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Considering the boom of Si solar cell installation, it is necessary to establish a process for recycling of Si from End-of-life photovoltaics (PVs). Silicon in the PVs is synthetically doped and coated by various elements and hence dedicated methods will be required for recycling of Si, back to the SoG-Si. In this research, recycling of Si from the shredded solar cells is studied by means of vacuum refining process. In this research the rejected solar cells after the firing step are treated by acid etching techniques to remove the Al back layer and the Ag finger on the front side of the cells, providing a product called de-metallized Si fragments. The vacuum refining experiments were carried out on demetallized Si fragments. Results showed the demetallized Si contained presence of P (11.67 ppmw), B (1 ppmw), Ca with up to 0.28 wt%, Ag (96 ppmw) and Sn (136 ppmw), while other metallic impurities were lower. We have shown that Sn, Ag, O, N, and Mg can be removed from the Si melt via short vacuum refining, while a complete removal of Ca and P required longer times compared to the mentioned impurities. Because vacuum refining process is not limited by thermodynamic equilibrium, a full removal of all the volatile impurities at extended times is expected and then this process has a high chance for returning the recovered Si to the solar grade requirements.

This paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of modern integral variables. Today, a number of foreign companies, such as Texas Instruments and Analog Devices, produce analog signal multipliers (APS) in integrated design. Russian industry produces chips of the 525PS and 174HA series. Each manufacturer uses its own method of implementing the device. The main task of such devices is to calculate the current voltage, phase, exponential and transcendental functions. Wide applicability of APS in integrated design was found in devices for analog processing and conversion of signals of communication and radio equipment, in devices for automatic control of onboard and ground radio equipment. A very important characteristic of such equipment is the dynamic range. The dynamic range of the receiver is the range of input signal amplitudes that provide the required quality of reproduction of the received message. The lower limit of the dynamic range is determined by the level of internal noise or external interference in the device, and the upper limit is determined by the device's overload capacity. In this regard, manufacturers of multipliers are faced with the task of maximizing the voltage that can be applied to its inputs. The difficulty is that the upper limit of the dynamic range is set by non-linear distortions. The non-linearity of the multiplier is a component of the multiplication error and characterizes the limiting capabilities of the APS inputs. In this paper, a comparative analysis of the main types of integral multipliers offered on the market is carried out in order to identify the best construction method for achieving the value of the dynamic range of the multiplier in 90 dB with high multiplication accuracy, which will allow using such a multiplier in modern radio equipment.

This paper is devoted to the comparative analysis of modern integrated analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). At the moment, a number of foreign companies, such as Analog Devices, Texas Instruments and Microchip, produce ADCs in integrated design. Each manufacturer uses its own method of implementing the device. The main task of such devices is to convert voltage to binary code. ADCs are used wherever it is necessary to receive an analog signal and process it in digital form. Examples include applications such as communications and telecommunications, various radio systems, and measurement technology. Very important characteristics of such equipment are dynamic range, ease of implementation and speed. The means of analog-to-digital conversion are constantly being improved, which leads to an increase in the speed of the converters and the frequency band of the converted signals, an increase in the dynamic range, sensitivity and accuracy of the ADC. Significant interest in high-speed ADCs with a large dynamic range is explained by the fact that in the vast majority of telecommunications and radio engineering systems, direct signal conversion schemes without intermediate frequency conversion are increasingly used. Broadband applications have also been developed. The main requirement in these applications is the high sensitivity and wide dynamic range of the transducer for simultaneous detection of strong and weak signals. In this paper, a comparative analysis of the main types of analog-to-digital converters offered on the market is carried out in order to identify the most optimal construction method for using it in modern equipment.

Recently, the market for scanning rangefinders, in other words, LIDARS, has begun to develop rapidly due to the new course for unmanned vehicles and the need for high-precision positioning of objects in construction, geodesy, military Affairs, navigation, etc. The leading manufacturers of such scanning devices are currently Velodyne, Ouster and Luminar. Each company has its own unique approach to creating LIDAR, which has both pros and cons. LIDAR itself is a scanning device designed to receive and process information about remote objects using active optical systems that use the phenomena of light absorption and scattering in optically transparent media. In other words, a LIDAR is a device that uses a laser emitter to detect an object, after which the beam from the object is reflected and hits the photodetector, which, in turn, generates a signal and transmits it to the time interval meter. The output is a two-or three-dimensional image of the scanned object in the form of dots, depending on the type of LIDAR. The more of them, the clearer the picture we have, their number directly depends on the number of lasers and the processing speed of the system. This work is devoted to a comparative analysis of methods for constructing LIDAR systems. The analysis is carried out in order to identify the most accurate method of measuring the distance to an object under various conditions, and a new self-oscillating principle of distance measurement is proposed, which allows you to bring the measurement accuracy to a new level.

High entropy alloy (HEA) films of CrFeCoNiCu were deposited by sputtering. Their structure was characterized and their electric transport properties were studied by temperature-dependent Hall and Seebeck measurements. The HEA films show a solid solution with an fcc structure. The residual electrical resistivity of the films is around 130 μΩ cm, which is higher than the Mott limit for a metal while the temperature dependence of the resistivity above 30 K is metal-like but with a small temperature coefficient of resistivity (2 ppm/K). The dominant scattering mechanism of charge carriers is alloy scattering due to chemical disorder in the HEA. The Hall coefficient is positive while the Seebeck coefficient is negative. This is interpreted as arising from an electronic structure where the Fermi level passes through band states having both holes and electrons as indicated by band structure calculations. Below 30 K, the conduction is discussed in terms of weak localization and Kondo effects. The HEA structure appears stable for annealing in vacuum, while annealing in an oxygen-containing atmosphere causes the surface to oxidize and grow a Cr-rich oxide on the surface. This is then accompanied by demixing of the HEA solid solution and a decrease in the effective resistance of the film.

The issues of designing an educational trajectory in the preparation of a future teacher of vocational training from the position of introducing an orderly system of methods into the practice of the educational process are considered Рассматриваются вопросы проектирования образовательной траектории при подготовке будущего педагога профессионального обучения с позиции внедрения упорядоченной системы методов в практику образовательного процесса.

The article discusses the features of the formation of specialized competence in the preparation of future teachers. The authors proposed to use a practical case as a didactic means of assessing the level of competencies. В статье рассматриваются особенности формирования профильно-специализированной компетенции при подготовке будущих педагогов. Авторами предложено применить в качестве дидактического средства оценки уровня компетенций практический кейс.

The PV sector is one of the fastest growing industries globally, between 2010 and 2019 global solar installations grew from around 16 gigawatts to over 105 gigawatts in 2019. This significan rise in photovoltaics has been in large part due to a substantial decrease in the price of PV cells and modules. At the beginning of the decade the average Multi Crystalline Silicon module cost roughly 2USD per watt, now (early 2020)the average Multi-Si costs around 0.2USD per watt. This expansion of the PV sector has coincided with a geographical shift in manufacturing capacities. Currently East and Central Asia produce over 80% of the global supply. In order to remain competitive and recapture a larger market share of PV manufacturing, European PV companies will need innovate along the PV supply/value chain. SUPER PV project is targeting competitiveness of European produced PV systems integrating 26 partners from all over the Europe delivering innovations from research centers to manufacturing lines. Expected cost reduction will be realized through targeted technological and business innovations which will significantly improve the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of European systems. A year and a half into the project these price reductions and innovations have begun to take shape. This poster will outline the status of this ground-breaking project.

The first step in any recycling value chain for Si based PV modules is the delamination process to detach the glass from solar cell. This process can be done mechanically, by thermal or chemical treatments. In this work detailed analysis of a combustion based delamination of Si glass/glass modules provided by industrial partners has been performed. Conventional pyrolysis oven at temperature around 600 °C has been used to burn EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) and to extract glass and Si based solar cells without any traces of contaminations from the combustion process, which can be realized at normal air conditions. It is established that crushing of PV modules into small pieces is desirable to regulate combustion process which generates intensive flame and extra energy. It is found that the holding time for the combustion process, which can provide full removal of EVA, can be as low as about 5-10 minutes at appropriate temperatures around 600 °C. It is concluded that the proposed approach can be realized in a conveyor furnace, which can operate in air. Experimental results reported in this work can be used to design an automated process for the delamination of Si based glass/glass panels. It is established that the proposed approach provides recovery of more than 90% of the total weight of glass/glass Si based modules. Purity analysis of extracted during delamination process materials have been provided in the poster. The poster was presented at the 37th EU PVSEC in 2020.

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 811-813, Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) offers efficient utilisation of land area and local renewable energy generation. Attractive aesthetic aspects and efficient energy generation are important drivers for market acceptance of solar panels as building elements. Coloured modules improve aesthetic aspects at the expense of efficiency loss and increased cost. For a given lightness and colour, a minimum energy loss due to reflected photons is unavoidable. Additional efficiency loss may come from parasitic absorption in the colour providing layers and from unwanted reflection and absorption in the nonvisible near infrared wavelength range. In this paper we present a novel method to identify the different loss contributions: visible reflection loss, near infrared reflection loss, and parasitic absorption loss. The methodology is applied to silicon solar cells where colouration is introduced by interference from a thin indium tin oxide layer on top of the SiNx:H antireflection coating. The method presented here will be a useful tool to optimize efficient colouring of solar cells.

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 304-305, In this work, few cost effective solutions are proposed for improving solar cell aesthetic features in a more efficient way than it is usually done in industry. We demonstrated a method of color adding to the cell by deposition of ITO or TIO2/SiO2/TiO2 films on commercial monocrystalline Si cell and glass cover. Simple and cheap sol-gel technology combined with spray pyrolysis or dipping were used for the metal oxide films. Colors are intentionally tuned by the thicknesses of the layers to fit the design concept, e.g. for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).

38th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1632-1636, The performance of innovations in the ongoing Horizon 2020 project SUPER PV are assessed, both for individual innovations and at an integral level, by calculating the LCOE as the key performance variable. New prospective innovations from SUPER PV combined with price reductions and improvements elsewhere in the PV supply chain are evaluated. Such hybrid solutions can form winning combinations in the market and may point towards a flexible business model for non-vertically integrated module manufacturers. Several SUPER PV innovations show clear commercial potential by comparing the LCOE with and without the innovation. Moreover, the "SUPER PV best estimate", i.e., the combination of SUPER PV innovations and cost reductions in segments of the PV supply chain not covered by the project, leads to a total estimated LCOE reduction of 57% compared with the original benchmark at the start of the project, considerably lower than the originally targeted 37% LCOE reduction. At this point the results from SUPER PV are overall promising. Key activities forward are validation of results at the SUPER PV demo-sites across Europe and North Africa and to prepare business models and -plans for market uptake after project end (October 2022).

В статье рассматриваются особенности практико-ориентированной подготовки по рабочей профессии в условиях предприятия. Авторами предложено подготовку по рабочей профессии организовать с использованием отраслевого кейса. The article examines the features of practice-oriented training in the blue-collar profession in an enterprise. The authors proposed to organize training in a working profession using an industry case.

В статье авторами рассматриваются варианты использования инновационной технологии обучения для формирования профессиональной компетентности будущих педагогов профессионально-педагогического вуза в условиях инновационной дидактики. Предложены подходы к внедрению интерактивных методов в обучении на примере метода «электронный кейс» в системе подготовки будущих педагогов профессионального обучения. In the article, the authors consider the options for using innovative training technology to form the professional competence of future teachers of a professional pedagogical university in the conditions of innovative didactics. Approaches to the introduction of interactive methods in teaching are proposed using the example of the «electronic case» method in the system of training future teachers of professional training.

В статье предложена модель транспрофессиональной подготовки будущих педагогов профессионального обучения в профессионально-педагогическом вузе. The article proposes a model of transprofessional training of future teachers of vocational training in a vocational pedagogical university.

В статье представлены особенности подготовки бакалавров профессионального обучения на основе практико-ориентированного подхода, где в качестве дидактико-технологического обеспечения применяются учебно-производственные задания, разработанные с учетом дидактических принципов. The article presents the features of training bachelors of vocational training on the basis of a practice-oriented approach, where educational and production tasks, developed taking into account didactic principles, are used as didactic and technological support.

В статье рассматриваются особенности практико-ориентированной подготовки транспрофессионала в условиях создания интегративной образовательной среды при обучении сварщиков. The article deals with the features of practice-oriented training of the transprofessional in the conditions of creating an integrative educational environment in the training of welders.

The results regarding formation of ITO/c-Si junctions interface through the oxidation of the silicon wafer are described. Thus the formation by this method of the thin layers SiO x with a thickness of about ~1nm is demonstrated, which allows obtaining photovoltaic conversion efficiency up to 15.3%. By depositing the luminescent layer on the front side of the ITO/c-Si junctions, which is active in the region of the solar cells sensitivity to the action of UV irradiation, their functionality in the range of 300 – 1100nm of the solar spectrum is demonstrated.