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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kurt Greiner has invited responses to his article «Psychotherapie als Textmedizin» published in the last issue of Psychotherapie-Wissenschaft. In it, he endeavors to distinguish psychotherapy science from the scientific paradigm on a hermeneutic basis and to identify psychotherapy as a text-scientific process across modalities. My reply notes, firstly, that terms such as training of suffering text competence, text medicine or functionality can be understood as signals in the wrong direction. Secondly, it is noted that the reference to the hermeneutic tradition lacks important further developments. This is about alterity, difference or the unavailable, i. e. a dimension of psychotherapy and consequently of psychotherapy science that should not be neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the operational reliability of different types of switching substations within the context of power systems, employing the Monte Carlo method for analysis. The research focuses on evaluating the reliability of high-voltage substations, including single-busbar systems, double-busbar systems, and switchgears with a ring-type power supply. By conducting simulations and analyzing statistical data on device reliability, the study aims to identify the most reliable implementation of switching substations. The results are presented through graphical representations and comparative tables, highlighting the impact of factors such as the number of switching elements and their connection on operational reliability. The findings indicate that configurations with a greater number of busbars and a parallel connection of switching elements exhibit higher operational reliability. The study provides insights to inform decision-making in the construction of new switching substations, emphasizing the importance of stable operation within power systems.

The aim of this article was to solve a multi-objective maintenance optimization problem by minimizing both unavailability and cost through the use of an optimal maintenance strategy. The problem took into account three different system designs upon which the objective functions are dependent, and the time to start preventive maintenance (PM) was used as a decision variable. This variable was optimized for all system components using a discrete maintenance model that allows for the specification of several discrete values of the decision variable in advance to find the optimal one. The optimization problem was solved using innovative computing methodology and newly updated software in MATLAB, which was used to quantify the unavailability of a complex system represented through a directed acyclic graph. A cost model was also developed to compute the cost of different maintenance configurations, and the optimal configuration was found. The results for a selected real system (a real fluid injection system adopted from references) showed that unavailability was less sensitive to variations in maintenance configurations, while cost variations were more noticeable in relation to different maintenance configurations. Applying PM, the increasing value of the decision variable increased cost because it led to more frequent corrective maintenance (CM) actions, and recovery times due to CM were more expensive than recovery times due to PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine an unavailability of each safety function subsystem that influences on an overall unavailability of entire protection system for safety analysis and enhancement, a modeling is required. This article presents a safety system modeling to evaluate the detected–undetected failures and repairable behaviors of each safety function subsystem in the studied fuel gas supply system (FGSS), which is utilized in a combined-cycle power plant. The proposed modeling deals with probability of failure on demand (PFD) analysis for calculation of the unavailability of three safety function subsystems, which are gas analytical subsystem (GAS), fuel gas controller subsystem (FGC), and shutdown valve subsystem (SDV). The interested GAS includes two different groups of gas analyzers in 2-out-of-2 (2oo2) voting scheme, when using three gas analyzers in each group in 2-out-of-3 and diagnosis (2oo3D) voting scheme. The interested FGC consists of two controllers in 2oo2 voting scheme, when the structure of each controller is in 1-out-of-1 and diagnosis (1oo1D) voting scheme. The interested SDV consists of two shutdown valves, which are installed in 1-out-of-2 (1oo2) voting scheme. The reliability block diagram is utilized for representative of combination of all three safety function subsystems, and the fault tree is utilized for calculation of PFD unavailability of each safety function subsystem. As the results obtained from the proposed safety function modeling, the influence of three safety function subsystems on the total unavailability of the FGSS is described. In addition, an example of the proposed modeling application to provide two guidelines for effective engineering design and operation is also presented. The first is a guideline to implement an effective human machine interface (HMI) at an operator workstation for real-time monitoring of the studied FGSS in the presence of failures that can be automatically detected by device diagnosis. The latter is a guideline to maintain and troubleshoot the failures that can be revealed by proof test. Based on diagnostic information and proof test results, operation and maintenance savings can be achieved.

In May 2018, hundreds of websites located outside the European Union (EU), including USAToday.com, became completely or partially unavailable to EU citizens as a number of publishers decided to comply with an EU data protection regulation (GDPR) by blocking access. Several of the sites that started to exclude EU users continued to do so for months or years, even though some of their competitors, like the New York Times, never adopted a policy of exclusion. These differing strategies allowed us to conduct a quasi-experimental study on the effects of temporary product unavailability and temporary rationing. We find that both temporary product withdrawal and temporary rationing can have long-term effects. In our case, monthly unique visitors in the months and even years after full access was restored were between 44% and 61% lower than they had been before the restrictions were imposed, with a wider market contraction explaining only part of these falls. We also find distinct differences between the effects of temporarily rationing and temporarily withdrawing websites. Although both strategies lead to a long-term loss in visitors, rationing appears to increase a website's desirability for some consumers. After rationing was lifted, USAToday.com's reduced audience consumed the title more deeply and frequently than had been the case before rationing was imposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, a complex system is composed of different components that are usually subject to a maintenance policy. We take into account systems containing components that are under both preventive and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance is considered as a failure-based preventive maintenance model, where full renewal is realized after the occurrence of every nth failure. It offers an imperfect corrective maintenance model, where each repair deteriorates the component or system lifetime, the probability distribution of which gradually changes via increasing failure rates. The reliability mathematics for unavailability quantification is demonstrated in the paper. The renewal process model, involving failure-based preventive maintenance, arises from the new corresponding renewal cycle, which is designated a real ageing process. Imperfect corrective maintenance results in an unwanted rise in the unavailability function, which can be rectified by a properly selected failure-based preventive maintenance policy; i.e., replacement of a properly selected component respecting both cost and unavailability after the occurrence of the nth failure. The number n is considered a decision variable, whereas cost is an objective function in the optimization process. The paper describes a new method for finding an optimal failure-based preventive maintenance policy for a system respecting a given reliability constraint. The decision variable n is optimally selected for each component from a set of possible realistic maintenance modes. We focus on the discrete maintenance model, where each component is realized in one or several maintenance mode(s). The fixed value of the decision variable determines a single maintenance mode, as well as the cost of the mode. The optimization process for a system is demanding in terms of computing time because, if the system contains k components, all having three maintenance modes, we need to evaluate 3k maintenance configurations. The discrete maintenance optimization is shown with two systems adopted from the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water supply systems (WSS) are significant energy consumers, which makes it crucial to find methods to increase energy efficiency. A novel approach is presented here to locate and quantify the most vulnerable elements in terms of energetic efficiency. The method is based on a linear programming (LP) optimization model and the elimination of different components in the system to analyze their impact on energy costs. Pump reallocation is then suggested as a novel dynamic design paradigm for temporary changes in the system to cope with extreme scenarios. Exposing the critical components of WSS improves maintenance prioritization and inventory and contributes to the planning of future investments in the system. Pump reallocation provides an innovative approach for response to critical conditions, it is suggesting rethinking the design concepts to incorporate not just long-term solutions but also rapid, temporary steps in response to failures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misgana Ayele Hussien, Eyerusalem Berhanemeskel Haile, Bezawit Negash Demisse Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Bezawit Negash Demisse Email bezawit.negash@aau.edu.etPurpose: To assess the burden of unavailable drugs cost to patients admitted to TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital’s internal medicine ward. Costs of medications obtained inside and outside the pharmacy and other burdens associated with drugs’ unavailability are also estimated and explored.Patient and Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from November 9 to November 23, 2020. Quantitative data on medication costs were collected from patients admitted to TikurAnbessa Specialized Hospital internal medicine ward B8. Qualitative information was collected from patients, caregivers, and health care professionals through interviews to assess the burdens of unavailability of pharmaceuticals on patients and the health care system.Results: A total of 32 patients were enrolled in the study. Participants’ age ranged from 14 to 92. Eighteen (56.25%) paid in cash for medications bought within the hospital pharmacy, while the remaining 14 (43.75%) were treated for free. A total of 68 medicines were prescribed during the study period. Of this, 33 (48.53%) medicines were not available in the hospital pharmacy. The total costs of patients were 78.07$ and 1530.84$ when purchased from inside and outside the hospital pharmacy, respectively. The average price of medications per patient ranged from 0.025 to 8.41$ inside the hospital pharmacy, where the average cost per patient outside the hospital pharmacy ran from 0.128 to 54.67$. For the qualitative part, four patients and/or caregivers and five health care professionals were interviewed, and three key themes emerged from the thematic analysis: (i) awareness of the availability of medication, (ii) management of the burden of stock out, and (iii) impact of the stock out.Conclusion: The study came up with a result that the hospital pharmacy has high unavailability of medication. Patients complain about unwanted and unreasonably expenditure to purchase pharmaceuticals from outside pharmacies and associated delayed treatment.Keywords: burden, unavailability, hospital pharmacy

The theory of resistance here elaborated is based on considerations current since the 18th century and concern the proof of reality of the external world. However, what is ignored in the course of these proofs are the social, psychological, and in particular the logical aspects of resistance. The idea of a theory of resistance is inspired by tendencies in the philosophy of technology, as well as other current philosophical and scientific lines of thought that obscure their metaphysical underpinnings, advocating a position of complete achievability of human and natural relations. The theory of resistance seeks to show that resistance is a reflexive term that concerns relations, not objects or those relations that can be expressed in qualities and quantities. Furthermore, this concept has a positioning role, important in epistemological, as well as ethical and anthropological sense. Resistance is a central, although not the sole characteristic of reality. As an ethical category, it is articulated, for example, in the idea of dignity if understood as hostility to mere typologization and subjection to calcu­lation. The theory of resistance does not advocate some existing reality, but limits the domain of validity of constructivist and narrativist theories.

Copyright of Dreptul is the property of Union of Jurists of Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article was to solve a multi-objective maintenance optimization problem by minimizing both unavailability and cost through the use of an optimal maintenance strategy. The problem took into account three different system designs upon which the objective functions are dependent, and the time to start preventive maintenance (PM) was used as a decision variable. This variable was optimized for all system components using a discrete maintenance model that allows for the specification of several discrete values of the decision variable in advance to find the optimal one. The optimization problem was solved using innovative computing methodology and newly updated software in MATLAB, which was used to quantify the unavailability of a complex system represented through a directed acyclic graph. A cost model was also developed to compute the cost of different maintenance configurations, and the optimal configuration was found. The results for a selected real system (a real fluid injection system adopted from references) showed that unavailability was less sensitive to variations in maintenance configurations, while cost variations were more noticeable in relation to different maintenance configurations. Applying PM, the increasing value of the decision variable increased cost because it led to more frequent corrective maintenance (CM) actions, and recovery times due to CM were more expensive than recovery times due to PM.

Copyright of Filozofija i Drustvo is the property of University of Belgrade, Institute for Philosophy & Social Theory and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, I portray both the "thinking historian" Heinz-Dieter Kittsteiner and his philosophical analysis of the unavailability of the historical process. In his book Out of Control (2004), Kittsteiner builds on Immanuel Kant's concept of the historical sign to demonstrate how history is out of joint due to the contingent character of the historical process. This understanding demands a new theory of historical time and of historiographical practice, which I reconstruct through a close reading of a chapter of Kittsteiner's book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People are not always able to respond immediately to incoming messages on their mobile devices, either due to engagement in another task or simply because the moment is inconvenient for them. This delay in responding could affect social relationships, as there are often expectations associated with mobile messaging and people may experience a lingering pressure to attend to their messages. In this work, we investigate an approach for generating automated contextual responses on behalf of message recipients when they are not available to respond. We first identify several types of contextual information that can be obtained from a user's smartphone and explore whether those can be used to explain unavailability. We then assess users' perception of the usefulness of these sensor-based categories and their level of comfort with sharing such information through a Mechanical Turk survey study. Our results show emergent groups with varying preferences with regards to the usefulness and comfort in sharing two types of contextual information: user state and device state. Further, we also observed a strong influence of message context (i.e., message urgency and social tie strength) in users' perceptions of these auto-generated messages. Our research provides understanding of users' perceptions of sharing context through an autonomous agent that can help design and create effective approaches towards enabling communication awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The new resilience index, which includes the resilience indices of RESs and the unavailability index of DOCR and DS-DOCR digital relays, is presented independently. • The parameters of DOCR and DS-DOCR digital relays are optimized to reduce the total operating time of the relays and achieve protection coordination, taking into account the unavailability constraint of one of the digital relays due to their failure. • The unavailability constraint of DOCR and DS-DOCR digital relays is taken into account, it creates a better response and eventually improves the resilience in distribution networks. Electric energy, as the most widely used form of energy, has always captured human attention to itself; however, with the climate change and the increase of natural phenomena, it is now necessary to provide solutions to improve the resilience of the network. Resilience is defined as the capability of the system to maintain an acceptable level of performance against a severe disturbance and return to its original condition in an appropriate period of time, which demonstrates the degree of endurance, vulnerability, and reversibility of an infrastructure system. The occurrence of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters causes extensive losses and power outages in distribution networks; and the number and severity of such incidents have seen an increase in recent years. Therefore, it is of great significance to evaluate the resilience of the network and its reversibility capability in dealing with adverse weather conditions. In this paper, after defining the concept of resilience in distribution networks, its characteristics are determined; and then, modeling common natural events such as floods and storms, and introducing a new index to evaluate resilience in distribution networks with digital directional overcurrent relays (DOCR) and Digital dual-setting directional overcurrent relays (DS-DOCR) in the presence of renewable energy sources (RES), the proposed scheme is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, a complex system is composed of different components that are usually subject to a maintenance policy. We take into account systems containing components that are under both preventive and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance is considered as a failure-based preventive maintenance model, where full renewal is realized after the occurrence of every nth failure. It offers an imperfect corrective maintenance model, where each repair deteriorates the component or system lifetime, the probability distribution of which gradually changes via increasing failure rates. The reliability mathematics for unavailability quantification is demonstrated in the paper. The renewal process model, involving failure-based preventive maintenance, arises from the new corresponding renewal cycle, which is designated a real ageing process. Imperfect corrective maintenance results in an unwanted rise in the unavailability function, which can be rectified by a properly selected failure-based preventive maintenance policy; i.e., replacement of a properly selected component respecting both cost and unavailability after the occurrence of the nth failure. The number n is considered a decision variable, whereas cost is an objective function in the optimization process. The paper describes a new method for finding an optimal failure-based preventive maintenance policy for a system respecting a given reliability constraint. The decision variable n is optimally selected for each component from a set of possible realistic maintenance modes. We focus on the discrete maintenance model, where each component is realized in one or several maintenance mode(s). The fixed value of the decision variable determines a single maintenance mode, as well as the cost of the mode. The optimization process for a system is demanding in terms of computing time because, if the system contains k components, all having three maintenance modes, we need to evaluate 3k maintenance configurations. The discrete maintenance optimization is shown with two systems adopted from the literature.

The long way towards acknowledgement of the unavailable. On separation and farewell in two analytical psychotherapies at old age In this second part of the entire report, the first part of which appeared in an earlier issue (4/2019: 381–394), the author once again focusses on conflicts connected with fear of annihilation when facing separation, thereby concentrating on repeated approaches to calm and to overcome the respective inner turmoil. She tries to release herself from her inclination to focus on the analyst's person and the therapeutical relationship. Instead she attempts to decisively bundle her attention on the contents of the joint work. By doing so she becomes aware of a strong striving for autonomy which thus far had been obscured by early traumatic experiences of separation and an exuberant need for love and closeness. By her own effort she is now able to release the analyst from a longing commitment which, if it were to remain, would set the spiral of repetition in motion again and again. The therapeutically effective support consists in helping her to direct the desire for love – in the sense of a reversal – to where it can be lived meaningfully. For instance, by actively turning it to the community and its social needs, thus filling it with contents aligned with reality. The author finally is able to accept the unavailability of a significant other and the insight that we will not be relieved of the work on the impositions of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entropy is a concept with an extreme controversy which many scientists have been trying to explain. Some of the approaches employed in its definition contradict each other, which made it extremely difficult for high school and college students to understand. Boltzmann was the first person who brought a statistical explanation to entropy and linking it with the disorder concept (S = klnw). The point which received the highest amount of criticism is the similarity between the visual regulation in everyday life and regulation of particles, which is the metaphor that causes the highest number of misconceptions. The primary goal of this study is to go down the roots of the controversy surrounding the entropy concept and propose solutions. In the framework of all these difficulties, the concept was investigated with an integrated and simple approach. In this pretext, the macroscopic and microscopic features of entropy, the difficulties and misconceptions encountered, and the methods used in its education have been thoroughly examined. The final step was developing a "Tripod Approach" to facilitate the explanation of this complicated concept and fill the gaps in this area. In addition to it, alternative energy and probability-based and integrated entropy description, which reflects the essence of both macroscopic and microscopic approaches, was presented, and this description is expected to be a solution for the controversy resulting from the disorder concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current searching schemes in reliability evaluation of radial distribution systems require complicated and extensive codes, that contribute to the majority of the CPU times. This paper proposes a new one-step method operating with a set of binary descriptor matrices, replacing the searching, to calculate load and system reliability indices. In this technique, ‘fuse to branch’ and ‘switch to branch’ are introduced and employed to facilitate the solutions along with the use of bus-injection to branch-current matrices. In this approach, the cross-connects operation, islanding mode of small-scale DGs, and network constraints are also considered as part of the adequacy evaluation. The proposed technique is highly efficient for long-term distribution network planning and optimization where many cross-connects are involved. The proposed technique is applied to RBTS Bus 2 and 4, as well as a realistic 747-node distribution network. Results for the large distribution planning of the 747-node network demonstrate the computational time is reduced from 61 days using the traditional method to 4.6 hours based on the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fault tree analysis (FTA) method for the unavailability of supply of gas networks. The method is based on the automatic generation of fault trees, which estimate the probability of disruption of the gas delivery from terminals/storages to the demand nodes. Moreover, it allows probabilistic analyses of the availability of gas supply to individual demand nodes and to the overall gas network. To assess the importance of each network component, the risk achievement worth and the risk reduction worth importance measures are utilized. The developed method can identify weakness in the gas network and can guide expansion planning and maintenance scheduling activities. Furthermore, the developed framework is enriched by steady-state analysis of the gas network operations performed using a physical flow/pressure model. The impact of a component failure on the gas supply interruption at different demand nodes is assessed by the physical model in retrospective to the FTA results. The framework is exemplified with reference to the reduced gas network of Great Britain. The results provide insights to support a robust reliability assessment of the gas network. Moreover, the probability mapping of the most important components in the gas network informs optimal strategies for maintenance scheduling as well for prioritizing improvements of the gas network aimed at significant risk reduction. Remarkably, the failure of components identified as most important according to the FTA importance measures may not have significant effects on the gas supply. A discussion on the range of applicability and limitations of the two methodologies is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Networked systems, such as telecommunications, transportation, and power transmission, are critical for the economic development and social well‐being of a society and are required to keep the prescribed demand continuously satisfied. Therefore, when planning maintenance actions for such a system, the adverse influence on its reliability caused by the unavailability of the components in the process of being maintained needs to be taken into account. To deal with this problem, we propose a new bi‐objective optimization approach to determine the Pareto optimal maintenance plans for a networked system, simultaneously maximizing its reliability within the concerned planning horizon and minimizing the total maintenance cost. Both perfect and imperfect maintenance actions are considered. The proposed approach can well balance the influence of maintenance actions on a networked system's reliability during their implementation and after being completed and, thus, can help ensure its reliability of continuously satisfying the prescribed demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to propose solutions to reduce the number and frequency of medicine shortages in Australia. Some of the many factors that contribute to medicine shortages, such as manufacturers' production processes and business decisions, are outside the control of Australian stakeholders. But there are many factors that are within the control of stakeholders, including poor communication between stakeholders, incomplete and inaccurate information, unhelpful practices and attitudes of hospital tender authorities, and lack of certainty and incentives for manufacturers in relation to pharmaceutical tenders. The following strategies are designed to address these issues and achieve a significant reduction in the number and frequency of medicine shortages in Australian hospitals. They include improving communication and understanding between stakeholders, providing higher quality information on likely usage, changing practices of hospital tender authorities to better meet stakeholder requirements, and increasing incentives for manufacturers to participate in hospital tenders. The six key actions to implement the medicine shortage-reducing strategies are: (1) initiate a biannual forum for hospitals and industry; (2) establish a medicines substitutes information service operating nationally; (3) share information on likely changes to hospital usage; (4) reform stock allocation strategies; (5) introduce incentives for manufacturers; and (6) change hospital tender authority practices and policies. The first step to reduce medicine shortages is for stakeholders to think differently about the problem, and to act more collaboratively using the proposed strategies and actions, as a framework for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]