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Abstract Background The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a critical role in cancer progression and response to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy targeting the immune system has emerged as a promising treatment modality, but challenges in understanding the TME limit its efficacy. Optical imaging strategies offer noninvasive, real‐time insights into the interactions between immune cells and the TME. Objective This review assesses the progress of optical imaging technologies in monitoring immunotherapy within the TME and explores their potential applications in clinical trials and personalized cancer treatment. Methods This is a comprehensive literature review based on the advances in optical imaging modalities including fluorescence imaging (FLI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and photoacoustic imaging (PAI). These modalities were analyzed for their capacity to provide high‐resolution, real‐time imaging of immune cell dynamics, tumor vasculature, and other critical components of the TME. Results Optical imaging techniques have shown significant potential in tracking immune cell infiltration, assessing immune checkpoint inhibitors, and visualizing drug delivery within the TME. Technologies like FLI and BLI are pivotal in tracking immune responses in preclinical models, while PAI provides functional imaging with deeper tissue penetration. The integration of these modalities with immunotherapy holds promise for improving treatment monitoring and outcomes. Conclusion Optical imaging is a powerful tool for understanding the complexities of the TME and optimizing immunotherapy. Further advancements in imaging technologies, combined with nanomaterial‐based approaches, could pave the way for enhanced diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy in cancer treatment.

Abstract Background Due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the epicenter is facing transcending psychiatric problems. To assess the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental well-being of the community of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), a cross-sectional study design was used to find out depression and anxiety after the first wave of the pandemic. A total of 320 willing individuals participated in the study. Convenience sampling technique was used to collect the data. Demographic information along with a semi-structured interview, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Impact of Life Event Scale-Revised, and Center of Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale were used as measures. The participants of this study were bifurcated into affected (n = 151) and none affected (n = 169) on the basis of the impact of life event cut-off scores. Results Data analysis was carried out using t-test and simple linear regression analysis. Results of t-test showed that the pandemic-affected individuals (47%) reported significantly high on the depression and anxiety scores. The verdicts from simple linear regression analysis further demonstrate a history of psychiatric illness, duration of quarantine, and impact of event predicting depression (R 2 = .15, p < .001). For anxiety history of psychiatric illness, the impact of life events were significant predictors (R 2 = .28, p < .001) whereas the duration of quarantine, death due to COVID-19, and Impact of Event Scale predicted the center of epidemiological studies for depression (R 2 .48, p < .001). The finding of the research study concluded that 47% participated individuals were affected due to the pandemic COVID-19. Conclusions The outcome of the study further exhibits that history of previous psychiatric illness, impact of life events, death due to COVID-19, and duration of quarantine are significant predictors of depression and anxiety.

Abstract Background Hemodialysis may have serious psychological impact upon patients suffering from chronic kidney diseases. The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of hemodialysis on the wellbeing of individuals with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Result A sample consists of (N = 100) CKD patients referred from neurology ward of Leady Reading Hospital Peshawar. Data was collected from both male (50%) and female (50%) in 2017. Participants were divided into two groups on the basis of pre-set criteria. In group I, individuals with 4–5 stage of CKD referred first time for dialysis treatment were recruited. Group II comprised of CKD patients with 1–3 stage. Demographic data sheet, Pakistan Anxiety and Depression, WHO Quality of Life scale, and Perceived Social support scale (PSS) were used to test the hypotheses. Paired sample t test was use to see the difference between pre- and post-analysis of depression, anxiety, QOL, and PSS in group I (experimental group). Results suggests significant difference on depression (p > .001), anxiety (p > .001), and QOL (p > .001), while no significant difference was reported on perceived social support (p

Growth performance and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of wheat bran, rice broken and blood meal were evaluated in hybrid fish Catla catla x Labeo rohita. Two replicates for each treatment (ingredient) were followed. The feed was supplied at the rate of 4% of wet body weight of fish fingerlings twice a day. The fish gained higher body weight (1.60 ± 0.14g) on wheat bran, followed by rice broken (1.51 ± 0.07g) and blood meal (1.24 ± 0.09g). The body weight of fish on wheat bran and rice broken was significantly higher (p

Objective: To investigate adverse childhood experiences with depression and suicidal ideation among Pakistani adults. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, a convenient sampling method was used to collect information from 400 participants. In this study, both males and females (n=200) between the ages of 20 and 50 were considered. We recruited 400 people from Peshawar's drug recovery institutes and 400 people from other institutions (Pakistan). Each person who agreed to take part received a booklet with demographic questions, the ACEs-IQ (= 0.86), the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D, =0.76), and the Suicidal Behavior Risk-R (α=0.76) questionnaires. Results: The dataset was examined using a t-test and a regression analysis. In this study, 44% of the subjects reported having traumatic events in their formative years. Moreover, a t-test reveals a significant difference between ACEs patients and non-ACEs sufferers on depression (t= -18.27, P .001) and suicidal thoughts (t= -11.81, P .001). Regression analysis indicated a relationship between home dysfunction and depression and between household dysfunction and suicidal thoughts [F (3,175) = 12.439, P.001, R2.176]. Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that 44% of the participants experienced ACEs as children. Significant predictors of depression and suicidal thoughts include family dysfunction and emotional neglect. However, sexual abuse is underreported in the present investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychiatric problems have been associated with criminal behaviour in various studies. This study examined to find out the connection of personality disorders with the type of crimes in offenders. It also investigated to find out gender differences in various types of crimes. It was hypothesized that cluster "B" personality disorders and type II crimes will have positive relationship. Men and women will commit significantly different on different types of crimes (I, II). Socio demographic variables (age, job status, family income, wrecked family) may predict type I and II crimes. The study sample consisted of 80 criminals from Central Jail Peshawar (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). Both men (n=40) and women (n=40) ranging in age from 16-65 years (M=28.98, SD= 11.28) equally participated in the study using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Personal data sheet and Personality disorder questionnaire (PDQ-4, Hyler, 1994) were used as a measure. Result indicated positive correlation of cluster "B" personality disorder with type II offences (r= .574**) while weak correlation found with type I crime (r=.158**). Scores of t-vales show that men were more prone to commit type I crime. Hierarchical regression analysis suggested that employment status, family income, wrecked family are key predictors of type I and II crimes. While education did not play any role in their criminal attitude. The findings of the present investigation settled connection between cluster B personality disorder and type II crimes. Men are more prone towards type I crimes than women. Moreover, socio-demographic variables may contribute its role in growing criminal behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is designed to investigate the impact of three different types of short term memory models on serial recall. It also aims to see the impact of these different memory models on different levels of neurological functioning. Fifty four demented patients were selected from Khyber Teaching Hospital, Lady Reading Hospital and Mental hospital Peshawar, Pakistan. Mini Mental State Examination was used for screening as well as for measuring the intensity of dementia. On the basis of these scores, patients were bifurcated into two experimental groups of an equal number portraying severe dementia and moderate dementia. The control group (n=27) was selected from the normal population having no neurological dysfunction, and was matched on the basis of age, education and socioeconomic status. In order to explore the difference among the groups t-test was used. Results indicated a significant difference among the groups, which subsequently supports the hypothesis framed for this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at an investigation of mental health of children living in orphans homes. The sample consisted of 60 subjects (both boys & girls) from different orphans homes of Peshawar & Mardan city, Pakistan. The sample was divided into three groups. Group I, included children with deceased parents, group II consisted of children whose one parent was alive but they were living in orphans homes, whereas the third group consisting of children living with their parents served as control group. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data. It was hypothesized that children living in orphans homes will manifest a high number of depressive symptoms as compared to control group. It was also assumed that children with deceased parents will show more depressive symptoms as compared to children living with both parents. It was further assumed that a negative correlation will be found between self esteem and depressive symptoms of children living in orphan homes. After collecting the demographic information Children Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 2003) & Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (1965) were administered on the sample. One-way ANOVA, shows a significant difference among the three groups. Research findings support our hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong nonlinear optical behavior of low-dimensional materials, such as quantum dots and core-shell quantum dots, has been a topic of intense research in recent years. As quantum dots have tunable emission via changes in their sizes, they are potentially useful in photo-electronics, photovoltaic nonlinear optics, light-emitting diode fabrication, and laser protections. Variation among core and shell shape and size, along with the chemical composition of quantum dots, define their enhanced nonlinear optical properties. Some specific nonlinear optical properties, such as nonlinear refraction, optical limiting, saturable absorption, reverse saturable absorption of CdTe and CdSe quantum dots (QDs), as well as core-shell QDs and their applications, were assessed in this paper.

OBJECTIVES: Finding out the role of gender in aggression, self-esteem, and body esteem was the purpose of this study. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional research design was used. Different universities in Peshawar were visited, and 300 students were selected as a sample (N=300), which consisted of both boys (N=150) and girls (N=150) from the age-group 17-22 years. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data, and the measuring tools used were Rosenberg Self-Esteem, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire, and Body-Esteem Questionnaire. RESULTS: Although the research didn’t prove any difference in gender roles regarding self-esteem, it was revealed that boys are more aggressive as compared to girls. Furthermore, a correlation between self-esteem, body-esteem, and aggression was reported. CONCLUSION: The study gave the conclusion that gender has a role in levels of aggression found in students; however, both boys and girls are equally affected regarding self-esteem and body-esteem.