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6. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Reiners, A., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J.A., Ribas, I., Morales, J.C., Jeffers, S.V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P.J., Kaminski, A., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., Burgo, C. del, Cano, J., Cárdenas Vázquez, M.C., Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Maroto Fernández, D., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dreizler, S., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I.M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., García Vargas, M.L., Martín, E.L., Gesa, L., Gómez Galera, V., González Hernández, J.I., González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E.W., Guijarro, A., Guindos, E. de, Martín-Ruiz, S., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hagen, H.-J., Hatzes, A.P., Hauschildt, P.H., Hedrosa, R.P., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Hermelo, I., Hernández Arabí, R., Hernández Castaño, L., Marvin, C.J., Hernández Hernando, F., Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E.N., Juan, E. de, Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Mathar, R.J., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Lamert, A., Lampón, M., Lara, L.M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Launhardt, R., López del Fresno, M., Mirabet, E., López-González, J., López-Puertas, M., López Salas, J.F., López-Santiago, J., Luque, R., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Montes, D., Marín Molina, J.A., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Seifert, W., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Passegger, V.M., Abril, M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perger, M., Perryman, M.A.C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Aceituno, J., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rohloff, R.-R., Alonso-Floriano, F.J., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sánchez Carrasco, M.A., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L.F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J.H.M.M., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, A., Solano, Enrique, Stahl, O., Strachan, J.B.P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J.C., Tabernero, Hugo M., Tala, M., Trifonov, T., Antona, R., Tulloch, S.M., Ulbrich, R.G., Veredas, G., Vico Linares, J.I., Vilardell Sallés, Francesc, Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., Anglada-Escudé, G., Zapatero Osorio, M.R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F.F., Becerril, S., Béjar, V.J.S., Benítez, D., Berdinas̃, Z.M., Bergond, G., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Reiners, A., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J.A., Ribas, I., Morales, J.C., Jeffers, S.V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P.J., Kaminski, A., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., Burgo, C. del, Cano, J., Cárdenas Vázquez, M.C., Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Maroto Fernández, D., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dreizler, S., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I.M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., García Vargas, M.L., Martín, E.L., Gesa, L., Gómez Galera, V., González Hernández, J.I., González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E.W., Guijarro, A., Guindos, E. de, Martín-Ruiz, S., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hagen, H.-J., Hatzes, A.P., Hauschildt, P.H., Hedrosa, R.P., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Hermelo, I., Hernández Arabí, R., Hernández Castaño, L., Marvin, C.J., Hernández Hernando, F., Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E.N., Juan, E. de, Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Mathar, R.J., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Lamert, A., Lampón, M., Lara, L.M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Launhardt, R., López del Fresno, M., Mirabet, E., López-González, J., López-Puertas, M., López Salas, J.F., López-Santiago, J., Luque, R., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Montes, D., Marín Molina, J.A., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Seifert, W., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Passegger, V.M., Abril, M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perger, M., Perryman, M.A.C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Aceituno, J., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rohloff, R.-R., Alonso-Floriano, F.J., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sánchez Carrasco, M.A., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L.F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J.H.M.M., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, A., Solano, Enrique, Stahl, O., Strachan, J.B.P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J.C., Tabernero, Hugo M., Tala, M., Trifonov, T., Antona, R., Tulloch, S.M., Ulbrich, R.G., Veredas, G., Vico Linares, J.I., Vilardell Sallés, Francesc, Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., Anglada-Escudé, G., Zapatero Osorio, M.R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F.F., Becerril, S., Béjar, V.J.S., Benítez, D., Berdinas̃, Z.M., and Bergond, G.

Published
2018

7. CARMENES: high-resolution spectra and precise radial velocities in the red and infrared

Author

Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Caballero, J. A., Seifert, W., Aceituno, Jesús, Azzaro, M., Baroch, David, Barrado y Navascués, David, Bauer, Florian Franz, Kehr, M., Pavlov, A., Fernández, Matilde, Hernández Hernando, F., Schäfer, S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Abellán, F. J., Guàrdia, J., Cardona Guillén, C., Mundt, R., Mandel, H., Abril, Miguel, Zhao, Z., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Ammler-von Eiff, M., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Huke, P., Lara, Luisa María, Tal-Or, L., Moya, A., López Salas, J.F., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Storz, C., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Reffert, S., Gaisné, G., Hernández Castaño, L., Gallardo, I., Gálvez-Ortiz, M. C., García-Piquer, A., Lodieu, N., Passegger, V.M., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Czesla, S., Schmidt, C., Perryman, M. A. C., Sarmiento, L. F., Brinkmöller, M., García-Vargas, M. L., Tala Pinto, M., Guijarro, A., López-Puertas, Manuel, Hedrosa, R.P., Lampón, M., Hermann, D., Hermelo, I., Panduro, J., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Jeffers, Sandra V., Dreizler, S., Benítez, D., Tulloch, S.M., Béjar, Victor J. S., López-Santiago, J., Rohloff, R.-R., Hernández Arabí, R., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klüter, J., Perger, M., Klutsch, A., Pallé, Enric, Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Stürmer, J., Blümcke, M., Berdiñas, Z. M., Marfil, E., Herbort, O., Lamert, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Holgado, G., Pluto, M., Wolthoff, V., Laun, W., Trifonov, T., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Veredas, G., Solano, E., Mall, U., Schiller, J., Mancini, L., Marín Molina, J.A., Cifuentes, C., Frölich, K., Gesa, Lluis, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López del Fresno, M., Johnson, E.N., Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Hintz, D., Lenzen, R., Ulbrich, R.G., Hauschildt, P. H., Maroto Fernández, D., Díez-Alonso, E., Ramón, A., González Hernández, Jonay I., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Pérez Medialdea, D., Redondo, P., Bergondy, G., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Herrero, E., Hidalgo, D., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Pedraz, S., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Shulyak, D., Rodler, F., López González, Maria J., Vico Linares, J. L., González-Álvarez, E., Vidal Dasilva, Manuela, Vilardell, Francesc, Wagner, K., Luque, R., Lemke, U., Doellinger, M., Schweitzer, Andreas, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schöfer, P., Carro, J., Winkler, J., Pascual, J., González Peinado, R., Huber, K., Guenther, E. W., de Guindos, E., Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Rebolo López, Rafael, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Grözinger, U., Dorda, R., Cano, J., Yan, F., Del Burgo, C., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Hatzes, Artie P., Suárez Yanes, Juan Carlos, de Juan, E., Lizon, J. -L., Kaminski, Adrian, Lázaro, F. J., Klahr, H., Kürster, M., Stahl, O., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Kim, M., Gómez Galera, V., Lafarga, M., Feiz, C., Henning, Thomas, Rosich, Albert, Arroyo-Torres, B., Sairam, L., Colomé, J., Mathar, R.J., Naranjo, V., Montes, D., Marvin, C. J., Morales, Juan Carlos, Nagel, Evangelos, Casal, E., Becerril, S., Xu, W., López-Morales, Mercedes, Huber, A., Nortmann, L., Grohnert, S., Launhardt, R., Zechmeister, Mathias, Garrido, Rafael, Nowak, G., Tabernero, H. M., Sabotta, S., Ferro, I.M., Strachan, J. B. P., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Salz, M., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., González-Cuesta, L., Helmling, J., Pérez-Calpena, A., Llamas, M., Klein, R., Sarkis, Paula, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Ribas, Ignasi, Reiners, Ansgar, Caballero, J. A., Seifert, W., Aceituno, Jesús, Azzaro, M., Baroch, David, Barrado y Navascués, David, Bauer, Florian Franz, Kehr, M., Pavlov, A., Fernández, Matilde, Hernández Hernando, F., Schäfer, S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Abellán, F. J., Guàrdia, J., Cardona Guillén, C., Mundt, R., Mandel, H., Abril, Miguel, Zhao, Z., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Ammler-von Eiff, M., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Huke, P., Lara, Luisa María, Tal-Or, L., Moya, A., López Salas, J.F., Moreno-Raya, M.E., Storz, C., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Reffert, S., Gaisné, G., Hernández Castaño, L., Gallardo, I., Gálvez-Ortiz, M. C., García-Piquer, A., Lodieu, N., Passegger, V.M., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Czesla, S., Schmidt, C., Perryman, M. A. C., Sarmiento, L. F., Brinkmöller, M., García-Vargas, M. L., Tala Pinto, M., Guijarro, A., López-Puertas, Manuel, Hedrosa, R.P., Lampón, M., Hermann, D., Hermelo, I., Panduro, J., Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Jeffers, Sandra V., Dreizler, S., Benítez, D., Tulloch, S.M., Béjar, Victor J. S., López-Santiago, J., Rohloff, R.-R., Hernández Arabí, R., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klüter, J., Perger, M., Klutsch, A., Pallé, Enric, Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Stürmer, J., Blümcke, M., Berdiñas, Z. M., Marfil, E., Herbort, O., Lamert, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Holgado, G., Pluto, M., Wolthoff, V., Laun, W., Trifonov, T., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Veredas, G., Solano, E., Mall, U., Schiller, J., Mancini, L., Marín Molina, J.A., Cifuentes, C., Frölich, K., Gesa, Lluis, Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López del Fresno, M., Johnson, E.N., Martínez-Rodríguez, Héctor, Hintz, D., Lenzen, R., Ulbrich, R.G., Hauschildt, P. H., Maroto Fernández, D., Díez-Alonso, E., Ramón, A., González Hernández, Jonay I., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Pérez Medialdea, D., Redondo, P., Bergondy, G., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Herrero, E., Hidalgo, D., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Pedraz, S., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, Shulyak, D., Rodler, F., López González, Maria J., Vico Linares, J. L., González-Álvarez, E., Vidal Dasilva, Manuela, Vilardell, Francesc, Wagner, K., Luque, R., Lemke, U., Doellinger, M., Schweitzer, Andreas, Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Schöfer, P., Carro, J., Winkler, J., Pascual, J., González Peinado, R., Huber, K., Guenther, E. W., de Guindos, E., Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Rebolo López, Rafael, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Grözinger, U., Dorda, R., Cano, J., Yan, F., Del Burgo, C., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Hatzes, Artie P., Suárez Yanes, Juan Carlos, de Juan, E., Lizon, J. -L., Kaminski, Adrian, Lázaro, F. J., Klahr, H., Kürster, M., Stahl, O., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Kim, M., Gómez Galera, V., Lafarga, M., Feiz, C., Henning, Thomas, Rosich, Albert, Arroyo-Torres, B., Sairam, L., Colomé, J., Mathar, R.J., Naranjo, V., Montes, D., Marvin, C. J., Morales, Juan Carlos, Nagel, Evangelos, Casal, E., Becerril, S., Xu, W., López-Morales, Mercedes, Huber, A., Nortmann, L., Grohnert, S., Launhardt, R., Zechmeister, Mathias, Garrido, Rafael, Nowak, G., Tabernero, H. M., Sabotta, S., Ferro, I.M., Strachan, J. B. P., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Salz, M., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., González-Cuesta, L., Helmling, J., Pérez-Calpena, A., Llamas, M., Klein, R., and Sarkis, Paula

Abstract

The design and construction of CARMENES has been presented at previous SPIE conferences. It is a next-generation radial-velocity instrument at the 3.5m telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory, which was built by a consortium of eleven Spanish and German institutions. CARMENES consists of two separate échelle spectrographs covering the wavelength range from 0.52 to 1.71¿m at a spec-tral resolution of R < 80,000, fed by fibers from the Cassegrain focus of the telescope. CARMENES saw ¿First Light¿ on Nov 9, 2015. During the commissioning and initial operation phases, we established basic performance data such as throughput and spectral resolution. We found that our hollow-cathode lamps are suitable for precise wavelength calibration, but their spectra contain a number of lines of neon or argon that are so bright that the lamps cannot be used in simultaneous exposures with stars. We have therefore adopted a calibration procedure that uses simultaneous star / Fabry Pérot etalon exposures in combination with a cross-calibration between the etalons and hollow-cathode lamps during daytime. With this strategy it has been possible to achieve 1-2 m/s precision in the visible and 5-10 m/s precision in the near-IR; further improvements are expected from ongoing work on temperature control, calibration procedures and data reduction. Comparing the RV precision achieved in different wavelength bands, we find a ¿sweet spot¿ between 0.7 and 0.8¿m, where deep TiO bands provide rich RV information in mid-M dwarfs. This is in contrast to our pre-survey models, which predicted comparatively better performance in the near-IR around 1¿m, and explains in part why our near-IR RVs do not reach the same precision level as those taken with the visible spectrograph. We are now conducting a large survey of 340 nearby M dwarfs (with an average distance of only 12pc), with the goal of finding terrestrial planets in their habitable zones. We have detected the signatures of several previously known o

Published
2018

8. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars

Author

Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, German Research Foundation, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, Reiners, Ansgar, Zechmeister, Mathias, Caballero, J. A., Ribas, Ignasi, Morales, Juan Carlos, Jeffers, Sandra V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Kaminski, Adrian, Sarmiento, L. F., García Vargas, M. L., Laun, W., Marvin, C. J., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, López-Puertas, Manuel, Henning, Thomas, Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Rodler, F., Hernández Hernando, F., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, Andreas, Ulbrich, R.G., Mancini, L., Stürmer, J., Solano, E., Grohnert, S., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Helmling, J., Kürster, M., Sánchez-López, A., Wolthoff, V., Lampón, M., Ferro, I.M., Klutsch, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Fernández, Matilde, Béjar, Victor J. S., Huke, P., Hernández Arabí, R., Herrero, E., Tala, M., de Juan, E., Baroch, David, Blümcke, M., Montes, D., Moya, A., Del Burgo, C., Guindos, E. D., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López González, Maria J., Cano, J., Czesla, S., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Casal, E., Aceituno, Jesús, Marfil, E., Yan, F., Rhode, P., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Lenzen, R., Nagel, Evangelos, Gesa, Lluis, Kim, M., Cortés-Contreras, M., Mundt, R., Hedrosa, R.P., Galera, V. G., González Hernández, Jonay I., López Salas, J.F., Luque, R., Marín Molina, J.A., Wagner, K., Guijarro, A., Mathar, R.J., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Cifuentes, C., Abril, Miguel, Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Vilardell, Francesc, Azzaro, M., Naranjo, V., Mandel, H., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Trifonov, T., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klein, R., Guàrdia, J., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Klüter, J., Lemke, U., Panduro, J., Passegger, V.M., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Redondo, P., Sanz-Forcada, J., Winkler, J., Pavlov, A., Sadegi, S., Bergond, G., Pérez-Calpena, A., Reffert, S., Veredas, G., Rosich, Albert, Launhardt, R., Reinhart, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., López del Fresno, M., Rix, H.-W., Barrado y Navascués, David, Johnson, E.N., Rebolo López, Rafael, Hauschildt, P. H., López-Santiago, J., Suárez, J.C., Stahl, O., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perryman, M. A. C., Lara, Luisa María, Becerril, S., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Moreno-Raya, M.E., Xu, W., Strachan, J. B. P., Bauer, Florian Franz, Schäfer, S., Seifert, W., Grözinger, U., Perger, M., Hatzes, Artie P., Benítez, D., Nortmann, L., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Hernández Castaño, L., Lamert, A., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, Raquel, Tulloch, S.M., Maroto Fernández, D., Pallé, Enric, Hermelo, I., Vico Linares, J.I., Arroyo-Torres, B., Tabernero, H. M., Pluto, M., Lafarga, M., Dreizler, S., Huber, A., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Berdiñas, Z. M., Brinkmöller, M., Antona, R., Pedraz, S., Feiz, C., González-Peinado, R., Sarkis, Paula, Pascual Granado, J., Guenther, E. W., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Colomé, J., Díez-Alonso, E., García-Piquer, A., Mall, U., Rohloff, R.-R., Galadí-Enriquez, D., Max Planck Society, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, German Research Foundation, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, Reiners, Ansgar, Zechmeister, Mathias, Caballero, J. A., Ribas, Ignasi, Morales, Juan Carlos, Jeffers, Sandra V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, Andreas, Amado, Pedro J., Kaminski, Adrian, Sarmiento, L. F., García Vargas, M. L., Laun, W., Marvin, C. J., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Martín, Eduardo Lorenzo, López-Puertas, Manuel, Henning, Thomas, Schmitt, Jürgen H. M. M., Rodler, F., Hernández Hernando, F., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, Andreas, Ulbrich, R.G., Mancini, L., Stürmer, J., Solano, E., Grohnert, S., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Helmling, J., Kürster, M., Sánchez-López, A., Wolthoff, V., Lampón, M., Ferro, I.M., Klutsch, A., Fuhrmeister, Birgit, Fernández, Matilde, Béjar, Victor J. S., Huke, P., Hernández Arabí, R., Herrero, E., Tala, M., de Juan, E., Baroch, David, Blümcke, M., Montes, D., Moya, A., Del Burgo, C., Guindos, E. D., Rodríguez Martínez, Eloy, López González, Maria J., Cano, J., Czesla, S., Cárdenas Vázquez, María Concepción, Casal, E., Aceituno, Jesús, Marfil, E., Yan, F., Rhode, P., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Lenzen, R., Nagel, Evangelos, Gesa, Lluis, Kim, M., Cortés-Contreras, M., Mundt, R., Hedrosa, R.P., Galera, V. G., González Hernández, Jonay I., López Salas, J.F., Luque, R., Marín Molina, J.A., Wagner, K., Guijarro, A., Mathar, R.J., Zapatero Osorio, María Rosa, Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Cifuentes, C., Abril, Miguel, Hagen, Hans-Jürgen, Miralda-Escudé, Jordi, Vilardell, Francesc, Azzaro, M., Naranjo, V., Mandel, H., Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Trifonov, T., Claret dos Santos, Antonio, Klein, R., Guàrdia, J., Rodríguez-López, Cristina, Klüter, J., Lemke, U., Panduro, J., Passegger, V.M., Martín-Ruiz, Susana, Redondo, P., Sanz-Forcada, J., Winkler, J., Pavlov, A., Sadegi, S., Bergond, G., Pérez-Calpena, A., Reffert, S., Veredas, G., Rosich, Albert, Launhardt, R., Reinhart, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., López del Fresno, M., Rix, H.-W., Barrado y Navascués, David, Johnson, E.N., Rebolo López, Rafael, Hauschildt, P. H., López-Santiago, J., Suárez, J.C., Stahl, O., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perryman, M. A. C., Lara, Luisa María, Becerril, S., Sánchez Carrasco, Miguel Andrés, Moreno-Raya, M.E., Xu, W., Strachan, J. B. P., Bauer, Florian Franz, Schäfer, S., Seifert, W., Grözinger, U., Perger, M., Hatzes, Artie P., Benítez, D., Nortmann, L., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Hernández Castaño, L., Lamert, A., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, Raquel, Tulloch, S.M., Maroto Fernández, D., Pallé, Enric, Hermelo, I., Vico Linares, J.I., Arroyo-Torres, B., Tabernero, H. M., Pluto, M., Lafarga, M., Dreizler, S., Huber, A., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Berdiñas, Z. M., Brinkmöller, M., Antona, R., Pedraz, S., Feiz, C., González-Peinado, R., Sarkis, Paula, Pascual Granado, J., Guenther, E. W., Alonso-Floriano, F. Javier, Colomé, J., Díez-Alonso, E., García-Piquer, A., Mall, U., Rohloff, R.-R., and Galadí-Enriquez, D.

Abstract

The CARMENES radial velocity (RV) survey is observing 324 M dwarfs to search for any orbiting planets. In this paper, we present the survey sample by publishing one CARMENES spectrum for each M dwarf. These spectra cover the wavelength range 520¿1710 nm at a resolution of at least R >80 000, and we measure its RV, H¿ emission, and projected rotation velocity. We present an atlas of high-resolution M-dwarf spectra and compare the spectra to atmospheric models. To quantify the RV precision that can be achieved in low-mass stars over the CARMENES wavelength range, we analyze our empirical information on the RV precision from more than 6500 observations. We compare our high-resolution M-dwarf spectra to atmospheric models where we determine the spectroscopic RV information content, Q, and signal-to-noise ratio. We find that for all M-type dwarfs, the highest RV precision can be reached in the wavelength range 700¿900 nm. Observations at longer wavelengths are equally precise only at the very latest spectral types (M8 and M9). We demonstrate that in this spectroscopic range, the large amount of absorption features compensates for the intrinsic faintness of an M7 star. To reach an RV precision of 1 m s¿1 in very low mass M dwarfs at longer wavelengths likely requires the use of a 10 m class telescope. For spectral types M6 and earlier, the combination of a red visual and a near-infrared spectrograph is ideal to search for low-mass planets and to distinguish between planets and stellar variability. At a 4 m class telescope, an instrument like CARMENES has the potential to push the RV precision well below the typical jitter level of 3-4 m s-1. © ESO 2018.

Published
2018

10. Atomic and Electronic Structure of the Cleaved 6H-SiC(11-20) Surface

Author

Bertelli M., Homoth J., Wenderoth M., Rizzi A., Ulbrich R.G., Righi M.C., Bertoni C.M., and Catellani A.

Subjects
Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Electronic Properties, Silicon Carbide, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, STM, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect
Abstract

We present a combined cross-section Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy-Spectroscopy (X-STM/STS) and ab initio simulations study of the non-polar (11-20) cleaved surface of 6H-SiC. The experimental results show an unreconstructed surface in agreement with theory. Upon truncation, two surface bands appear inside the semiconductor bandgap: one empty band localized on the Si-atoms and one filled band on the C-atoms. According to the STS experimental results on n-doped samples, the Fermi energy is pinned at the surface inside the bandgap. By comparison of STM filled and empty states topographies we propose that on the fresh cleaved surface the Fermi level lies at the bottom of the Si-like band. The calculated STM images reproduce very well the experimental contrast of the 6H stacking sequence and its bias dependence.

Published
2007

15. Enhanced donor binding energy close to a semiconductor surface

Author

Wijnheijmer, A.P., Garleff, J.K., Teichmann, K., Wenderoth, M., Loth, S., Ulbrich, R.G., Maksym, P.A., Roy, M., Koenraad, P.M., Wijnheijmer, A.P., Garleff, J.K., Teichmann, K., Wenderoth, M., Loth, S., Ulbrich, R.G., Maksym, P.A., Roy, M., and Koenraad, P.M.

Abstract

We measured the ionization threshold voltage of individual impurities close to a semiconductor-vacuum interface, where we use the STM tip to ionize individual donors. We observe a reversed order of ionization with depth below the surface, which proves that the binding energy is enhanced towards the surface. This is in contrast to the predicted reduction for a Coulombic impurity in the effective mass approach. We can estimate the binding energy from the ionization threshold and show experimentally that in the case of silicon doped gallium arsenide the binding energy gradually increases over the last 1.2 nm below the (110) surface.

Published
2009

16. Controlled charge switching on a single donor with a scanning tunneling microscope

Author

Teichmann, K., Wenderoth, M., Loth, S., Ulbrich, R.G., Garleff, J.K., Wijnheijmer, A.P., Koenraad, P.M., Teichmann, K., Wenderoth, M., Loth, S., Ulbrich, R.G., Garleff, J.K., Wijnheijmer, A.P., and Koenraad, P.M.

Abstract

The charge state of individually addressable impurities in semiconductor material was manipulated with a scanning tunneling microscope. The manipulation was fully controlled by the position of the tip and the voltage applied between tip and sample. The experiments were performed at low temperature on the {110} surface of silicon doped GaAs. Silicon donors up to 1 nm below the surface can be reversibly switched between their neutral and ionized state by the local potential induced by the tip. By using ultrasharp tips, the switching process occurs close enough to the impurity to be observed as a sharp circular feature surrounding the donor. By utilizing the controlled manipulation, we were able to map the Coulomb potential of a single donor at the semiconductor-vacuum interface.

Published
2008

28. Spectral Diffusion of Single InP/GaxIn1—xP Quantum Dot Luminescence

Author

Blome, P.G., Wenderoth, M., Hübner, M., Ulbrich, R.G., Porsche, J., and Scholz, F.

Abstract

High spatial resolution photoluminescence spectroscopy of single self-assembled InP quantum dots in a Ga0.5In0.5P matrix reveal an abrupt change from the common but yet unclear broad emission band at low temperatures to narrow lines at T ≥ 45 K. The emission into narrow lines even at higher temperatures is the expected behaviour for a fully confined quantum system. The spectrally broad emission (several meV) from individual quantum dots at low temperatures is explained by fluctuating charge configurations surrounding the quantum dot and causing spectral diffusion of the transition energies via the quantum-confined Stark effect. The interacting charges are trapped by thickness variations in the surrounding wetting layer. At higher temperatures these traps are depleted due to the shift of the Fermi level EF below the energy of the corresponding states in the wetting layer.

Published
2000
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29. Interferometric Observation of Polariton Pulse Propagation through GaAs

Author

Nägerl, J.S., Reker, T., Böhne, G., and Ulbrich, R.G.

Abstract

We report amplitude and phase resolved measurements of polariton propagation excited with 45 fs laser pulses in a pure bulk gallium arsenide sample of thickness 4.2 μm at 1.8 K. The time development of the envelope E(τ) and the phase ϕ(τ) of the transmitted pulses was measured with interferometric cross correlation. The amplitude shows aperiodic beating behavior that is well described with polariton propagation in the framework of a local dielectric response. However, the instantaneous frequency of the transmitted pulse is not constant as predicted by the model but gradually approaches the exciton resonance within roughly 10 ps from 2 meV below.

Published
1998
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30. Micro Photoluminescence Studies on Partially Ordered (GaIn)P: Evidence for Intrinsic Quantum Dots

Author

Kops, U., Ulbrich, R.G., Burkard, M., Geng, C., Scholz, F., and Schweizer, M.

Abstract

We report on micro photoluminescence measurements of partially ordered (GaIn)P. We focus on the ordering induced low energy emission of this material. A systematic study of the dependence of the micro-PL spectra on the optical probe volume is presented. It was found that the low emission line of partially ordered (GaIn)P consists of single narrow lines, which are attributed to localized excitons. We further present strong evidence for a formation of intrinsic quantum dots in partially ordered (GaIn)P.

Published
1997
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