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ADEPIDYN (pydiflumetofen) is a new broad-spectrum foliar fungicide and the first example of the new group of N-methoxy-(phenethyl)-pyrazole-carboxamides within the class of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). It offers effective and long-lasting disease control across multiple crops, protecting them against a broad range of yield- and quality-reducing diseases, including leaf spots, powdery mildew, and molds. In addition, ADEPIDYN delivers as very first SDHI fungicide outstanding performance against Fusarium head blight. It has an excellent crop safety profile whether used on its own, in premixes, or in tank mixes. In addition to its high intrinsic potency, ADEPIDYN is rapidly taken up into the wax layer of the plant leaves, resulting in an excellent quantitative rainfastness. In this chapter, we report the discovery, synthesis, physicochemical, and biokinetic properties as well as biological activity of ADEPIDYN.

The regional and stratigraphic subdivision of the Tertiary as part of the Stratigraphic Table of Germany 2016 (STD 2016) is summarised. Primarily, changes compared to STD 2002 are commented. Concerning more detailed explanations, the reader is referred to the respective literature and corresponding definitions in LithoLex (https://litholex.bgr.de). The STD 2016 has not only practical significance, but is also a working basis for (1) the further development of the stratigraphic terminology of the German Tertiary, (2) the correlations of regional units and (3) an improved correlation of the regional stages of the North Sea Basin and the Central Paratethys with the Global Stratigraphic Scale.

This contribution serves two purposes. (1) It presents an updated version of the Astlingen example developed by the working group ‘Integral Real Time Control’ of the German Water Association (DWA), which serves as a benchmark example for the setup and evaluation of real time control strategies. As this benchmark is also intended for educational use, it demonstrates a simple RTC algorithm, illustrating the main concepts of RTC of drainage system. (2) The paper also encourages the preliminary analysis of the potential feasibility and benefit of a temporal increase of inflow to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) before analysing the WWTP behaviour in detail. For the present example, RTC within the sewer system alone led to almost the same reduction of overflow volume as permitting the inflow to the WWTP to be increased for 6 h within any 24 h, if at all permitted.

In the northern Alpine region only a few lacustrine sediment sequences are known from the period of the last glacial, regionally assigned as Würmian. Even less is known about Alpine palaeoenvironments prior to the last glacial maximum (LGM). The recently discovered sediment sections at the Nesseltalgraben site (northern Alps, southern Germany) presented here, comprise an approximately 27-m-high, predominantly lacustrine composite profile below coarse clastic sediments assigned to the LGM and underlain by Permian–Triassic evaporitic and sandy clayey sediments of the Haselgebirge and Werfen-Formation. The Würmian lake sediments consist of carbonate mud layers representing cooler phases, and organic rich layers (compressed peat, organic mud), that were deposited during warmer periods. Bulk organic geochemical analyses suggest that predominantly algal organic matter was deposited during the cooler periods, while higher fractions of terrestrial vascular plants were admixed during warmer phases. A diamict represents an erosional unconformity and cuts the sediment sequence into a lower and an upper part. Paleomagnetic, palynostratigraphic and radiocarbon analyses place the lower part into the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5c (Lower Würmian), while the upper part covers at least the period from 45 to 31 ka cal BP (MIS 3, Middle Würmian). Different explanations for the origin and spatiotemporal extent of the palaeolake are discussed. The most plausible sedimentary deposition is the formation of the small-scaled lake in a sinkhole in the evaporitic Haselgebirge Formation. The results highlight the significance of the Nesseltalgraben site as a new reference section of the last glacial period in the Northern Calcareous Alps and call for the necessity of further geochronological and paleoenvironmental studies at that site.

In the fight against doping, creating a level playing field across all sports is very challenging from a legal perspective. A harmonized approach presupposes first and foremost a supreme regulatory authority on a global level. This task cannot be attributed to the public sector, because there is no supranational authority of public international law capable of dealing with it. Thus, responsibility has to be assumed by a private law entity. This in turn requires complicated contractual agreements by which duties and responsibilities are transferred from the individual to the national level and from there to the top of the pyramid. In practice, this process is not only difficult and cumbersome, it also leads to an accumulation of power at the top of the sports pyramid that must be contained by organizational checks and balances, such as access to justice and the rule of law, accountability, transparency, and possibilities for the respective stakeholders to partake in the decision-making process. The weighting of all these different aspects is demanding and further complicated by the regulatory reach of the various national lawmakers. Since national laws differ considerably and a harmonized legislative approach is nowhere near in sight, a global approach in the fight against doping must push back national laws and legal concepts as much as possible. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview on all these legal challenges.

In the fight against doping, creating a level playing field across all sports is very challenging from a legal perspective. A harmonized approach presupposes first and foremost a supreme regulatory authority on a global level. This task cannot be attributed to the public sector, because there is no supranational authority of public international law capable of dealing with it. Thus, responsibility has to be assumed by a private law entity. This in turn requires complicated contractual agreements by which duties and responsibilities are transferred from the individual to the national level and from there to the top of the pyramid. In practice, this process is not only difficult and cumbersome, it also leads to an accumulation of power at the top of the sports pyramid that must be contained by organizational checks and balances, such as access to justice and the rule of law, accountability, transparency, and possibilities for the respective stakeholders to partake in the decision-making process. The weighting of all these different aspects is demanding and further complicated by the regulatory reach of the various national lawmakers. Since national laws differ considerably and a harmonized legislative approach is nowhere near in sight, a global approach in the fight against doping must push back national laws and legal concepts as much as possible. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview on all these legal challenges.

Light plays a pivotal role in animal orientation. Aquatic animals face the problem that penetration of light in water is restricted through high attenuation which limits the use of visual cues. In pure water, blue and green light penetrates considerably deeper than red and infrared spectral components. Submicroscopic particles and coloured dissolved organic matter, however, may cause increased scattering and absorption of short-wave components of the solar spectrum, resulting in a relative increase of red and infrared illumination. Here we investigated the potential of near-infrared (NIR) light as a cue for swimming orientation of the African cichlid fish (Cichlidae) Oreochromis mossambicus . A high-throughput semi-automated video tracking assay was used to analyse innate behavioural NIR-sensitivity. Fish revealed a strong preference to swim in the direction of NIR light of a spectral range of 850–950 nm at an irradiance similar to values typical of natural surface waters. Our study demonstrates the ability of teleost fish to sense NIR and use it for phototactic swimming orientation.

The new law on Swiss domestic arbitration embedded in Art 353 et seq of the Swiss Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) entered into force on 1 January 2011 and replaced the Swiss intercantonal Concordat on Arbitration (ICA) that had been in effect since 1969. This contribution focuses on some of the changes relevant in sports arbitration. Art. 407 CCP regulates the scope of application of the new provisions on arbitration rationae temporis. Art. 407 (1) CCP establishes the principle of "in favorem validitatis" in relation to the arbitration agreement. Art. 407 (2) CCP provides that if the proceedings have been commenced before the entering into force of the CCP the ICA remains applicable as to the procedure. Two questions arise in connection with the application of these provisions, ie whether the principle of "in favorem validitatis" in Art. 407 (1) CCP also prevails if proceedings have been commenced before 1 January 2011 (and continue after said date) and how to differentiate between matters falling under Art. 407 (1) and (2) CCP. The view held here is that Art. 407 (1) CCP is applicable also in cases in which the arbitration was initiated before 1 January 2011 and continued thereafter. However, not all matters included by the parties in the arbitration agreement are automatically governed by Art. 407 (1) CCP. The principle of "in favorem validitatis" established therein only applies to those prerequisites that are indispensable for the validity of the arbitration agreement. According to Art. 353 (2) CCP parties can opt out from the application of the CCP and agree to apply the more liberal provisions on arbitration in the Private International Law Act (PILA). However, contrary to the view taken by some of the legal literature, the conditions for an "opt out"-clause are rather high. In particular, it does not suffice to include such a clause in the statutes and regulations of a sports federation in order to subject a solely domestic dispute to the provisions of the PILA. Particularly in the context of team sports the question arises whether disputes between the employer and the employee are arbitrable. Compared to the ICA the new law is more liberal in this respect, since it does not restrict arbitrability for procedural reasons anymore. However, Art. 354 CCP declares only those disputes arbitrable where the parties can freely dispose of their rights. In the context of Art 5 ICA the Federal Tribunal concluded that this was not the case for all rights and obligations covered by Art. 341, 361 seq. of the Code of Obligations (CO). This jurisprudence equally applies to the new law. In consequence, labor law disputes touching upon the rights listed in Art. 361 seq. CO are only arbitrable if the arbitration agreement was concluded at least one month after the termination of the contract. According to Art. 358 CCP arbitration agreements have to be concluded in writing. The provision alleviates the form requirement to the effect that a signature is no longer needed. It is further undisputed that - in general - the form requirement has to be fulfilled by both parties. Exceptions from this principle should, however, be considered when it comes to statutory arbitration clauses. In these cases it should suffice - in accordance with the principle established under Art. 6 (2) ICA - if only the person joining the corporation/federation complies with the form requirement. Art. 374 CCP now allows arbitral tribunals - like state courts - to grant interim relief. It is unclear, however, how these concurrent jurisdictions shall be coordinated. The view held here is, that - in the absence of a respective party agreement - coordination is primarily achieved by accurately examining the claimant's legitimate interest in obtaining an interim order by the court seized.

An Athlete’s fault is one of the core issues for determining the applicable period of Ineligibility under the sanctioning regime of the World Anti-Doping Code. Nevertheless, the issue is seldom addressed in a detailed and comprehensive manner that would provide a genuine insight into the role of fault in this context. This article proposes a process to determine the length of the initial period of Ineligibility associated with the basic sanction for anti-doping rule violations involving the presence of a Prohibited Substance under the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. The authors first examine the interplay between the familiar concept of “No (Significant) Fault or Negligence” on the one hand, and the newly introduced concept of “intentional” on the other hand, advocating a mutually exclusive understanding of these two concepts for the purposes of determining a basic sanction. Based on this understanding, the article proposes a process for determining the appropriate length of period of Ineligibility for both Specified and non-Specified Substances under the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. Throughout the discussion, the article presents comparisons to the approach taken in earlier versions of the World Anti-Doping Code, illustrated through an analysis of past Court of Arbitration for Sport awards, to demonstrate the coherence of the proposed method and evaluate how it will function in practice.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy was applied in the ultraviolet and visible regions to investigate some qualitative features of powdered paprika prepared from ripe fruits differing in color as well as of two commercial paprika spices. Absorption maxima were attributed to different pigment absorptions, especially to capsaicin and the carotenoids in all fruits and chlorophyll in the powdered fruits of green paprika. It could be shown that the highest pigment content of the commercial products is correlated to a definite particle size range of the powder. Investigations in the near-infrared region on a commercial seasoning product revealed that the intensity of an unspecific absorption in this region can be used to obtain semiquantitative information about total pigment composition. Keywords: Paprika; semiquantitative food analysis; ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy; natural pigments

Simulation of finite cubic lattices suggests that even in the limit of large systems, the distribution of percolation thresholds deviates from a Gaussian, thus confirming Ziff's two-dimensional result.

Dose-response curves of angiotensin I (AI, 1.0–1000.0 pmol) and angiotensin II (AII, 1.25–1250.00 pmol) were obtained in isolated rat hearts subjected to control conditions, mild hypoxia (PO2 = 145 mm Hg), reoxygenation, ischemic (perfusion pressure = 35 mm Hg) and reperfusion. Both AI and All caused dose-dependent coronary vasoconstriction in control hearts, with a maximal reduction of coronary flow (CF) of 26 ± 3 and 27 ± 2%, respectively. The effects of both AI and AII were substantially attenuated during hypoxia, but were fully restored upon reoxygenation. During ischemia, the effect of AII was unaltered while the effect of AI was enhanced compared to the control (P < 0.05). This enhancement was reversible on reperfusion. Cardiac conversion of AI, calculated from ED50 values for AI and AII, was significantly increased during ischemia (P < 0.05). Infusion of saralasin (0.5–5.0 μg/min) did not increase CF in any of the groups. We conclude that (1) the coronary vasoconstrictive effect of AII is preserved in ischemia but attenuated in hypoxia and (2) cardiac conversion of AI to AII is enhanced in hearts injured by ischemia.

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has been used to study the electronic structure of small Ag, In and Au particles, deposited on thin carbon foils, quartz supports or as self-supporting layers, respectively.In the low energy-loss region the EELS spectra of Ag particles with diameters of ca. 50 nm are different from the spectra of the homogeneous Ag layers, mainly owing to the influence of the carbon foil. By decreasing the packing density of the Ag particles, a shift of the plasma losses to lower energies is observed in the energy region 10 eV. The optical behaviour of homogeneous metallic and small particle layers on thin quartz supports was studied by PAS in the ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) spectral region. The homogeneous layers, e.g. of Ag, show, in the UV range, the well known change of reflectance due to an interband transition of bare silver. For Ag particle layers surface plasma resonances are excited. With increasing packing density of the particles the absorption peak observed is red-shifted and becomes broader, whereas the results of EELS in the low energy-loss region revealed a shift to higher energies.To obtain additional information investigations of In and Au particles were performed.

The search for new active molecules with novel modes of action and desirable physical properties is an ongoing endeavour. This publication describes the follow-up chemistry of a biological hit discovered in the screening system of Novartis Crop Protection, the legacy agrochemical parent of Syngenta Crop Protection. This chemistry was optimized through classical synthetic methods and automated parallel synthesis with coverage of important physical properties such as lipophilicity or Clog P and solubility. Preliminary biological activity from the greenhouse and field data with symptomology is presented.