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Global warming is causing increased temperatures that are affecting crop yield and sustainability. To harness the diversity present in rice germplasm, 1100 rice genotypes from the north-eastern Himalayan region (NEHR) were evaluated for high yield stability and marker-trait associations using SSR markers under ambient and elevated temperature conditions in the CO2-temperature gradient chamber (CTGC). Compared to ambient temperature, most agro-morphological traits showed a decreasing trend under elevated temperature, while PCV, GCV, heritability, and GAM tended to increase with elevated temperature. Pollen fertility percentage ranged from 5.4 to 99.4% at ambient temperature and from 3.4 to 98.6% at elevated temperature. The yield per plant (YPP) was significantly positively associated with traits like plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), number of tillers per plant (NT), number of effective tillers per plant (NET), number of filled grains per panicle (NFGPP), spikelet fertility percentage (SFP), and panicle weight (PW), under ambient and elevated temperature conditions. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of markers associated with heat tolerance ranged from 0.02 to 0.77, with an average of 0.26. A total of 91 alleles were detected, ranging from 2 (RM570, RM225) to 11 (RM364), with an average of 3.14 alleles per marker. The AMOVA results showed that a significant percentage of variation was attributed to the genotypes within the population (67.50%). Based on the FST value (6.42%), genotypes from Meghalaya and Tripura were significantly differed from those outside the NEHR. Model-based clustering revealed that 86 genotypes had more than 80% genetic purity to their respective ancestry. In comparison, seven genotypes (Sojkyrleh, RCPL 1–123, RCPL 1–136, RCPL 1–74, RCPL 1–188, Sialkathi and Bapnah) had less than 80% genetic purity and were considered admixtures. Two markers, RM234 and RM7364, were found to be significantly associated with yield per plant under elevated temperature conditions using both the general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) approach. Genotypes such as TRC-2016–291, TRC-2007–1, TRC-2016–426, Daya, Badjhania, TRC-2016–624, TRC-2016–33, Nania, TRC-2016–51, Aati Ghal and TRC-2016–153, which exhibited superior performance for yield and component traits were selected as high yielding for the elevated temperature conditions of NEHR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By understanding the potential benefits of Gate Stack Dual Material double gate MOSFET (DG MOSFET), this research aims to contribute to the investigation of its electrical characteristics with improved performance and dependability. A detailed investigation is conducted into the temperature dependent electrical properties at different temperatures. A detailed analysis is conducted on the enhanced gate controllability in lower technology nodes and the protection against short channel effects. Together with the DC performances, this research also analyzes the suggested device's analog performance. The device's performance matrix was presented for temperatures ranging from 70 K to 800 K. The results showsthe improvement the drain current, transconductance, and transconductance generation factor(TGF) with decrease in temperature.

Abstract The aus (Oryza sativa L.) varietal group comprises of aus, boro, ashina and rayada seasonal and/or field ecotypes, and exhibits unique stress tolerance traits, making it valuable for rice breeding. Despite its importance, the agro-morphological diversity and genetic control of yield traits in aus rice remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the genetic structure of 181 aus accessions using 399,115 SNP markers and evaluated them for 11 morpho-agronomic traits. Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we aimed to identify key loci controlling yield and plant architectural traits. Our population genetic analysis unveiled six subpopulations with strong geographical patterns. Subpopulation-specific differences were observed in most phenotypic traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) of agronomic traits showed that principal component 1 (PC1) was primarily associated with panicle traits, plant height, and heading date, while PC2 and PC3 were linked to primary grain yield traits. GWAS using PC1 identified OsSAC1 on Chromosome 7 as a significant gene influencing multiple agronomic traits. PC2-based GWAS highlighted the importance of OsGLT1 and OsPUP4/ Big Grain 3 in determining grain yield. Haplotype analysis of these genes in the 3,000 Rice Genome Panel revealed distinct genetic variations in aus rice. In summary, this study offers valuable insights into the genetic structure and phenotypic diversity of aus rice accessions. We have identified significant loci associated with essential agronomic traits, with GLT1, PUP4, and SAC1 genes emerging as key players in yield determination.

Elpasolites are expected to be promising photovoltaic semiconductor alternatives to lead-based perovskite semiconductors. Concern over the stability and toxicity of lead halide perovskites has led to an increase in interest in the environmental friendly elpasolite Cs2BiAgI6 (Cesium Bismuth Silver Iodide). An extensive numerical analysis of the Cs2BiAgI6 based elpasolite solar cell (ESC) model with the standard n-i-p nanostructured planar architecture ITO/TiO2/Cs2BiAgI6/CIGS/NiO/Au is presented in this article. Numerous device parameters, such as temperature, series resistance, thickness and the defect density of the dual-graded light absorber layers, electron transport layer (ETL), and hole transport layer (HTL), have all been thoroughly studied. The device numerical modeling and simulation is carried out using the well-known SCAPS-1D simulation tools (version 3.3.10). Under AM1.5G illumination, achieved a Voc of 1.2277 V, Jsc of 34.342 mA/cm2, and fill factor of 86.25% with power conversion efficiency of 36.36% through parameter optimization, which is much higher than the highest reported values found in the literature.

The electroencephalogram (EEG) serves as an essential tool in exploring brain activity and holds particular importance in the field of mental health research. This review paper examines the application of artificial intelligence (AI), encompassing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), for classifying schizophrenia (SCZ) through EEG. It includes a thorough literature review that addresses the difficulties, methodologies, and discoveries in this field. ML approaches utilize conventional models like Support Vector Machines and Decision Trees, which are interpretable and effective with smaller data sets. In contrast, DL techniques, which use neural networks such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), are more adaptable to intricate EEG patterns but require significant data and computational power. Both ML and DL face challenges concerning data quality and ethical issues. This paper underscores the importance of integrating various techniques to enhance schizophrenia diagnosis and highlights AI’s potential role in this process. It also acknowledges the necessity for collaborative and ethically informed approaches in the automated classification of SCZ using AI.

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the significant constraints for rice production. A study was carried out to analyze the virulence, genetic diversity, and population structure of Xoo isolates collected from different rice ecosystems of Karnataka, India. The taxonomic identity of all 54 isolates was confirmed using a Xoo-specific PCR assay. The virulence assay on a set of twenty-eight near-isogenic differentials identified nine pathotype groups (KPthX-1 to KPthX-9). Among them, KPthX-6 was highly virulent, whereas KPthx-2 was less virulent. Differentials with four and five resistance (R) genes (Xa4+xa5+xa13+Xa21, Xa4+Xa7+xa13+Xa21, and Xa4+xa5+Xa7+xa13+Xa21) were effective against all the pathotypes. Further, genetic diversity was deduced using a universal marker set, JEL-1, and JEL-2, complementary to a conserved repetitive sequence IS1112. The amplicon size and numbers varied from 100 bp to 3 Kb and 1 to 25. Based on the amplicon counts, Jaccard's co-efficient and phylogenetic analyses were carried out and categorized the 54 isolates into three clusters (I to III). Cluster-II contains the maximum number of isolates (27), followed by cluster-I (23 isolates) and cluster-III (one isolate). The structure analysis categorized the isolates into five subgroups, viz. SG1, SG2, SG3, SG4, and SG5 indicate the existence of five subpopulations. The present study has identified the genetic and virulence diversity of the Xoo population and reported the effective R gene/s for different rice ecosystems, which can be used in the breeding program for the eco-specific management of BLB of rice.

Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast fungus, is one of the most dangerous rice pathogens, causing considerable crop losses around the world. In order to explore the rice blast-resistant sources, initially performed a large-scale screening of 277 rice accessions. In parallel with field evaluations, fifty-two rice accessions were genotyped for 25 major blast resistance genes utilizing functional/gene-based markers based on their reactivity against rice blast disease. According to the phenotypic examination, 29 (58%) and 22 (42%) entries were found to be highly resistant, 18 (36%) and 29 (57%) showed moderate resistance, and 05 (6%) and 01 (1%), respectively, were highly susceptible to leaf and neck blast. The genetic frequency of 25 major blast resistance genes ranged from 32 to 60%, with two genotypes having a maximum of 16 R-genes each. The 52 rice accessions were divided into two groups based on cluster and population structure analysis. The highly resistant and moderately resistant accessions are divided into different groups using the principal coordinate analysis. According to the analysis of molecular variance, the maximum diversity was found within the population, while the minimum diversity was found between the populations. Two markers (RM5647 and K39512), which correspond to the blast-resistant genes Pi36 and Pik, respectively, showed a significant association to the neck blast disease, whereas three markers (Pi2-i, Pita3, and k2167), which correspond to the blast-resistant genes Pi2, Pita/Pita2, and Pikm, respectively, showed a significant association to the leaf blast disease. The associated R-genes might be utilized in rice breeding programmes through marker-assisted breeding, and the identified resistant rice accessions could be used as prospective donors for the production of new resistant varieties in India and around the world.

The deadzone occurring in a phase-frequency detector (PFD) is a critical parameter that affects the performance of a phase-locked loop (PLL). Though a fixed-delay element reduces the deadzone, it creates an imbalance in the pulse-arrival time and among the up and down signals to the charge pump, which increases the phase noise in the output spectrum of the PLL. Therefore, in this work a new variable-delay element (VDE) is incorporated in the PFD to reduce the dead zone and consequently the phase noise of the PLL. The performance of the proposed PFD incorporated in PLL is analyzed using cadence virtuoso 90 nm CMOS technology, achieving a phase noise of −148.89 dBc/Hz at a frequency offset of 1 MHz, a lock time of 6.01 us, a power of 0.056 mW, and a dead zone of 110.5 ps, while operating at 3.5 GHz of frequency, making it suitable for 5G applications.

The present investigation was carried out to identify the potential donors of resistant gene(s)/the source of white rust disease in B. juncea using 30 genotypes, including locally adapted accessions and advanced breeding lines. Out of 30 genotypes, ten lines viz. Bio-YSR, CAULC-1, CAULC-2, CAULC-3, CAULC-4, CAURM-2, CAULR-7, CAURM-4, CAURM 4-1, and CAURM 4-2 exhibited a lower PDI value (lesser than mean 10.83) with a superior agronomic performance related with the disease. The evaluation of these ten genotypes for the presence of the BjuWRR1 gene using a gene-based marker depicted the presence of the functional allele of the BjuWRR1 gene in the five genotypes viz., Bio-YSR, CAULC-1, CAULC-3, CAURM 4-1 and CAURM 4-2. When compared with the sequenced amplicon of these genotypes, it is found to be identical with that of an east European Brassica juncea line, Donskaja-IV, the completely resistant genotype against various isolates of Albugo candida. The findings from the present study suggested that besides Bio-YSR, the local lines of Manipur CAULC-1 (Local Yella of Potshangbam) and CAULC-3 (Local Yella of Kakching Lamjao) can be used as the potential white rust resistance sources/donors in disease resistance breeding programmes for the development of elite B. juncea cultivars in the future. In addition to the local lines, two improved advanced lines, viz. CAURM 4-1 and CAURM 4-2, obtained from a hybridization programme, may be further evaluated for releasing resistant varieties against white rust.

RNA editing changes the nucleotides at the transcript level of mitochondrial genes which results in synthesis of functional proteins. This study was designed to find the editing sites which could be implicated in male fertility restoration and to develop editing based markers for differentiation of cytoplasmic male sterility and maintainer lines from each other. DNA and RNA from young panicles were isolated from three-line system of hybrid rice PRH10, wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm based male sterile (A line Pusa 6A), maintainer (B line Pusa 6B) and restorer (R line PRR78) lines. Pusa 6A and PRR78 having the same WA cytoplasm are allo-nuclear and iso-cytpolasmic lines. The genomic and cDNA amplicons for eight mitochondrial genes (18SrRNA, atp6, atp9, cobII, coxI, coxIII, nadI and rps3) were sequenced and compared. Differences in genomic and cDNA sequences were considered as editing. Two hundred and thirty editing sites having base substitution or insertion/deletion were identified with the highest in 18SrRNA (5.74%) and the lowest in coxI (0.60%). The highest editing sites were observed in fertile maintainer Pusa 6B followed by PRR78 and Pusa 6A, of which random five editing sites in five different rice mitochondrial transcripts namely atp9, cobII, coxIII, rps3 and 18SrRNA were chosen and validated through cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence (CAPS) analysis and found to be partially edited in four genes. The identical editing sites of different mitochondrial genes from maintainer and restorer lines might reflect their possible contribution to fertility restoration of sterile WA cytoplasm. Keywords: Cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence, Cytoplasmic male sterility, Hybrid rice, RNA editing, Mitochondrial gene, Wild abortive, Nucleotide

Understanding of genetic diversity is important to explore existing gene in any crop breeding program. Most of the diversity preserved in the landraces which are well-known reservoirs of important traits for biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, the genetic diversity at twenty-four most significant blast resistance gene loci using twenty-eight gene specific markers were investigated in landraces originated from nine diverse rice ecologies of India. Based on phenotypic evaluation, landraces were classified into three distinct groups: highly resistant (21), moderately resistant (70) and susceptible (70). The landraces harbour a range of five to nineteen genes representing blast resistance allele with the frequency varied from 4.96% to 100%. The cluster analysis grouped entire 161 landraces into two major groups. Population structure along with other parameters was also analyzed to understand the evolution of blast resistance gene in rice. The population structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis classified the landraces into two sub-populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed maximum (93%) diversity within the population and least (7%) between populations. Five markers viz; K3957, Pikh, Pi2-i, RM212and RM302 were strongly associated with blast disease with the phenotypic variance of 1.4% to 7.6%. These resistant landraces will serve as a valuable genetic resource for future genomic studies, host-pathogen interaction, identification of novel R genes and rice improvement strategies.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211061.].

The grain size is one of the complex trait of rice yield controlled by a plethora of interaction of several genes in different pathways. The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of seven known grain size regulating genes: DEP1, GS7, GS3, GW8, GL7, GS5 and GW2. A wide phenotypic variation for grain length, grain width and grain length-width ratio were observed in 89 germplasm. The correlation analysis showed a strong association among these three grain traits viz. GL, GW, GLWR and TGW which play important roles in determining the final rice grain size. Except for GW2, all six genes showed strong association with grain size traits. A total of 21 alleles were identified with an average of 2.1 allele/locus in 89 germplasm of which seven alleles were found to be favourable alleles for improving the grain size with the frequency range of 24 (26.97%) to 82 (92.13%); the largest was found in GS5 followed by GW8, GL7, DEP1, GS3 and GS7 genes. Through ANOVA, four markers (GS3-PstI, S9, GID76 and GID711) of three genes (GS3, DEP1 and GL7) were found significantly associated with all the three traits (GL, GLWR and TGW). Concurrent results of significant associations of grain size traits with other markers were observed in both analysis of variance and genetic association through the general linear model. Besides, the population structure analysis, cluster analysis and PCoA divided the entire germplasm into three sub-groups with the clear-cut demarcation of long and medium grain types. The present results would help in formulating strategies by selecting suitable candidate markers/genes for obtaining preferred grain shape/size and improving grain yield through marker-assisted breeding.

Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive disease causing huge losses to rice yield in different parts of the world. Therefore, an attempt has been made to find out the resistance by screening and studying the genetic diversity of eighty released rice varieties by National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (NRVs) using molecular markers linked to twelve major blast resistance (R) genes viz Pib, Piz, Piz-t, Pik, Pik-p, Pikm Pik-h, Pita/Pita-2, Pi2, Pi9, Pi1 and Pi5. Out of which, nineteen varieties (23.75%) showed resistance, twenty one were moderately resistant (26.25%) while remaining forty varieties (50%) showed susceptible in uniform blast nursery. Rice varieties possessing blast resistance genes varied from four to twelve and the frequencies of the resistance genes ranged from 0 to 100%. The cluster analysis grouped the eighty NRVs into two major clusters at 63% level of genetic similarity coefficient. The PIC value for seventeen markers varied from 0 to 0.37 at an average of 0.20. Out of seventeen markers, only five markers, 195R-1, Pi9-i, Pita3, YL155/YL87 and 40N23r corresponded to three broad spectrum R genes viz. Pi9, Pita/Pita2 and Pi5 were found to be significantly associated with the blast disease with explaining phenotypic variance from 3.5% to 7.7%. The population structure analysis and PCoA divided the entire 80 NRVs into two sub-groups. The outcome of this study would help to formulate strategies for improving rice blast resistance through genetic studies, plant-pathogen interaction, identification of novel R genes, development of new resistant varieties through marker-assisted breeding for improving rice blast resistance in India and worldwide.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176236.].

The inheritance of the mitochondria genome and its diversity is unique for genetic and evolutionary studies relative to nuclear genomes. Northeast India and Himalayan regions are considered as one of the centres of indica rice origin. Also, rice diversity in northeast India is very distinct and highly suited for evolutionary studies. Although reports are available on the genetic diversity of indigenous northeast rice landraces, its relationship with the wild relatives is not yet properly explored and understood. In an attempt, mitochondrial markers were used to study the evolutionary relationship between the 68 landraces of northeast India and wild relatives ( O. rufipogon and O. nivara ) along with IR64 ( indica ) and Nipponbare ( japonica ) were taken as reference cultivars. Phylogenetically, the findings include two distinct clusters in the indigenous northeast India landraces representing indica and japonica groups. Further, the wild relatives and ~60% of northeast India landraces were identified to be closely related to the Nipponbare cluster. Besides, landraces of northeast India grouping with the indica group (IR64) are characterized by the absence of wild relatives. This indicates that there are two distinct evolutionary paths in the origin of northeast Indian rice landraces based on mitochondrial markers diversity and it is proposed that the inheritance of mitochondria, mitonuclear genome interactions, and bottleneck events could have genetically separated these two phylogenetically unique groups of northeast rice landraces.

Low light intensity is a great limitation for grain yield and quality in rice. However, yield is not significantly reduced in low light tolerant rice varieties. The work therefore planned for comparative transcriptome profiling under low light stress to decipher the genes involved and molecular mechanism of low light tolerance in rice. At active tillering stage, 50% low light exposure for 1 day, 3 days and 5 days were given to Swarnaprabha (low light tolerant) and IR8 (low light sensitive) rice varieties. Illumina (HiSeq) platform was used for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 6,652 and 12,042 genes were differentially expressed due to low light intensity in Swarnaprabha and IR8, respectively as compared to control. CAB, LRP, SBPase, MT15, TF PCL1 and Photosystem I & II complex related gene expressions were mostly increased in Swarnaprabha upon longer duration of low light exposure which was not found in IR8 as compared to control. Their expressions were validated by qRT-PCR. Overall study suggested that the maintenance of grain yield in the tolerant variety under low light might be results of accelerated expression of the genes which enable the plant to keep the photosynthetic processes moving at the same pace even under low light.