacranes reef (22.3830N, 89.6796”W), coll. Patricia Gómez, 6 August 2009; CNPGG-1757 Alacranes reef (22.3670”N, 89.6751”W), coll. Patricia Gómez, 3 August 2009. Distribution. Mexico (Green et al. 1986; Gómez 2002, 2007; current records), Cuba, other countries in the Caribbean Sea (Zea 1987); Brazil (Hajdu et al. 2011). Remarks. Desmapsamma anchorata is a common species in the SGoM, Veracruz’s reefs (Green et al. 1986; Gómez 2002, 2007), and northeastern Yucatan Peninsula. Our specimens match in all characteristics the original description of Carter (1882)., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Carter, H. (1882) Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco in the Liverpool Free Museum described, with general and classificatory Remarks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9, 266 - 347. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938209459039","Arndt, W. (1927) Kalk- und Kieselschwamme von Curacao. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 25, 133 - 158, pls. I - III. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 26660644 - 02501006","Gomez, P. (2002) Esponjas marinas del Golfo de Mexico y el Caribe. AGT Editors S. A, Mexico, D. F., 134 pp.","Hajdu, E., Peixinho, S. & Fernandez, J. C. (2011) Esponjas marinhas da Bahia: guia de campo e laboratorio. Museu Nacional / UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 276 pp.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Perez, T., Diaz, M. C., Ruiz, C., Condor-Lujan, B., Klautau, M., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Zea, S., Pomponi, S. A., Thacker, R. W., Carteron, S., Tollu, G., Pouget-Cuvelier, A., Thelamon, P., Marechal, J. P., Thomas, O. P., Ereskovsky, A. V., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2017) How a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of Martinique Island (French Antilles, eastern Caribbean Sea) marine biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 12, e 0173859. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0173859","Green, G., Fuentes, V. L. & Gomez, P. (1986) Nuevos registros de Porifera del arrecife la Blanquilla, Veracruz Mexico. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 27, 9 - 11.","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas - INVEMAR, Santa Marta, 283 pp."]}

Igernella notabilis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 74A–B, 79D Synonymy and references: Euryades notabilis Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 106); Darwinella joyeuxi Topsent (1889:17); Igernella notabilis: Muricy et al. (2011: 55), Rützler et al. (2014: 96), Pérez et al. (2017: 9), and van Soest (2017: 18); Darwinella joyeuxi, Euryades notabilis, Igernella joyeuxi: see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 55). Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. CNPGG-1133, Alacranes reef (22.3670°N, 89.6751°W), 12 m depth, coll. Patricia Gómez, 03 August 2012; CNPGG-1770, Sisal reef (21.4416°N, 90.2913°W), 12 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 24 January 2013; CNPGG-2234, Triangulo Este reef (20.90°N, 92.2340°W), 10 m depth, coll. Deneb Ortigosa, 11 August 2017; CNPGG-2244, CNPGG-2252, Triangulo Oeste reef (20.95178°N, 92.30963°W), 9–23 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 09 September 2017; CNPGG-2295, Banco Obispo Norte reef (20.49111°N, 92.20296°W), 14 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 13 September 2017. Distribution. Mexico (Topsent 1889 as Darwinella joyeuxi; current records), Bermuda (Rützler et al. 2014), Cuba (Alcolado 2002), other countries in the Caribbean Sea; Guyana, and Brazil (van Soest 2017). Remarks. Only three species of Igernella have been reported worldwide: Igenella mirabilis Lévi 1961 from the Indo-Pacific, I. vansoesti Uriz & Maldonado 1996 from Cape Verde, and the current I. notabilis. We agree with the comment by van Soest (2017) on the need to verify the presence of I. vansoesti from Cape Verde reported in the GoM, since both materials differ in habit and skeletal measurements. Igernella notabilis has been reported in Campeche by Topsent (1889), and is a common species in the coral reefs of the area. The distinctive habit of the species in the GoM region was the presence of short tubes joined in a row, a common form in other parts of the Caribbean. There is only one report with encrusting shape 5 mm thick, due to its juvenile state (Rutzler et al. 2014). Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on pages 81-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Topsent, E. (1889) Quelques spongiaires du Banc de Campeche et de la Pointe-a-Pitre. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France, 2, 30 - 52.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Perez, T., Diaz, M. C., Ruiz, C., Condor-Lujan, B., Klautau, M., Hajdu, E., Lobo-Hajdu, G., Zea, S., Pomponi, S. A., Thacker, R. W., Carteron, S., Tollu, G., Pouget-Cuvelier, A., Thelamon, P., Marechal, J. P., Thomas, O. P., Ereskovsky, A. V., Vacelet, J. & Boury-Esnault, N. (2017) How a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of Martinique Island (French Antilles, eastern Caribbean Sea) marine biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 12, e 0173859. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0173859","van Soest, R. W. M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1","Alcolado, P. M. (2002) Catalogo de las esponjas de Cuba. Avicennia, 15, 53 - 72.","Uriz, M. J. & Maldonado, M. (1996) The genus Igernella (Demospongiae: Dendroceratida) with description of a new species from the central Atlantic. In: Willenz, P. (Ed.), Recent advances in sponge biodiversity inventory and documentation. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 66 (Supplement), pp. 153 - 163."]}

Family Suberitidae Schmidt, 1870 Genus Suberites Nardo, 1833, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Schmidt, O. (1870) Grundzuge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 88 pp., VI pls.","Nardo, G. D. (1833) s. n. In: Auszug aus einem neuen System der Spongiarien, wonach bereits die Aufstellung in der Universitats- Sammlung zu Padua gemacht ist. Isis, oder Encyclopadische Zeitung Coll. Oken, Jena, pp. 519 - 523."]}

Amphimedon compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Tables 6, 7; Figs. 30A–B, 36M Synonymy and references: Amphimedon arborscens Lamarck (1814: 446); Spongia arborescens Lamarck (1814: 446); Spongia rubens Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 41); Amphimedon arborescens Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 79); Haliclona rubens Laubenfels de (1953: 519), Hartman (1955: 167), Green (1977: 86); Amphimedon arborscens var. ensiformis Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 79); Haliclona (Amphimedon) compressa, Amphimedon aff. compressa and Amphimedon sp.: see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 103); Amphimedon compressa Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 78), Green et al. (1986: 134), Gómez (2002:82), Muricy et al. (2011: 103). Type locality. The Virgin Islands. Material examined. CNPGG –1900, Alacranes reef (22.39255°N, 89.69508°W), 5 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 15 May 2016; CNPGG –1950, Cayo Arcas reef (20.19161°N, - 91.99086°W), 12.5 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 23 August 2016; CNPGG –2290, Banco Obispo Norte reef (20.4946°N, - 92.20378°W), 24 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 13 September 2017; CNPGG –2403, Hornos reef (19.19083°N, - 96.11777°W), 3 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 27 August 2018; CNPGG –2419, Isla Verde reef (19.20166°N, - 96.07094°W), 3.8 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018; CNPGG –2437, CNPGG –2438, CNPGG –2440, Cabezo reef (19.05086°N, - 95.82388°W), 9.3–9.5 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Hartman 1955; Green 1977 as Haliclona rubens; Gómez & Green 1984; Green et al. 1986; Gómez 2002; Maas-Vargas 2004; González-Gándara et al. 2009; De la Cruz-Francisco & Bandala-Pérez 2016; current records), Bahamas, US (Florida), other countries in the Caribbean Sea; Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011). Remarks. Amphimedon compressa is a common inhabitant of the coral reefs in the GoM; it has been recorded in different coral reefs of Veracruz (Green et al. 1986; Gómez 2007, 2011; González-Gándara et al. 2009), as well as in the Campeche Bank by Hartman (1955, as Haliclona rubens). We observed this species frequently in different coral reefs at the Campeche Bank. A. compressa had also been reported by several authors, in the northern GoM (Rützler et al. 2009) and off Quintana Roo (Gómez 2002; Maas-Vargas 2004)., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Lamarck, J. B. P. (1814) Sur les polypiers empates. Memoires du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, [1815], 294 - 312 + 370 - 386 + 432 - 458.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1953) Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bullentin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 2, 511 - 557.","Hartman, W. D. (1955) A collection of sponges from the west coast of the Yucatan Peninsula with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, 5, 161 - 189.","Green, G. (1977) Sinopsis Taxonomica de esponjas de la Blanquilla. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 1, 79 - 98.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Green, G., Fuentes, V. L. & Gomez, P. (1986) Nuevos registros de Porifera del arrecife la Blanquilla, Veracruz Mexico. Anales del Centro de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 27, 9 - 11.","Gomez, P. (2002) Esponjas marinas del Golfo de Mexico y el Caribe. AGT Editors S. A, Mexico, D. F., 134 pp.","Gomez, P. & Green, G. (1984) Sistematica de las esponjas Marinas de Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Anales del Instituto Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 11, 65 - 90.","Maas-Vargas, M. G. (2004) Inventario de las esponjas marinas (Porifera: Demospongiae) de la Coleccion de Referencia de bentos costeros de ECOSUR. Universidad y ciencia, 20, 23 - 28.","Gonzalez-Gandara, C., Patino-Garcia, A., Asis-Anastasio, U., Serrano, A. & Gomez, P. (2009) Lista de esponjas marinas asociadas al arrecife Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2009.001.576","De la Cruz-Francisco, V. & Bandala-Perez, A. E. (2016) Esponjas y Cnidarios (Hydrozoa y Anthozoa) del arrecife Oro Verde; cobertura bentonica y afinidad faunistica con sistemas arrecifales de Veracruz, Mexico. Occeanides, 31, 45 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.37543 / oceanides. v 31 i 2.185","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Gomez, P. (2011) Esponjas marinas y de agua dulce. In: Cruz, A. (Ed.), La biodiversidad en Veracruz: Estudio de Estado. Vol II. Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ecologia, Veracruz, pp. 217 - 224.","Rutzler, K., Soest, R. W. M. Van & Piantoni, C. (2009) Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 285 - 313."]}

Neopetrosia proxima (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 33A–C, 45A–B Synonymy and references: Thalysias proxima Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 84), and van Soest et al. (1983: 198); Densa araminta, Neofibularia proxima and Xestospongia próxima: see references compiled in Muricy et al. (2011: 106); Neopetrosia proxima, Muricy et al. (2011: 106), Santos et al. (2016: 336), Pérez et al. (2017: 10), van Soest (2017: 35), and Vicente et al. (2019: 8). Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. CNPGG-2376, CNPGG-2264 Banco Pera reef (20.72669°N, - 91.93481°W), 20 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 15 September 2017. Description. Habit elongate or massive. The size of the specimen with an elongate habit (CNPGG-2264, Fig. 45A), ca. 20 × 6 × 2 cm. The larger massive specimen (CNPGG-2376, Fig. 45B), ca. 20 ×10 × 2 cm. Surface microhispid and undulated. Oscules are slightly aligned (elongate specimen) or scattered (massive specimen). Color in vivo pale orange, pinkish-beige, or brownish-beige preserved in ethanol. The consistency is hard but friable. Skeleton. Ectosome is not easily detachable, and the tangential skeleton shows a rounded mesh; ca. 150–200 µm in diameter (Fig. 33A). Choanosome with a similar skeleton arrangement to the ectosomal skeleton. The choanosomal region with wide channels; up to 1500 µm width (Fig. 33B). Spicules. Megascleres: Oxeas, slightly curved (Fig. 33C); 132– 147 (10)–165/7– 9.2 (1.3)–12 µm. Distribution. Mexico (current records), US (Florida); other countries in the Caribbean Sea, Guyana, and Brazil (van Soest 2017). Remarks. Only two species of Neopetrosia have been reported in the northern GoM, N. carbonaria and N. subtriangularis (Rützler et al. 2009). N. subtriangularis has been also reported in the southern section of the GoM (e.g., Green 1977; Green et al. 1986; Gómez 2007). Neopetrosia proxima has also been reported in Guyana by van Soest (2017). Our study is the first record of N. proxima for the GoM, since it has not been recorded in any recent revision study of sponges from the region (Gómez 2007; Rützler et al. 2009; Ugalde et al. 2015).

Svenzea cristinae Alvarez, van Soest & Rützler, 2002 Tables 6, 7; Figs. 55A–C, 58J Synonymy and references: Svenzea cristinae, Alvarez et al. (2002: 173). Type locality. Belize. Material examined. CNPGG-2473 and CNPGG-2474, Alacranes reef (22.4952°N, 89.7723°W), 6 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 18 May 2016. Description. Cushion shaped habit, cavernous (Fig. 58J); overall size, base with 5.2 × 3.3 × 2.5 cm and papillae with 1.2 cm high. Surface microhispid with irregular placed visible pores. Part of the surface as a translucent membrane in shallow depressions. Round to irregular oscules, scattered, up to 0.9 cm in diameter. It is an ochre yellow color in vivo, light beige when in ethanol. The consistency is elastic and compressible. Skeleton. The choanosomal skeleton with loose sinuous tracts of spicules in an irregular reticulation; round meshes, elongated to polygonal, up to 500 µm in diameter (Fig. 55A). Tracts of spicules protruding outside the surface. Debris and sand grains above the surface and in the choanosomal region (Fig. 55B). Spicules. Megascleres: Strongylote-shaped styles, curved to sinuous and smooth (Fig. 55C). Base with blunt tips. Apex blunt (more frequent), acerate or as a small tip; 210– 324.7 (65.3)–450/3– 4.4 (1)–7 µm. Distribution. Mexico (current records), Belize, and Jamaica (Alvarez et al. 2002). Remarks. Svenzea cristinae was originally recorded in Belize and Jamaica, and our specimens match both external and internal morphology of materials described in Alvarez et al. (2002). However, slight differences among specimens can be discerned, probably due to the different environmental conditions. For example, mangrove roots, 0.5 m deep in the type material, and the coral reef 6 m deep in our material. The type has purple or pinkish areas in its yellow background, which lack in our material. Oxeas (60–340 / 3.7–10 µm) depicted as less frequent or absent in the original description, are entirely absent in our reef specimens, which also have thinner styles than those seen in the type material (11.2 µm in Jamaica, up to 17.5 µm in Belize). Six valid species of Svenzea are reported in the TNwA, S. cristinae, and S. flava, with the same external morphology, specifically their massive encrusting shape and yellow color. However, they differ in their skeletal arrangement and details of spicule morphology and dimensions (Table 4, S. flava description below). Our specimens represent the first record of S. cristinae for the GoM.

Spirastrella coccinea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Tables 6, 7; Figs. 20A–D, 36C Synonymy and references: Thalysias coccinea Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864: 84); Spirastrella coccinea de Laubenfels (1936: 22), de Laubenfels (1949a: 19), de Laubenfels (1950: 96), van Soest (1981: 5), Macintyre et al. (1982: 134), van Soest et al. (1983: 199), Thomas (1985: 304), Vacelet (1990: 22), Gómez 2007: 55, Rützler et al. (2009: 296), Muricy et al. (2011: 70), Alcolado & Busutil (2012: 68), Rützler et al. (2014: 37), Ugalde et al. (2015: 160), van Soest (2017: 172). Type locality. St. Thomas. Material examined. CNPGG-2251, Triangulo Oeste reef (20.9641°N, - 92.3019°W), 9 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 09 September 2017; CNPGG-2375, Banco Pera reef (20.72669°N, - 91.93481°W), 20 m depth, coll. Oscar Bocardo, 15 September 2017; CNPGG-2414, Isla Verde reef (19.19844°N, - 96.06863°W), 6 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 28 August 2018. Distribution. Mexico (Gómez 2007, 2011; De la Cruz-Francisco & Bandala-Pérez 2016; current records), Bermuda (de Laubenfels 1950), Bahamas, US (Florida), other countries in the Caribbean Sea, Brazil (Muricy et al. 2011). Remarks. Spirastrella is characterized by possessing tylostyles in a variety of lenghts and spirasters of one or more types, in some cases with bifurcations in their rays. However, the length in both the spirasters and tylostyles overlapp among species, which complicates species identification. The two species have three spirasters that differ in S. coccinea for being larger than in S. mollis. Although the tylostyles are similar in length in both species, in S. coccinea they are thinner than in S. mollis. Spirastrella coccinea is a common species in the coral reefs of the GoM; it was previously recorded from the Veracruz Reef System (Gómez 2007, 2011), and now from different coral reefs at the Campeche Bank, and additional materials from the Veracruz Coral Reef System., Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1936) A Discussion of the Sponge Fauna of the Dry Tortugas in Particular and the West Indies in General, with Material for a Revision of the Families and Orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1936, 1 - 225.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1949 a) Sponges of the western Bahamas. American Museum Novitates, 1 - 25.","Laubenfels, M. W. de (1950) The Porifera of the Bermuda Archipielago. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 27, 1 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1950. tb 00227. x","van Soest, R. W. M. (1981) A checklist of the Curacao sponges (Porifera Demospongiae) including a pictorial key to the more common reef-forms. Verslagen en Technische Gegevens Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum) Universiteit van Amsterdam, 31, 1 - 39.","Macintyre, I. G., Rutzler, K., Norris, J. N. & Fauchald, K. (1982) A submarine cave near Columbus Cay, Belize: a bizarre cryptic habitat. In: Rutzle, K. & Macintyre, I. G. (Eds.), The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Bay, Belize, I: Structure and Communities. Smithsonian Press, Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science, Washington, D. C., pp. 127 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.12.127","van Soest, R. W. M., Stone, S. M., Boury-Esnault, N. & Rutzler, K. (1983) Catalogue of the Duchassaing & Michelotti (1864) collection of West Indian sponges (Porifera). Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 9, 189 - 205.","Thomas, P. A. (1985) Demospongiae of the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: James, P. S. B. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Marine Biology. Today Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, pp. 205 - 635.","Vacelet, J. (1990) Les spongiaires. In: Le Monde Marin, La Grande Encyclopedie de la Caraibe. Editions Caraibes, Pointe a Pitre, pp. 16 - 33.","Gomez, P. (2007) Inventario de las esponjas del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, con nuevos Registros de Especies (Porifera: Demospongiae). In: Jimenez-Hernandez, M. J.; Granados-Barba, A. & Ortiz-Lozano, L. (Eds.), Investigaciones Cientificas en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Universidad Autonoma de Campeche, Campeche, pp. 51 - 72.","Rutzler, K., Soest, R. W. M. Van & Piantoni, C. (2009) Sponges (Porifera) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 285 - 313.","Muricy, G., Lopes, D. A., Hajdu, E., Carvalho, M. D. S., Moraes, F. C., Klautau, M., Menegola, C. & Pinheiro, U. (2011) Catalogue of Brazilian Porifera. Serie livros 46. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 300 pp.","Alcolado, P. M. & Busutil, L. (2012) Inventario de las esponjas neriticas del Parque Nacional de Guadalupe. Series Oceanologica, 10, 62 - 76.","Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","Ugalde, D., Gomez, P. & Simoes, N. (2015) Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Gulf of Mexico, new records and redescription of Erylus trisphaerus (de Laubenfels, 1953). Zootaxa, 3911 (2), 151 - 183. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3911.2.1","van Soest, R. W. M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1","Gomez, P. (2011) Esponjas marinas y de agua dulce. In: Cruz, A. (Ed.), La biodiversidad en Veracruz: Estudio de Estado. Vol II. Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz, Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ecologia, Veracruz, pp. 217 - 224.","De la Cruz-Francisco, V. & Bandala-Perez, A. E. (2016) Esponjas y Cnidarios (Hydrozoa y Anthozoa) del arrecife Oro Verde; cobertura bentonica y afinidad faunistica con sistemas arrecifales de Veracruz, Mexico. Occeanides, 31, 45 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.37543 / oceanides. v 31 i 2.185"]}

Family Biemnidae Hentschel, 1923 Genus Neofibularia Hechtel, 1965, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Hechtel, G. J. (1965) A systematic study of the Demospongiae of Port Royal, Jamaica. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 20, 1 - 103."]}

Family Agelasidae Verrill, 1907 Genus Agelas Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Verrill, A. E. (1907) The Bermuda Islands: Part V. An account of the Coral Reefs (Characteristic Life of the Bermuda Coral Reefs). Porifera: Sponges. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 12, 330 - 344. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 28921","Duchassaing, F. P. & Michelotti, G. (1864) Spongiaires de la mer Caraibe. Natuurkundige verhandelingen van de Hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te Haarlem, 21, 1 - 124."]}

Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler, Piantoni, van Soest & Díaz, 2014 Tables 6, 7; Figs. 8A–B, 16G Synonymy and references: Prosuberites carriebowensis Rützler et al. (2014: 41), and van Soest (2017: 120). Type locality. Belize Material examined. CNPGG-2238, Triangulo Oeste reef (20.96221°N, - 92.31128°W), 16 m depth, coll. Julio Duarte, 08 September 2017; CNPGG-2211, Cayo Arcas reef (20.20183°N, - 91.97583°W), 6.9 m depth, coll. Diana Ugalde, 20 August 2018. Description. Thinly encrusting habit (Fig. 16G), the larger specimen measures 1.5 × 0.8 × 0.1 cm. Surface irregular and hispid with elevated oscules, covered by a translucent membrane. Orange color in vivo, yellowishorange preserved in ethanol. Consistency difficult to discern, highly delicate. Skeleton. Hymedesmioid skeleton type, tylostyles arranged vertically with their heads positioned into the basal spongin plate—no ectosomal specialization (Fig. 8A). Spicules. Megascleres: tylostyles in two size categories (Fig. 8B). Large tylostyles slightly curved to very curved shaft, with a small head, clearly set off, in a large size range, 350– 880 (449.1)–1800/10– 12.4 (2.5)–18 µm, tyle thickness 12– 15.7 (2.6)–20 µm. Small tylostyles, also large, but slightly thicker than the previous category, 200– 536.7 (241.6)–920/6– 15.8 (4.1)–20 µm, tyle 9.6– 20.6 (4.3)–24 µm thick. Distribution. Mexico (current records), Belize (Rützler et al. 2014). Remarks. Our material shows similarities with the original description of P. carriebowensis by Rützler et al. (2014); viz., thinly encrusting habit, irregular surface (slightly rugose) with dispersed and slightly elevated oscules, presence of translucent membrane over the surface, and orange color in vivo. However, the specimens described here have slightly larger and thinner tylostyles; viz., our material with 350–1800/10–18 μm (larger tylostyles) and 200–920/6–20 μm (small tylostyles) vs. material of Rützler et al. (2014) 240–840/15–30 μm (type I) and 230– 1550/9–25 (type II). Besides, we observe a simple hymedesmioid architecture from most of our material’s skeleton, while Rützler et al. (2014) have described bunches of tylostyles. This study presents the first record of Prosuberites carriebowensis for the GoM. Order Axinellida Lévi, 1953, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on pages 15-16, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. & Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1","van Soest, R. W. M. (2017) Sponges of the Guyana Shelf. Zootaxa, 4217 (1), 1 - 225. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4217.1.1"]}

Family Crambeidae Lévi, 1963 Genus Monanchora Carter, 1883, Published as part of Ugalde, Diana, Fernandez, Julio C. C., Gómez, Patricia, Lôbo-Hajdu, Gisele & Simões, Nuno, 2021, An update on the diversity of marine sponges in the southern Gulf of Mexico coral reefs, pp. 1-112 in Zootaxa 5031 (1) on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5031.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5454380, {"references":["Carter, H. J. (1883) Contributions to our Knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5, 308 - 329. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938309459636"]}