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Background: Free thyroxine (fT4) is often ordered when not indicated. The goal of the current study was to use quality improvement tools to identify and implement an optimal approach to reduce inappropriate fT4 testing throughout a large pediatric hospital system., Methods: After reviewing evidence-based guidelines and best practices, a thyroid-stimulating hormone with reflex to fT4 test and an outpatient thyroid order panel with clinical decision support at order entry, along with several rounds of provider education and feedback, were implemented. Outpatient and inpatient order sets and system preference lists were reviewed with subject matter experts and revised when appropriate. Tracking metrics were identified. Automated monthly run charts and statistical process control charts were created using data retrieved from the electronic health record. Charts established baseline data, balancing measure data, monitored the impact of interventions, and identified future interventions., Results: Over a 44-month period, among nonendocrinology providers, a reduction in fT4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone co-orders from 67% to 15% and an increase in reflex fT4 tests from 0% to 77% was obtained in inpatient and outpatient settings. Direct cost savings as a result of performing 5179 fewer fT4 tests over 3 years was determined to be $45 800., Conclusions: After implementation of a reflex fT4 test, a novel order panel with clinical decision support, provider education, and changes to ordering modes, a large and sustainable reduction in fT4 tests that was associated with significant cost savings was achieved among nonendocrinology providers., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Adolescent obesity continues to be a serious concern around the world, placing young people at risk for chronic conditions and early death. Research has shown that social relationships are important in making health behavior changes, such as following health-care recommendations for eating and physical activity. Specifically, the trust of health-care providers has been shown to be important in making health behavior change. Evidence suggests that obese young adults are less trusting of health-care providers than their healthy weight peers, but it is not known if this also applies to obese adolescents. The purpose of this secondary analysis study was to determine relationships between the trust of health-care providers and body mass index percentile in adolescents. Participants were 224 adolescents aged 14-19 years attending a public high school in the Midwestern United States. The Wake Forest Physician Trust scale measured the trust of health-care providers. Height and weight were collected at a school screening; body mass index percentile categories were determined according to age- and sex-adjusted body mass index percentiles. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests showed trust scores varied significantly between body mass index percentile categories of girls. Results suggest it may be necessary for health-care providers to make additional efforts to build trust with obese adolescent girls than with other groups of adolescents.

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children with 1 in 200 episodes of adrenal crisis resulting in death. The goal of this working group of the Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee was to raise awareness on the importance of early recognition of AI, to advocate for the availability of hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HSS) on emergency medical service (EMS) ambulances or allow EMS personnel to administer patient's HSS home supply to avoid delay in administration of life-saving stress dosing, and to provide guidance on the emergency management of children in adrenal crisis. Currently, hydrocortisone, or an equivalent synthetic glucocorticoid, is not available on most ambulances for emergency stress dose administration by EMS personnel to a child in adrenal crisis. At the same time, many States have regulations preventing the use of patient's home HSS supply to be used to treat acute adrenal crisis. In children with known AI, parents and care providers must be made familiar with the administration of maintenance and stress dose glucocorticoid therapy to prevent adrenal crises. Patients with known AI and their families should be provided an Adrenal Insufficiency Action Plan, including stress hydrocortisone dose (both oral and intramuscular/intravenous) to be provided immediately to EMS providers and triage personnel in urgent care and emergency departments. Advocacy efforts to increase the availability of stress dose HSS during EMS transport care and add HSS to weight-based dosing tapes are highly encouraged., Competing Interests: Competing interests: BSM is a consultant for AbbVie, Ascendis, Ferring, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sandoz, Soleno and Tolmar and has received research support from Alexion, Ascendis, BioMarin, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Genentech, Genzyme, Novo Nordisk, Opko, Sandoz, Sangamo, Shire, Tolmar and Versartis. MK received grant support from T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative. MG is a consultant for Spruce Biosciences, Millendo, Pfizer, and BridgeBio. KS receives research support from the DHHS Federal Food and Drug Administration, NIH National Cancer Institute, March of Dimes, National Science Foundation, Spruce Biosciences, Alexion and Neurocrine., (© American Federation for Medical Research 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Our primary aim was to evaluate the effects of 2 family-based obesity management interventions compared with a control group on BMI in low-income adolescents with overweight or obesity., Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 360 urban-residing youth and a parent were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 behaviorally distinct family interventions or an education-only control group. Eligible children were entering the sixth grade with a BMI ≥85th percentile. Interventions were 3 years in length; data were collected annually for 3 years. Effects of the interventions on BMI slope (primary outcome) over 3 years and a set of secondary outcomes were assessed., Results: Participants were primarily African American (77%), had a family income of <25 000 per year, and obese at enrollment (68%). BMI increased over time in all study groups, with group increases ranging from 0.95 to 1.08. In an intent-to-treat analysis, no significant differences were found in adjusted BMI slopes between either of the family-based interventions and the control group ( P = .35). No differences were found between the experimental and control groups on secondary outcomes of diet, physical activity, sleep, perceived stress, or cardiometabolic factors. No evidence of effect modification of the study arms by sex, race and/or ethnicity, household income, baseline levels of child and parent obesity, or exposure to a school fitness program were found., Conclusions: In this low-income, adolescent population, neither of the family-based interventions improved BMI or health-related secondary outcomes. Future interventions should more fully address poverty and other social issues contributing to childhood obesity., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2019 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Stimulant medications for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for the treatment of asthma are two classes of medications that are commonly prescribed in pediatrics. Among other adverse effects of these medications, growth attenuation has long been a focus of investigation. With stimulants, growth deficits of 1-1.4 cm/year have been observed in the short term, mainly in the first 2 years of treatment, in a dose-dependent manner. Long-term studies on stimulants have reported divergent effects on growth, with many studies showing no clinically significant height deficits by adulthood. The study that followed the largest cohort of children on stimulants, however, reported an overall adult height deficit of 1.29 cm in subjects who had received stimulant medications, with mean adult height deficit of 4.7 cm among those taking the medication consistently. With ICS use, mild growth suppression is seen in the short term (particularly in the first year of therapy) with growth rates reduced by 0.4-1.5 cm/year. Available current evidence indicates that the impact of ICS use on adult height is not clinically significant, with effects limited to 1.2 cm or less. There is significant individual variability in growth suppression with ICS use, with the specific pharmacologic agent, formulation, dose exposure, age, puberty, medication adherence, and timing of administration being important modifying factors. Based on currently available evidence, the therapeutic benefits of ICS for management of asthma and stimulant medications for management of ADHD outweigh the potential risk for growth suppression. Strategies to minimize growth attenuation and other potential adverse effects of these medications include using the lowest efficacious dose, frequent assessments and dose titration. Particular vigilance is essential with concomitant use of multiple medications that can attenuate growth and to evaluate for potential adrenal insufficiency from ICS use., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Short stature is a common concern in pediatrics. Several ambiguities and controversies persist, especially with regard to criteria, cost, medical necessity and outcomes of growth hormone (GH) therapy for idiopathic short stature (ISS). Due to these ambiguities and controversies, a series of decisions by primary care physicians (whether to refer the short child to a pediatric endocrinologist), pediatric endocrinologist (whether to recommend GH treatment), families (whether to raise concern about short stature and whether to agree to undertake treatment), and third party payers (whether to cover the costs of GH therapy) influence which individual short children will receive GH in the US. Together, these decisions determine overall GH use. Apart from child's growth characteristics, several non-physiological factors drive the critical decisions of these stakeholders. This article focuses on current ambiguities and controversies regarding GH therapy in ISS, discusses the decision-makers involved in GH therapy, and explores the factors influencing their decisions.

Childhood obesity is emerging as a major public health threat, with adverse implications on the health of individuals and long-term costs to society. Family-based lifestyle interventions with behavioral modification, diet and exercise form the mainstay of treatment. Pharmacologic treatment may be considered in selected subjects, especially in the presence of significant and severe comorbidities, when lifestyle intervention has failed to achieve weight reduction. Orlistat and sibutramine are FDA-approved for treatment of pediatric obesity; metformin may be considered in the presence of clinically significant insulin resistance. Evidence is lacking on the appropriate duration of medical therapy and optimal combination with lifestyle intervention. Lack of coverage of medications by insurance and high out-of-pocket costs may be limiting factors to some families. Adverse effects necessitate careful monitoring and may lead to discontinuation of medication. Pharmacologic agents with novel mechanisms of action offer hope of improved efficacy, tolerability and safety.