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In last 4 decades, the treatment of infertility has changed fundamentally and has been used increasingly in the whole world. Fresh embryo transfer and vitrified thawed embryo transfer are the two methods that are preferred. Nowadays, freeze all cycles are much more involved in the treatment of infertility. Maternal complications are found to be lesser in pregnancy arising from the cryopreserved thawed embryo transfers. Women undergoing frozen embryo transfer are found to have good ovarian reserve with a lower risk of preterm birth. But the occurrence of pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome is found to be more in cryopreserved embryo transfer than in fresh embryo transfer. The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is found to be same in both types of embryo transfers. Objective of the study is to correlate the β-HCG outcome of fresh and frozen embryo shifting, to correlate pregnancy complications in patients with fresh and frozen embryo shifting, to identify various reasons for pregnancy complications and to establish criteria for selection of embryo transfer type (Fresh/Frozen). This invasive methodology includes a recording of the treatment history and the indications. Counseling of all the participants for research will be done. The further protocol includes evaluation of outcomes of both the techniques by comparing its complications in pregnancy.

According to the 3rd WHO methods, normal sperm morphology has been considered to be directly related with the fertilization process and pregnancy. The quality of semen such as sperm morphology, count, and motility has been reduced due to abnormalities in male thus, causing infertility. A considerable factor responsible for infertility among male partners may be as a result of microbial contamination. Semen may contain contamination while collecting sample. However, there are some sperm preparation techniques that can be used for the removal of contamination in semen such as; swim up, density gradient, simple wash, discontinuous density gradient. The main objective of this study is to find out the presence of infections and microbial contamination. This study will compare sperm count and sperm motility of patient’s semen sample with numbers of debris/ present infectious agent. Microbiological assay of semen sample will be performed. Also, various infectious agents causing infertility will be evaluated and studied. Semen analysis, semen preparation by density gradient, semen culture were carried out to look into the effect of microbial contamination on semen sample of infertile men.

INTRODUCTION:The goal of this study is to determine the is to determine the relationship between adenomyosis and infertility. Although adenomyosis is more commonly discovered in women of reproductive age, its impact on pregnancy rates is significant, especially given the tendency for women in industrialised nation to delay pregnancy. Adenomyosis has been identified in teens. Women between the ages of 35 and 50 are more likely to develop it. There has been at least one pregnancy endometriosis, fibroids in the uterus. Many adenomyosis does not often create symptoms, many women are unaware they have it.female may be affected in 20% to 65%. Adenomyosis is a condition in which some people develop adenomyosis for unknown reasons. Women who have had children are more likely to have illness. We gave a careful examination of the literature data on the influence of adenomyosis on fertility in this article treatment potential consequences on the pregnancy rate will also be discussed. we did literature search, retrieving publication from the PubMet and other Embase and Cochrane database from 1982 to 2019. The adenomyosis and infertility and adenomyosis and pregnancy outcomes were used to find results.CONCLUSION:Despite being a common gynecologic condition, the role of adenomyosis in infertility remains uncertain. It was once assumed to be a symptomatic condition affecting exclusively older women, but it is now being seen in asymptomatic, younger women who are being screened for infertility.

Introduction: The ultra-modern new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak that’s resulting from the excessive acute breathing syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is seeing a dramatic upward thrust in inflamed people all around the world. In the aetiology and scientific signs of SARS-CoV2, the host immune reaction seems to be crucial. In sufferers with excessive COVID-19, SARS-CoV2 now no longer handiest turns on antiviral immune responses, however it could additionally cause out of control inflammatory responses characterized with the aid of using excessive ranges of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ensuing in lymphopenia, lymphocyte dysfunction, and granulocyte and monocyte abnormalities. These immunological abnormalities resulting from SARS-CoV2 may want to cause microbial infections, septic shock, and organ failures. As a result, the approaches underlying immunological abnormalities in COVID-19 sufferers want to be explored if you want to manual scientific care of the disease. Furthermore, sensible law of SARS-CoV2 immune responses, which incorporates growing antiviral immunity at the same time as restricting systemic inflammation, will be important to a hit treatment. Conclusion: SARS-CoV2 has produced a global public health emergency, which promotes greater efforts to assess viral transmission, pathogenesis, and immune responses, as well as improve disease prevention and treatment strategies. Data from these scientific endeavors have shown that managing the interaction between the virus and the immune system is important in reducing morbidity and mortality, in addition to opening up the development of vaccines and vaccination processes.

The outburst of coronavirus in December 2019 from Wuhan, China led to the global COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic by the WHO at the beginning of 2020. This resulted in lockdowns in many countries as a preventive measure. Due to the lockdowns, people were forced to stay at home, which increased the feeling of loneliness, anxiety, depression, or suicidal thoughts. Mental health is the least discussed topic but most important. With the outbreak of the highly infectious virus, public fear, anxiety, stress due to lethality, and uncertainty also follows. This review article is aimed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of individuals and groups of individuals. A twenty percent increase in mental illnesses was reported in a survey by the Indian Psychiatric Society since the coronavirus outbreak in India. In China, a study showed 16.5% moderate to severe depressive symptoms, 28.8% moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 8.1% moderate to severe stress due to COVID-19. Different countries all over the world showed similar statistics. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has probably been the greatest pandemic in modernized human history. To prevent the transmission of coronavirus, the lockdown was imposed, which forced everyone to stay at home. The isolation had an adverse effect on the mental health of individuals.

Coronavirus-2 (SARC COV-2), which causes virus disease since December 2019, proves fatal to human life. Patients of coronavirus disease present with mild to severe symptoms related mostly with respiratory tract. Coronavirus affects the human life as even after complete recovery from the symptoms. Some symptoms persist or some new symptoms appeared in patients. Apart from the lungs, the coronavirus has affected multiple organs. Thus results in high mortality in patients with co-morbidity. But those who recovered they are also not perfectly fit to become asymptomatic. In the present study, 100 patients (56 males and 44 females) were taken from the general population of Vidarbha region who recovered from coronavirus disease. Patients were monitored after one month of their recovery and followed for three months to see for any new symptoms or for their persistence of symptoms. They were provided with a properly framed questionnaire to know about their post-COVID symptoms. In this study, it is seen that males were more affected than females. Patients irrespective of sex developed new symptoms after COVID. Some patients showed persistence of their symptoms. About 25% of females between 40-70 years of age had persistent body ache, whereas 20% of males between 40-70 years developed breathlessness. Body ache, malaise, and headache are prominent symptoms in all sexes. Other unusual symptoms appeared in all sexes, such as hair loss, constipation, and loss of concentration.

The new COVID, later dubbed coronavirus, is an incurable disease that can be transmitted to humans. It originally appeared in late December 2019 in the Chinese city of Wuhan, where it documented cases of pneumonia of unclear etiology. After its rise, it marked as an episode that caused real concern for the general public by the WHO, and in the middle of January 2020, the WHO declared a global pandemic due to a dramatic increase in global diseases affecting many nations. More than 108 million cases had been validated worldwide as of February 14, 2021, with 5.99 million cases reported in the Eastern Mediterranean region. As a result of this global emergency, segregation and detention measures were being taken by international and governmental organizations to prevent the spread of the disease. Additional measures include airline suspension, large assembly congestion, and compulsory use of face masks in many countries, community evacuation, telephone work, child education, and home-based care. Conclusion: There is a need to build the mindfulness among the different media stages about mental difficulties during pandemics and feature the significance of looking for help and taking part in actual work for the administration of emotional well-being messes. Moreover, an increment in mindfulness among the medical care experts in recognizing and focusing on the high-hazard gatherings of the populace who are in danger in creating psychological well-being issues is crucially significant.

Long-term exposure to altitude has been shown to have major consequences on metabolic, cardiovascular, and reproductive function. The effects of persistent hypoxia on reproductive health can be studied in a natural laboratory at high altitude. Contrary to popular belief, fertile residents appear to be largely immune to miscarriage. Infertility and recurrent miscarriage have been linked to oxidative stress in women living at high altitudes. Oxidative Stress (OS) affects gametes and their interactions. The regulation of gamete quality and gamete interaction is aided by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS has been implicated in oocyte formation, maturation, follicular atresia, corpus luteum function, and luteolysis in numerous human investigations. Pathologies in the female reproductive system that are precipitated by OS are comparable to those that cause male infertility. The quality of the egg and embryo, and consequently the rate of fertilization, is influenced by OS. Assisted reproductive treatments, such as IVF and ICSI, are high-tech procedures used to treat female infertility in a variety of situations. They can help women who are infertile due to causative reasons such as endometriosis or tubal factor infertility, as well as people who are infertile for no apparent reason.

Background: Folate is present in Vitamin B, which is not present in the body, and one has to consume it from outside. Its functions are to help in the production of RBCs, helps in the production of genes, DNA, RNA, and protein, helps in the metabolism of homocysteine, and is also the main component which is required for the process of methylation. For the metabolism of the folate group, the MTHFR gene is responsible. When there is a problem occurs in the MTHFR gene such as SNP, then it can create a problem with many allied metabolisms and other biological reactions or processes in the body of human body and deficiency of folate in the body may lead to affect various processes such as it can increase the homocysteine level in the body and can cause hyperhomocysteinemia, which has been linked with many diseases along with causing male infertility. Objectives: To identify nucleotide polymorphism in cases and control group. To correlate polymorphism status with male infertility. To correlate MTHFR polymorphism with abnormal semen parameters. To correlate BMI with male infertility. Methodology: For this study, we will use various collective methods to conduct the study which includes the recording of treatment history and the indications of infertile patients visiting WARDHA TEST TUBE CENTRE and counselling them. After that semen collection and analysis will be done along with blood collection, DNA extraction, DNA quantification with nanodrop and agarose gel, PCR, and RFLP. We have also made use of PubMed for getting related articles. Results and Conclusion: We have done many searches on PubMed and NCBI sites (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) with keyword MTHFR gene, polymorphism in MTHFR gene, methylation, folate methylation, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, and primer for MTHFR gene and retrieved many articles related to primers for MTHFR gene and will design our primer for forward and reverse annealing with the help of Amplify software (Engels, 1993). With the help of our study, we will analyze the MTHFR genomic sequence along with analysis of RFLP, in which we will design an amplicon of 513bps in which we will find restriction site for Hinf I and will check that if polymorphism is there then it will cut the DNA amplicon into two and will confirm it with electrophoresis.

Background: Most of the men go through infertility due to DNA defects in sperm. DNA defects in sperm can be measured by sperm DNA fragmentation test. Sperm DNA splitting have been correlated with sperm viability and its major impact on male infertility. Many studies have shown that men with disturbed lifestyle habits such as smoking ,alcoholic consumption ,poor diet have very poor DNA quality compared to the men with proper habits like good diet , exercise and a well maintained routine. There has been many tests to measure the DNA breakage after conducting proper semen examination and infertility duration. This can be treated with proper medications and regular exercise. Objectives: 1. To predict the reason for male infertility by evaluating routine semen parameters. To study the effects of daily lifestyle habits associated with SDF in patients who are not fertile. To investigate the amount of sperm DNA splitting in men who are not fertile. 4.To investigate the association between DFI and semen quality, between DFI and IVF, between DFI and IUI. 5.To estimate the outcomes of sperm DNA fragmentation index and allow the patients to seek post infertility treatments. Methods: This non-invasive methodology includes recording of treatment history and the indications of infertility. Proper counselling for the patients were done. A proforma were filled along with their consent showing the accuracy of smoking, alcohol consumption, stress levels and other mentioned factors and hence calculating the sperm breakage levels.

Aim: The aim of the study is to note the variation in the origin of Gastroduodenal artery (GDA). In a study done on 30 cadavers at Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai, India, during the period 2011–2012, it was found that there was a rare type of branching pattern of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). The knowledge of variations is very important during the operative, diagnostic and endovascular procedures. Variations in the branching pattern of the cystic artery often occur and may be encountered during cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy and hepatobiliary surgeries. This study describes unusual origin of cystic artery from the gastro duodenal artery as found during routine dissection in a cadaver. The embryological development and clinical importance of such a variation have been emphasized.

Dysfluent speech has the potential to lower one's standard of living drastically. Although there is a lot of theoretical support for basal ganglia dysfunction in developmental stuttering, there isn't any imaging data to back it up. According to several studies, there is a difference in gray matter volume between people who stammer and those who don't. According to studies, the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the uncinate fasciculus have higher fractional anisotropy (FA) than fluent controls. A high fractional anisotropy means good white matter integrity in these areas. In children who stutter, grey matter volume was higher in the Rolandic operculum, middle frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule. These regions are found to be more active in adults who stammer as their speech fluency improves. Stuttering is previously linked to structural deficiencies in the corpus callosum. However, there are differences in the directionality of the findings between studies, which are unknown. According to current theories, stuttering is caused by a breakdown in the integration of auditory data in speech motor planning, which affects behavior tasks that rely on basal ganglia structures. According to some studies, connectivity in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and basal ganglia of persons with stuttering (PWS) was significantly reduced. Still, it was more robust in the left supplementary motor cortex (SMC) and premotor cortex (PMC) (primary motor cortex). In the Broca's region, there was also decreased perfusion and spectroscopic indicators of neuronal density. Spontaneous speech is more affected by stuttering than conversation, reading, sentence repetition, or singing. As per the dual process theory of language formation, the basal ganglia are essential for formulaic phrases, but the left hemisphere is important for innovative, freshly constructed sentences. According to current theories on their functional traits and connections to cortical areas of control, the basal ganglia are the complex networks in charge of organizing, initiating, carrying out, and controlling motor behaviors. Given the distinct neuroanatomical characteristics of people who stutter, more research into this cohort is required to further our understanding of the illness. The primary goal of this review article is to fill in any knowledge voids between the neuroanatomical structure of the basal ganglia and the onset of stuttering.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genetic makeup of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (

The cardiovascular system consists of a pump represented by the heart and blood vessels, which provide the route by which blood circulates to all parts of the body. William Harvey, in the 17th century, discovered that blood is pumped away from the heart, but it all returns to the heart after circulating in the body. A right ventricular function can be compromised by pressure or stress, often secondary to the right heart valve or muscle pathology. The valves maintain unidirectional flow and permit increased pressure to develop in the chambers. The tricuspid valve consists of three tissue flaps. It separates the right atria and the right ventricle. To measure morphometric measurements of an individual leaflet of the tricuspid valve of cadaveric human hearts. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin-fixed adult human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the Department of Anatomy from various medical colleges in Maharashtra. Statistical significant difference was found for the height of anterior and posterior leaflets between male and female hearts. The length of the septal leaflet was also found to be statistically significant between male and female hearts. The study will be helpful for cardiac surgeons in providing data for tricuspid valve complex, leaflets, cords and papillary muscles.

Dengue a major international public health concern is a vector-borne viral infection caused due to bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito. To reduce humanmosquito contact or eliminate vector population efforts should be made. The knowledge gained through this investigation would help rural population to take certain preventive and control measures against dengue fever. It would also be helpful to guide policy makers and health authorities to plan, design and initiate initiatives, various programs and policies regarding prevention of dengue. To find out the impact of community-based awareness education about dengue by assessing knowledge and preventive practices in rural population. A Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was done in rural population residing near the Datta Meghe Medical College, Wanadongri, Nagpur over a period of three months. Sample size of 166 participants; age more than 18 years residing in rural area were included in the study. Positive correlation in knowledge regarding dengue fever was found at post test among participants and information imparted; significant improvement was observed with respect to pretest taken. Questionnaire helped individuals to gain more knowledge regarding the disease and its prevention. This study concludes that the knowledge score of participants regarding dengue fever and invigilator increases at post test. Hence a better and healthy community can be achieved just by imparting simple doorstep knowledge.

Historically, the research on the right ventricle (RV) has been neglected by his left equivalent because of the complexity of left ventricle (LV) dysfunction. Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can be classified as linked to primary valve disease or functional in nature, but most are functional. Although it was historically assumed that such functional Tricuspid regurgitation, i.e. arising from leftsided disease, and it can be resolved after corrective surgery, but after successful surgery, on the aortic or mitral valve annular dilatation, the Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction may persist.To study the circumference of tricuspid orifice and it’s the diameter in two perpendicular planes and its comparison among the male and female population. The material for the present study comprised of 50 formalin fixed human hearts (35 males and 15 females) which were obtained from the department of anatomy. In this study, it is observed that: The mean value of circumference of a tricuspid orifice is 11.01+/-0.63 cm. The diameter of tricuspid orifice along the frontal dimension is 3.06+/-0.38 cm, and the diameter along the sagittal dimension is 2.26+/-0.23 cm. The measurements of the circumference of tricuspid orifice reported for males and females in western countries were higher than the present study and the diameter along the frontal dimension is greater than the diameter along the sagittal dimension. The tricuspid valve diameter along the frontal dimension was more than the diameter along the sagittal dimension in both males and females.

The knowledge of anatomy plays an integral role in the education and practice of health care professionals. Cadaveric dissection is the most reliable method to teach the gross anatomy since centuries. Hands-on-educational experiences on cadavers can also stimulate student interest, increase knowledge retention and enhance development of clinical skills. Common problems faced during anatomy dissection are non-availability of individual instructor for each table, Crowding of students in dissection owing to lack of clear, timely and uniform instructions. Hence, the purpose of our study is to evolve a modality that will increase efficiency of dissection, make it more clinically relevant and make students enthusiastically participate in dissection. This modality will contribute more to overall better understanding of human anatomy within limited time period. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of audio-visual aids followed by structured manual instruction in dissection hall teaching and to compare the student’s learning gain between conventional and modified dissection hall teaching. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: During the study period two hundred students were present in First MBBS, anatomy department. Out of these all two hundred students fulfilled the inclusion criteria and participated in the study. Mean post test score of study group was2.84±1.46 where as mean pre test score of control Group was3.7±1.8showing significant difference. The post test score of the study group was almost double the post test score of control group. This finding is statistically very significant. CONCLUSION: Audio-visual aids, structured schedules, and cadaveric dissection were found to be effective in dissection hall teaching in anatomy. It was found to be more effective than conventional method with regard to understanding of the structure, its placement and building of the concepts.

Introduction The median and musculocutaneous nerves are functionally most important terminal branches of brachial plexus. Injuries involving median or musculocutaneous nerve proximal to the anastomotic branch may give rise to unexpected presentation of weakness of forearm flexor and thenar muscles or present as double nerve injury. This inspired us to study the exact topography of communication between median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve and to discuss its morphological and clinical significance. Methods The study was conducted in 50 cadavers (100 upper limbs) in duration of two and a half years. Proper cadaveric dissection was done during 2010–2013 in the department of Anatomy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, and also in department of Anatomy Mahatma Gandhi Aurvadic Medical College, Sawangi, Wardha. Result Present series, studied musculocutaneous and median nerves in 50 cadavers (100 upper limbs) to evaluate the communication between these two nerves. In 42% cadavers (2-bilateral and 19 –unilateral) communicating branch was present, mostly single and distal to coracobrachialis muscle. More than one communicating branch was observed in 4% cadavers. Discussion The incidence of communication between musculocutaneous and median nerve is quite high (42%). Previous studies carried out in different countries and ethnicities showed abnormal communication between these two nerves ranged from 6–68%.Lesions of communicating nerve may give rise to pattern of weakness that may impose difficulty in diagnosis. So it is important to have awareness of these variations that are observed and discussed in present study.

Introduction: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), which is chemically known as AJI-NO-MOTO also familiar as MSG in routine life. MSG is always considered to be a controversial food additive used in the world. It is a natural excitatory neurotransmitter, helps in transmitting the fast synaptic signals in one third of CNS. Liver and kidney play a crucial role in metabolism as well as elimination of MSG from the body. Present study is to detect structural changes in adult rat kidney tissue treated with MSG; observations are done with a light microscope. Materials & Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, J.N.M.C, Sawangi (M) Wardha. Thirty (30) adult Wistar rats (2-3 months old) weighing about (200 ± 20g) were used in the current study, animals were divided into three groups (Group – A, B, C). Group A: Control, Group B: 3 mg /gm body weight, Group C: 6 mg /gm body weight, MSG were administered orally daily for 45 days along with the regular diet. Observations & Results: The Mean values of animals weight at the end of experiment (46th day) respectively were 251.2 ± 13, 244.4 ± 19.9 and 320 ± 31.1. Early degenerative changes like, Glomerular shrinkage (GSr), loss of brush border in proximal convoluted tubules and Cloudy degeneration was observed in sections of kidney treated with 3 mg/gm body weight of MSG. Animals treated with 6 mg/gm body weight of MSG showed rare changes like interstitial chronic inflammatory infiltrate with vacuolation in some of the glomeruli, and much glomerular shrinkage invaginated by fatty lobules. Conclusion: The effects of MSG on kidney tissues of adult rats revealed that the revelatory changes are directly proportional to the doses of MSG.

Introduction: As the human brain ages, characteristic structural changes occur that are considered to be normal and are expected. Thus the thorough knowledge of the age related normal changes that occur in the brain is required before any abnormal findings are analyzed. As ageing advances, the brain undergoes many gross and histopathological changes with regression of the brain tissue leading to the enlargement of the ventricles. To understand these changes the knowledge of normal morphometry and size of normal ventricular system of brain is important. Materials & Methods: For the present study 358 (Males – 207 and Females – 151) individuals Computerized Tomography (CT) images of brain studied. Measurements of fourth ventricle, third ventricle and lateral ventricle were noted down from CT images and it was statistically analyzed. Results: After analysis it was observed that the height and width of the fourth ventricle was larger in males as compared to females. The length of the third ventricle was observed to be greater in females than in males. The width of the third ventricle it was observed to be greater in males than in females. Antero-posterior extent of the left frontal horn (males = 26.26 ± 2.94, 95% CI 25.86 – 26.66 mm and females = 26.53 ± 3.38, 95% CI 25.99 – 27.08 mm) was greater than that of the right ones (males = 25.00 ± 3.18, 95% CI 24.57 – 25.44 mm and females = 25.34 ± 3.50, 95% CI 24.78 – 25.90 mm). Conclusion: Advances in sensitive imaging techniques like the Computerized Tomography helps in dramatic expansion of our understanding of the normal structure of brain. The present study has defined the morphometric measurements of the lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle of the brain which has clinical correlations in diagnosis and for further line of treatment.

Background: Mass immunization campaigns are now an established fact for the eradication of poliomyelitis. Intensified pulse polio immunization (IPPI) campaigns using only a booth-based approach have not been sufficient to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission in different areas, where it is most persistent with low immunization coverage. Since 1995, PPI is conducted in India and IPPI was introduced in 1998. When we are progressing toward polio eradication and ever-increasing efforts are being done to administer polio drops to every eligible child, it has been observed subjectively that an element of fatigue is creeping in the health system and community. Aim and Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the operational aspects and knowledge of staff regarding PPI program. Material and Methods: Study design – A community-based cross-sectional study. Setting – Six taluks of Solapur district – Mangalwedha, Sangola, Barshi, Mohol, Pandharpur, and Madha. Study period – October 24–30, 2010, and November 21–27, 2010, i.e., 2 weeks. Sample studied – 174 booths, 359 parents, 1289 houses, and 3162 children under 5 years of age. Result: Out of 174 booths, 94.83% booths were easily accessible and IEC material displayed prominently on 85.06% booths.. Regarding source of information of IPPI, 38.16% parents got information from health workers followed by poster. Placement of teams at transit sites, teams were adequate at 80.77% sites, shifting timing appropriate at 88.46%, deployed member present at site in only 76.92% booths and supervisor cross checking the work of teams at only 50% booths. More than 85% of total booth workers were trained. On post booth day activity, in migrant's population 11.97% children were unimmunized whereas in settled population it was 2.32%. Percentage of unimmunized children in migratory population was more than settled population which is statistically highly significant. Conclusion: Special attention is required toward immunization of migratory populations, including slums with migration, nomads, sugar cane cutters, brick kiln workers, also construction site workers and also on transit sites including bus stand, railway stations, mela sites, and weekly bazaars. The role of local media and mass communication programs should be worked out and organized in a more systemic manner. Use of mass media must be done to motivate people for immunization. Supervisor work needs to improve. Community participation should be view as one of the key component for the success of the program. More voluntary agencies, persons, local leaders, and nongovernmental organizations should be motivated to come forward and work for this noble cause.

Background: Simulation training is an integral part of the laparoscopic training curriculum. To recognize the role of laparoscopy in modern surgery, residency programs rapidly incorporated it into their training regimen. Box trainers are useful to practice laparoscopic skills. Laparoscopy requires a long-learning curve. The simulation training model gives opportunities to practice the procedures efficiently until competency is achieved without exposing the live patient to undue risk. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the overall effectiveness of the box training to improve the skills in laparoscopic suturing. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective and observational study conducted over a period of 6 months including 30 residents of the surgery department. The department of surgery has an indoor laboratory that consists of an isolated room with two box-trainers. Participants were given a task to perform suturing by using box trainers for 2 h/week for 6 months. For the quantitative and qualitative assessment, a direct observation checklist was prepared, i.e., task-specific checklist having a maximum score of 15. Each participant performed a suturing task. Pre- and posttraining score was calculated and was compared to see the efficacy of the box trainers. Results: Around 30 participants’ surgery, residents were enrolled. Twenty-six male and 4 female residents were included in the training, with the age of all residents ranges from 26 to 30 years. The mean pretraining score was 3.1667, and it is improved significantly to 12.3667 after training. The unpaired t-test was calculated (20.5050). The two-tailed P is less than 0.0001; hence, it is statistically significant. Conclusions: This study proves the efficacy of box trainers in improving laparoscopic suturing skills.

Background: Anthropometry is widely recognized as one of the useful technique to assess the growth and nutritional status of an individual as population. The present study was carried out with the aim to study the growth parameter of the school going children and to find association of socioeconomic status and height.Methods: School children from age 6 to 14 years are examine for weight. There socioeconomic status is decided on the basis of ration card. A total 1520 school children aged 6 to 14 years were randomly selected from the 5 different schools.Results: Significant difference between the height was found among the upper and lower socioeconomic groups children.Conclusions: Statistically significant difference is found between two socioeconomic groups in the age group of 6, 7, 10, and 14 years of male and 6, 8, 11, and 12 years in female between two socioeconomic groups.

Background: Duplication of ureter is a developmental anomaly of urogenital system. The possible embryological reasons for the formation of a duplicated ureter could be splitting of ureteric bud, resulting two ureters draining into single kidney. Prevalence occurs in approximately 1% of the population. It may be associated with or without other congenital defects. Aim: To study the major anatomical variations of the ureter in routine dissection method. Materials and Methods: The present study conducted in the Department of Anatomy on 156 formalin-fixed cadavers of both sex and focus on the ureteric anomaly in routine dissection method. The ureter was followed from the renal pelvis to the uretrovesical junction, an opening into the urinary bladder (UB). Out of them, we got in one cadaver that two ureters were draining a single kidney into the UB separately and were not associated with any other congenital anomaly. There was complete duplication of ureter on unilateral side (left). Right kidney and its ureter were entirely normal. Conclusion: The knowledge of abnormality in renal collecting system is necessary for effective endo-urological applications and intrarenal surgeries. The present study adds on to the literature and will be helpful and interesting for the radiologists and urologists as it describes the ureteric anomaly in the Central Indian population.