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Application: This study focuses on the analysis of nanofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles in standard fluid transfer systems. The investigation specifically examines the behavior of nanoparticles over a deformable surface. Purpose and Methodology: Thermal radiation and magnetohydrodynamic forms are incorporated into the energy and momentum equations, respectively. Basic fluid mechanics principles are employed to derive the governing flow equations. The use of similarity transforms facilitates the transformation of ordinary differential equations into partial differential equations. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations are then reduced to a set of initial value problems using the shooting technique. Core Findings: Numerical results are obtained for the thermal profile. The study indicates thermal optimization through the combined inclusion of water with alumina and polymers with copper oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Graphical analysis explores the absorption of parameters in velocity and temperature profiles. Future Work: Future research could delve deeper into the optimization of thermal properties and investigate additional nanoparticle combinations. Further exploration of the effects of different surface deformations and variations in fluid properties could also be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application: The impact of flow, heat transfer, and magneto hydrodynamics on sensor surfaces between two parallel compressing plates with porous walls has been examined in this study. This study focuses on understanding unsteady compressed flow in two dimensions, utilizing Aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and titanium dioxide with base fluid polymers as the base fluid. Nanofluids, known as nanometer suspensions in traditional nanoscale fluid transfer, are explored for their potential application in improving lubricative and cooling properties. Purpose and methodology: This study aims to investigate the behavior of a tri-hybrid nanofluid (Aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and titanium dioxide with base fluid polymers) in terms of flow dynamics, heat transfer, and magneto hydrodynamics. Energy and momentum equations, considering magneto hydrodynamic forms and heat transfer, are analyzed. The study employs numerical methods, including similarity transforms and a shooting approach, to solve the governing equations. Core findings: Several parameters, including permeable parameter, magnetic parameter, squeeze flow index parameter, volume fraction by nanoparticles, and radiation parameter, are investigated for their effects on temperature profile and velocity profile. The study illustrates these effects graphically and discusses the influence of these parameters on different components of velocity and temperature fields. Additionally, the impact of the radiation parameter (R) on temperature fields is examined for both positive. Future work: Future research may focus on further optimizing the tri-hybrid nanofluid composition for specific applications, exploring additional parameters that may affect flow behavior, heat transfer, and entropy generation. Additionally, experimental validation of the numerical findings and the development of more advanced numerical techniques for solving complex fluid dynamics problems could be the areas of interest for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐diffusion gradients, such as the Soret and Dufour effects, play a big role in the formation of binary alloys, the movement of oil and groundwater contaminants, and the separation of gas mixtures. Other applications where cross‐diffusion gradients are useful include: Temperature fluctuations cause matter diffusion, known as Soret effects. Concentration gradients drive heat diffusion, or the Dufour effect. This effect is named after its French discoverer. These findings could be applied to many engineering and industrial contexts and have many intriguing and potentially useful effects. Joule heating unites Soret and Dufour's work. The traditional nonlinear differential approach yields enough permutations. Convergent series can be used to solve temperature, velocity, and concentration problems. These changes can occur in temperature, velocity, or concentration. The drawings clarify all about the system's most important qualities and components. A comprehensive analysis of the Nusselt and Sherwood values is also done. After graphing the Nusselt and Sherwood values, they are analyzed. We are discussing computer science. This study found that Hartman number increases reduce one's perception of radial velocity. As Prandtl and Soret molecules increase, fluid temperature decreases. In this study, we employ numerical methods to solve the micropolar fluid flow problem on a stretched and curved disk. Our methods allow us to model fluid flow in three dimensions. We focus on micropolar fluid flow. Applying the necessary transformations to a set of partial differential equations simplifies it into a set of ordinary differential equations. The equations in both sets are transformed using similarities to convert one set of partial differential equations into another set of ordinary differential equations. The gunshot method and the Runge–Kutta algorithm can solve coupled equations numerically. The nondimensional radius of curvature can quantify and characterize many physical phenomena. Strain, microrotation velocity, and fluid velocity are examples. Due to the variances between curved and flat stretched sheets, the border layer strain cannot be neglected. Due to differences in stretching sheets, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we examine the behavior of micropolar fluids as they travel through a curved stretching surface. We integrate thermo‐diffusion and diffusion‐thermo effects into the temperature and concentration equations to study the impact of cross‐diffusion gradients on velocities, temperatures, and concentrations. The equations governing the flow are nonlinear, thus by applying practical similarity transformations, we obtain a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that can be solved. Using the Runge–Kutta numerical procedure, we are able to determine an answer to the modified system. The profiles of velocity, concentration, and temperature are shown, along with the influence of non‐dimensional parameters on those variables. The skin friction coefficient, as well as the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, is computed numerically, and their fluctuations as a function of various parameters are investigated. The implications of these findings for engineering and industry are greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saving energy from domestic appliances is a focus in the effort to combat energy challenges. Linear compressors are a more efficient alternative to the traditional compressors used in refrigerators, which account for 20–40% of all residential electricity use. This article investigates the new topology of the moving magnet (MM), dual-stator single-mover linear oscillating actuator (DSSM-LOA) for linear compressor application. Both the stators were C-shaped, with coils looped across their end sides. Two permanent magnets (PMs) that were axially magnetized were housed on the mover. The PM structural shape significantly affected its fabrication cost and magnitude of magnetic flux density ( B ). The DSSM-LOA makes use of axially magnetized rectangular-shaped PMs because they are inexpensive and generate high electromagnetic (EM) force density. End ferromagnetic core materials were used to improve the magnetic flux, linking from the stator to the mover. All the design parameters were optimized through parametric analysis using the finite parametric sweep method. Parameters present within the three primary parameters (length, height, and depth) that were assumed constants were optimized, and the optimal dimensions were selected based on the EM force. The investigated DSSM-LOA was contrasted with traditional LOA designs, and they showed significant improvement in EM force per ampere, generally named motor constant (MC), MC per PM mass, MC density, cogging force, and stroke. Additionally, the proposed DSSM-LOA had a simple structure and low cost, and it operated in a feasible range of strokes for linear compressor application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid excited flux switching linear machines (HEFSLM) are attracting attention in rail transit applications due to their high thrust force density, power density, and efficiency. more importantly, their flux controlling ability gives them an edge over permanent magnet machines, which possess constant flux. This paper investigates a modular mover HEFSLM (MMHEFSLM) with concentrated armature and field windings. The concentrated windings result in thrust force ripples but reduce the copper losses. The modular structure of the mover helps in achieving fault-tolerant ability. The volume of PM is significantly reduced, which is rare-earth material and its price is rising progressively. JMAG in-built genetic optimization is utilized to refine the leading CAD parameters thereby improve performance compared to the initial design. The fault-tolerant ability of the proposed machine is verified by the phase's inductance calculation. Finally, based on the electromagnetic performance, the proposed MMHEFSLM is compared with conventional design in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristic of magnetohydrodynamic flow of viscous fluids is explained here. The energy equation behavior is studied in the presence of heat, viscous dissipation, and joule heating. The major emphasis of this study is the physical behavior of the entropy optimization rate. Based on the implementation of curvilinear coordinates, the basic flow equations are established. Nonlinear partial differential expressions are reduced by appropriate transformation to the ordinary differential system. In the engineering and industrial processes, nanoparticles and their shape have practical consequences. For this reason, we give a detailed investigation of the shape impacts on the flow through the curved stretching surface of nanoparticles. The flow equations are reduced into a number of nonlinear differential equations which are solved numerically using a useful numerical approach called Runge-Kutta-4 (RK-4). The shooting method is first used to reduce the equations to a number of problems of first order, and then the RK-4 approach is used for solution. Impacts for entropy optimization, Bejan number, velocity, concentration, and temperature of several physical parameters are graphically studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To overcome energy crises, attention is being paid to saving energy from household appliances. Traditional compressors are in need of being replaced by efficient linear compressors. This paper presents a new tubular moving magnet linear oscillating actuator (TMM-LOA) for compressor application. The proposed topology utilizes outer mover topology with separators between the mover and stator modules. The number of stator and mover modules can be increased or decreased based on the requirement. The addition of a separator avoids the flux cancellation and makes the proposed topology fault-tolerant. The design variables are optimized by using a parametric sweep, and the performance in terms of thrust force is observed. Both the static and transient analyses were performed to analyze the machine performance at various currents and stroke. Both mechanical and electrical resonance phenomena are discussed. The efficiency of the proposed TMM-LOA is calculated for one, two and three modules. Finally, the proposed topology is compared with other topologies proposed in the literature to show the superiority of the proposed design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids are solid-liquid mixtures that have a dispersion of nanometer-sized particles in conventional base fluids. The flow and heat transmission in an unstable mixed convection boundary layer are affected by the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity uncertainty of a nanofluid over a stretching vertical surface. There is time-dependent stretching velocity and surface temperature instability in both the flow and temperature fields. It is possible to scale the governing partial differential equations and then solve them using ordinary differential equations. Cu and Al2O3 nanofluids based on water are among the possibilities being investigated. An extensive discussion has been done on relevant parameters such as the unsteadiness parameter and the mixed convection parameter's effect on solid volume fraction of nanoparticles. In addition, alternative nanofluid models based on distinct thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity formulas are examined for their flow and heat transmission properties. On the basis of the comparison, it is concluded that the results are spot on for steady state flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel dual‐stator hybrid excited linear flux switching machine (DSHELFSM) is proposed. The proposed machine is suitable for long‐stroke applications as all the excitation sources are mounted on a short mover and the stator is completely passive. Second, the proposed machine uses ferrite magnets rather than the expensive rare earth permanent magnets (PMs) with the addition of field excitation to achieve flux‐regulation capability at various field currents. An iron bridge that provides an additional path for flux linkage to complete its circuit is used. Various design parameters such as split ratio, stator pole width, width and height of PM, the width of the iron bridge, width of mover's tooth, and stator slot depth are optimised using multivariable geometric optimisation (MGO) while keeping the slot area, electric and magnetic loading constant. The optimised design has improved the performance as compared to the initial design. Furthermore, the results obtained by 2D analysis are verified by 3D analysis. Thermal analysis is carried out to set the operating limit of the proposed machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel asymmetric delta‐type and Spoke‐type interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (ASD‐IPM) is proposed for electric vehicles (EVs) application that uses the magnetic field shifting technique to maximise the average torque and lessen torque ripples. The proposed ASD‐IPM is deduced from the conventional asymmetric spoke and V‐shape IPM by attaching additional asymmetric flux barriers (AFB) to the left side of the spoke‐type PMs and to the other side of the delta‐type PMs. This configuration helps in reducing the leakage flux and achieving good flux concentration. The proposed design is optimised through a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to investigate the electromagnetic performances at no‐load and on‐load conditions. Also, the efficiency maps of both the proposed design and conventional design are analysed and compared. The results show that the proposed ASD‐AIPM has superior efficiency and a favorable torque profile, making it a suitable choice for electric vehicle applications. Furthermore, the proposed design is rescaled to the Toyota Prius 2010 design, with the only change in the slot/pole pair combination due to the presence of spoke‐PMs in the proposed design. The proposed ASD‐IPM achieves 7% higher torque than the existing Toyota Prius 2010 model. The efficiency maps of the rescaled design are also analysed and compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a miniature tubular moving magnet linear oscillating actuator (MT‐MMLOA) that operates on an electro dynamic actuation mechanism. The proposed linear oscillating actuator comprises two main parts: the stator and the mover. In this topology, the stator assembly is composed of a modular C‐core structure along with a separator to prevent flux cancelation, and the mover assembly accommodates axially magnetised permanent magnets (PMs) that contribute to high thrust force generation and present a less costly actuator compared to the conventional actuator design. The finite element analysis is performed and validated experimentally. Numerous linear oscillating actuator topologies proposed previously in the literature are compared with MT‐MMLOA to analyse the electromagnetic performance. The results show that the motor constant, which is the performance parameter, is significantly increased from the conventional design. The PM volume is reduced, which is cost‐effective. The overall volume of MT‐MMLOA is also reduced due to reduction in the PM volume, which is advantageous for compactness. Consequently, the proposed MT‐MMLOA is simple in structure, less costly, and easy to fabricate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Single-sided Variable Flux Permanent Magnet Linear Machine with flux bridge in mover core is proposed in this paper. The flux bridge prevents the leakage flux from the mover and converts it into flux linkage, which greatly influences the performance of the machine. First, a lumped parameter model is used to find the suitable coil combination and no-load flux linkage of the proposed machine, which greatly reduces the computational time and drive storage. Secondly, the proposed machine replaces the expensive rare earth permanent magnets with ferrite magnets and provides improved flux controlling capability under variable excitation currents. Multivariable geometric optimization is utilized to optimize the leading design parameters like split ratio, stator pole width, width and height of permanent magnet, flux bridge width, the width of mover's tooth, and stator slot depth at constant electric and magnetic loading. The optimized design increases the flux linkage by 44.11%, average thrust force by 35%, thrust force density by 35.02%, minimizes ripples in thrust force by 23%, and detent force by 87.5%. Furthermore, the results obtained by 2D analysis are verified by 3D analysis. Thermal analysis is done to set the operating limit of the proposed machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines are good candidates for electric vehicle applications due to their high torque density, improved efficiency, and better flux distribution; thus, they are often used. A dual-rotor single-stator AFPM machine with four differently shaped permanent magnet (PM) rotors is investigated. The main aim of this paper is to enhance the average torque while minimizing the cogging torque and torque ripples at the expense of low PM volume. The proposed machines are analyzed in terms of flux linkage, back-EMF, cogging torque, average torque, and torque ripples. The analysis reveals that the machine with an arc-shaped PM rotor performs better than the others. In addition, the trapozoidal arc-shaped PM used in the AFPM machine outperforms the hexagonal, skew arc, and traditional trapezoidal PMs. The torque density of the trapezoidal-shaped PM machine is 40.23 (KNm/ m 3 ), while that of the hexagonal shape is 32.46 (KNm/ m 3 ), that of the skew arc shape is 39.78 (KNm/ m 3 ), and that of the arc shape is 50.38 (KNm/ m 3 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel linear hybrid excited flux switching permanent magnet machine (LHEFSPMM) with a crooked tooth modular stator. Conventional stators are made up of a pure iron core, which results in high manufacturing costs and increased iron core losses. Using a modular stator lowers the iron volume by up to 18% compared to a conventional stator, which minimizes the core losses and reduces the machine's overall cost. A crooked angle is introduced to improve the flux linkage between the stator pole and the mover slot. Ferrite magnets are used with parallel magnetization to reduce the cost of the machine. Two-dimensional FEA is performed to analyze and evaluate various performance parameters of the proposed machine. Geometric optimization is used to optimize the split ratio (S.R) and winding slot area ( S l o t a r e a ). Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied and is used to optimize stator tooth width ( S T W ), space between the modules (SS), crooked angle (α), and starting angle (θ). The proposed model has a high thrust density (306.61 kN/m3), lower detent force (8.4 N), and a simpler design with higher efficiency (86%). The linear modular structure makes it a good candidate for railway transportation and electric trains. Thermal analysis of the machine is performed by FEA and then the results are validated by an LPMEC model. Overall, a very good agreement is observed between both the analyses, and relative percentage error of less than 3% is achieved, which is considerable since the FEA is in 3D while 2D temperature flow is considered in the LPMEC model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, the two-dimensional (2D), incompressible fluid flow has been taken into consideration. The flow is supposed to be steady and laminar. By considering the water-based nanoparticles of SWCNTs and MWCNTs in the presence of thermal radiation, the rate of heat transferring and entropy generation effects in a regenerative cooling system of a rocket engine are evaluated. The effects of the length and radius of the nanomaterials on the problem are also considered. Solutions for temperature, velocity profile, irreversibility (entropy generation) and the Bejan number are discussed graphically, and the effects of various significant factors are considered on these profiles. The modeled physical problems in current exploration are dependent upon governing laws which appear in terms of PDEs. These PDEs are reformed into a system of nonlinear ODEs. We used numerical scheme known as (RK-4) in combination with the shooting iteration technique to obtain the solutions to transformed fluid flow equations, because the resultant ODEs are extremely nonlinear and finding the exact solution is very difficult. It is investigated that the Eckert number, nanoparticles volume fraction and radiation parameter upsurge the thermal field as well as the irreversibility of the system. Furthermore, the dual behavior of nanoparticles volume fraction and viscosity parameter on velocity profile is observed. Bejan number shows increasing effects in response to nanoparticles volume fraction and radiation parameter, whereas a reverse impact of Bejan number is noticed for the rising values of Eckert number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slotting effect in electric machines reduces flux per pole that effect magnetic flux density distribution in the air gap which induces harmonics in magnetic flux density causing flux pulsation, that in turn generates dominant torque pulsation in the form of cogging torque and torque ripples. To overcome the abovesaid demerits, a novel outer rotor field-excited flux-switching machine (OR-FSFSM) with a combined semi-closed and open slots stator is proposed in this study. The developed OR-FEFSM offers a high-power factor, due to the utilization of the semi-closed slot for armature coils. The open slot stator structure was chosen for the field excitation coil, which effectively suppresses leakage reluctance that causes flux pulsation. Thus, the influence of torque ripples is reduced, and the average torque is improved. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed OR-FEFSM, a detailed study of stator slot and rotor pole combinations are performed. Based on simplified mathematical formulation, 12S/7P (stator slot/rotor poles), 12S/11P, 12S/13P, and 12S/17P are the most feasible combinations. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based on comprehensive electromagnetic performance is performed on each combination, and found that 12S/13P offers the highest average torque of 4.62 Nm, whereas 3.72 Nm, 2.72Nm, and 1.68 Nm average torque is offered by 12S/17P, 12S/7P, and 12S/11P, respectively. Based on the initial analysis, 12S/13P was considered for further analysis and optimized using JMAG built-in Genetic Algorithm (GA). Moreover, thermal analysis was performed, and the proposed design was compared with the conventional design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Linear Oscillating Actuator (LOA) generates bi‐directional electromagnetic (EM) force between two extreme points. A new topology of moving magnet LOA with axial magnetised PMs and a C‐shaped stator core is proposed. On each side of the mover, two chamfered tubular‐shaped core material parts are attached. All the design parameters, such as mover mass and EM force of the LOA, are optimised using parametric analysis via parametric sweep, and the optimum values of the parameters are chosen based on design and performance parameters. The LOA's performance is examined for various input loading values and at different oscillation region positions. For various values of time‐dependent supply, the EM force's oscillating nature is analysed. The effect of resonance analysis on input current, stroke to current ratio, and efficiency are discussed. The proposed LOA is compared to current LOA topologies in terms of design structure and performance parameters. The FEM results are validated using a special experimental setup. The proposed LOA produces feasible results for the compressor in a refrigeration system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of thermal performance in second generation of nanofluids (hybrid nanofluids) attained much attention of the researchers, scientists, engineers, and industrialists. These fluids have ultra-high thermal characteristics due to which their broad applications could be found in many areas of technological world. Therefore, a novel analysis regarding the heat transfer is conducted over a stretched surface by considering combined convection, thermal radiations, and magnetic field. The hybrid nanofluid is synthesized by Cu-Al2O3 guest hybrid-nanomaterial and host liquid H2O. The hybrid flow model is solved numerically and decorated the results over the region of interest. It is drawn that the velocity drops by increasing the strength of Cu-Al2O3 fraction and applied Lorentz forces. Furthermore, the thermal performance of Cu-Al2O3/H2O augmented against stronger thermal radiations, volumetric fraction, and magnetic field effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of nanofluids under various physical scenarios convinced the researchers and scientists because of their broad range of applications in potential area of the current time like chemical engineering, biomedical engineering and applied thermal engineering etc. To give the final shape of many industrial and engineering processes, enhanced heat transfer desired, therefore, the study of Al2O3-H2O, γAl2O3-H2O, Al2O3-C2H6O2, and γAl2O3- C2H6O2 nanofluids is reported. The model successfully achieved after mathematical operations and by appealing similarity transforms. To examine the behavior of heat transfer, numerical tools utilized and performed the results. It is observed that enhanced heat transfer in Al2O3-H2O, γAl2O3-H2O, Al2O3-C2H6O2, and γAl2O3-C2H6O2 could be attained by setting nanoparticles concentration up to 20%. For Al2O3-H2O, γAl2O3-H2O, optimum heat transfer trends noticed due to their prominent thermophysical values. Also, fewer effects of combined convection on θ (η) examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research article, the two-dimensional, incompressible, steady fluid flow is considered. The heat transfer rate of water-based aggregated fluid between converging/diverging channels of shrinking/stretching walls due to the effects of thermal radiation has been examined. The strong static magnetic field is applied perpendicular to the radial direction. The modeled governing equations are transformed into non-linear dimensionless ordinary differential equations by considering appropriate similarity transformations. Since the obtained ODEs are strongly non-linear and the exact solution of these equations is not possible, thus we applied the numerical method RK4 combined with the shooting technique to handle the equations. The impacts of several influential parameters on velocity, temperature, and entropy generation profiles are examined graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of thermal performance in second generation of nanofluids (hybrid nanofluids) attained much attention of the researchers, scientists, engineers, and industrialists. These fluids have ultra-high thermal characteristics due to which their broad applications could be found in many areas of technological world. Therefore, a novel analysis regarding the heat transfer is conducted over a stretched surface by considering combined convection, thermal radiations, and magnetic field. The hybrid nanofluid is synthesized by Cu-Al2O3 guest hybrid-nanomaterial and host liquid H2O. The hybrid flow model is solved numerically and decorated the results over the region of interest. It is drawn that the velocity drops by increasing the strength of Cu-Al2O3 fraction and applied Lorentz forces. Furthermore, the thermal performance of Cu-Al2O3/H2O augmented against stronger thermal radiations, volumetric fraction, and magnetic field effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear hybrid excited flux switching machines (LHEFSM) combine the features of permanent magnet flux switching machines (PMFSM) and field excited flux switching machines (FEFSM). Because of the widespread usage of rare-earth PM materials, their costs are steadily rising. This study proposes an LHEFSM, a dual stator LHEFSM (DSLHEFSM), and a dual mover LHEFSM (DMLHEFSM) to solve this issue. The employment of ferrite magnets rather than rare-earth PM in these suggested designs is significant. Compared to traditional designs, the proposed designs feature greater thrust force, power density, reduced normal force, and a 25% decrease in PM volume. A yokeless primary structure was used in a DSLHEFSM to minimize the volume of the mover, increasing the thrust force density. In DMLHELFSM, on the other hand, a yokeless secondary structure was used to lower the secondary volume and the machine's total cost. Single variable optimization was used to optimize all of the proposed designs. By completing a 3D study, the electromagnetic performances acquired from the 2D analysis were confirmed. Compared to conventional designs, the average thrust force in LHEFSM, DSLHEFSM, and DMLHEFSM was enhanced by 15%, 16.8%, and 15.6%, respectively. Overall, the presented machines had a high thrust force density, a high-power density, a high no-load electromotive force, and a low normal force, allowing them to be used in long-stroke applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flux switching motors (FSMs) with conventional stator slots have a relatively low copper slot filling factor. In this article, a new octane modular stator with pentagon-shaped slot electrically excited FSM (EEFSM) that has a comparatively higher copper slot filling factor is analyzed analytically to reduce computational complexity, high computational time, and high drive storage. The analytical results of the proposed EEFSM are validated via the finite element method. Furthermore, the initial design is optimized to improve the electromagnetic performance, and finally the prototype is fabricated and tested experimentally. There is good agreement among the analytical, finite element analysis (FEA), and experimental results with variations of 3%–5%. The average torque of the optimized design has improved by 30%, cogging torque is suppressed by 36%, and torque ripples have reduced by 38%, which have improved the performance of EEFSM in terms of low acoustic noise, low vibration, and longer motor lifetime. The proposed octane modular stator can be easily unfolded for windings maintenance, coils placement, and motor transportation in case of large-size applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Hybrid Excited Double-Sided Linear Flux Switching Machine (HEDSLFSM) with a crooked tooth modular stator. Generally, the conventional stators are made of a full-length iron core, increasing manufacturing costs and iron losses. Higher iron losses result in lower efficiency and lower overall performance. A U-shaped modular stator with a crooked tooth is used to lower iron consumption and increase the machine's efficiency. Ferrite magnets are used to replace rare earth magnets, which also reduces the machine cost. Two DC excitation windings are used above and below the ferrite magnet to reduce the PM volume. 2D electromagnetic performance analysis is done to observe the key performance indices. Geometric optimization is used to optimize the Split Ratio (S.R), DC winding slot area (DCw), and AC winding slot area (ACw). Stator Tooth Width (STW), space between the modules (S.S.), and crooked angle (α) are optimized through JMAG in-built Genetic Algorithm (G.A.) optimization. High thrust force density and modular stator make it a good candidate for long-stroke applications like railway transits. The thermal analysis of the machine is performed by FEA analysis and then validated by 2D LPMC (Lumped Parametric Magnetic Equivalent Circuit) model. Both analyses are compared, and an error percentage of less than 4% is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of nanofluids under various physical scenarios convinced the researchers and scientists because of their broad range of applications in potential area of the current time like chemical engineering, biomedical engineering and applied thermal engineering etc. To give the final shape of many industrial and engineering processes, enhanced heat transfer desired, therefore, the study of Al2O3-H2O, Al2O3-H2O, Al2O3-C2H6O2, and Al2O3- C2H6O2 nanofluids is reported. The model successfully achieved after mathematical operations and by appealing similarity transforms. To examine the behavior of heat transfer, numerical tools utilized and performed the results. It is observed that enhanced heat transfer in Al2O3-H2O, Al2O3-H2O, Al2O3-C2H6O2, and γAl2O3-C2H6O2 could be attained by setting nanoparticles concentration up to 20%. For Al2O3-H2O, Al2O3-H2O, optimum heat transfer trends noticed due to their prominent thermophysical values. Also, fewer effects of combined convection on θ(η) examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]