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Residual rights are the right to choose asset uses not specified in the contract. They are essential in situations of uncertainty. The current energy transition presents a greater variety of assets. Moreover, it is impossible to anticipate all relevant states that the assets and the environment can embody, making it impossible to optimize them contractually. Furthermore, there is consensus that the transition must occur quickly, which means high levels of investment in new specific assets. How should we distribute property rights to maximize social benefits in a context with specific and dispersed assets? Because of the complementarity between network and distributed resources, this article questions the premise that deverticalization is invariably beneficial to consumers and argues for the need to revise the concept of network and develop the regulatory implications of such a reconceptualization. We defend the need to evaluate alternative network concepts considering the technological repertoire available to operationalize them. When considering the technological repertoire available today, characterized by the competitiveness of information and communications technology (ICT) and distributed resources, we should recognize the inherently incomplete nature of the contracts signed between network operators and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II) mandated the unbundling of payments for research and trading. This research explores whether the impact of MiFID II differs between large and small firms in terms of analyst coverage and stock liquidity. Focusing on the UK stock markets we find a significant drop in analyst coverage on the Main Market, which leads to a deterioration in market liquidity. In contrast, the requirement of AIM firms to retain a Nominated Adviser, who often provides research coverage, has mitigated the impact of MiFID II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe significance of ancillary services within the airline industry is progressively gaining prominence. As such, research on airlines’ ancillary services has continuously grown. The primary objective of this research article is to provide a review of ancillary services on passengers’ willingness to pay and the personalized pricing within the airline industry, achieved through the analysis of published scholarly works. The examination of published papers has been conducted with diverse criteria, including research methodologies, analytical perspectives, statistical methodologies, thematic coverage, technological dimensions, authorship, and geographical origins. The conclusions suggest a promising future regarding both airlines’ ancillary service applications and research in this area. The most crucial limitation stems from selecting works subject to examination as the analysis dealt with willingness to purchase and personalisation pricing field papers. Additionally, the selected region has not been widely covered. Nonetheless, this article can potentially be valuable for researchers and airline managers as it sheds light on emerging trends within both domains. These trends pertain not only to evolving technologies themselves but also to the novel applications thereof.

Scholars have seized upon studies on economic concentration to revive the idea that “big is bad”. A recent addition to the literature, by James Bessen, shares a concern for declining disruption rates but argues instead that “closed is bad”. We review this debate, concluding that neither fully grapples with the dynamic competition paradigm. The theory of dynamic competition offers important nuances to current understandings of competition, and in particular the role of innovation, which we illustrate via a case study of generative AI. We then turn to policy measures, and in particular those under the “unbundling” umbrella, i.e., breaking ties, mandating interoperability, and imposing data sharing. Each of these measures is finding its way into the EU policy framework. We show that, though such measures can make sense in specific circumstances, the challenges – both conceptual and practical – are not to be underestimated. We build on our generative AI case study to highlight the opportunities and risks involved, which confirm the desirability of a case-specific approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual rights are the right to choose asset uses not specified in the contract. They are essential in situations of uncertainty. The current energy transition presents a greater variety of assets. Moreover, it is impossible to anticipate all relevant states that the assets and the environment can embody, making it impossible to optimize them contractually. Furthermore, there is consensus that the transition must occur quickly, which means high levels of investment in new specific assets. How should we distribute property rights to maximize social benefits in a context with specific and dispersed assets? Because of the complementarity between network and distributed resources, this article questions the premise that deverticalization is invariably beneficial to consumers and argues for the need to revise the concept of network and develop the regulatory implications of such a reconceptualization. We defend the need to evaluate alternative network concepts considering the technological repertoire available to operationalize them. When considering the technological repertoire available today, characterized by the competitiveness of information and communications technology (ICT) and distributed resources, we should recognize the inherently incomplete nature of the contracts signed between network operators and users.

Copyright of Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning is the property of Society for Teaching & Learning in Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pioneer trains in Indonesia have been fully funded by the government. The construction needs a lot of funding that would burden the state budget. One of the alternatives is the public-private partnership scheme. This study aims to analyze the most effective unbundling scenario for financing and maintaining the Indralaya-Tanjung Senai train. The life cycle costs and conducting sensitivity analysis according to applicable regulations. The scenarios are based on ticket price increases and government support for the operation and maintenance (O&M) for this pioneer train route, calculated net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) value. Scenario 1 assumes that tickets do not receive subsidies; private companies are responsible for O&M costs. Scenario 2 assumes that ticket prices are set by private companies; the government is responsible for procurement and maintenance costs. Scenario 3 assumes that the government provides subsidies of IDR 10,000 per passenger as well as railway infrastructure; private companies bear the cost of procuring railbuses and operational expenses. Based on calculations with Scenario 1 NPV is IDR 0.73 billion; with Scenario 2 is IDR 4.64 billion and with Scenario 3 is IDR (–)1.34 billion. The analysis shows that increasing passenger fares according to price raises and inflation rates, and subsidies from governments for maintenance costs will make this railroad project financially feasible.

Scholars have seized upon studies on economic concentration to revive the idea that “big is bad”. A recent addition to the literature, by James Bessen, shares a concern for declining disruption rates but argues instead that “closed is bad”. We review this debate, concluding that neither fully grapples with the dynamic competition paradigm. The theory of dynamic competition offers important nuances to current understandings of competition, and in particular the role of innovation, which we illustrate via a case study of generative AI. We then turn to policy measures, and in particular those under the “unbundling” umbrella, i.e., breaking ties, mandating interoperability, and imposing data sharing. Each of these measures is finding its way into the EU policy framework. We show that, though such measures can make sense in specific circumstances, the challenges – both conceptual and practical – are not to be underestimated. We build on our generative AI case study to highlight the opportunities and risks involved, which confirm the desirability of a case-specific approach.

This article employs Franklin’s technology as practice to reflect on what educational technology means and offer an alternative narrative for how ed tech has changed the structure of teaching and learning in the 30 years since SoTL’s inception. SoTL practitioners have largely embraced educational technology and its promise to provide a healthy disruption to postsecondary teaching, but Franklin’s observations on technology and teaching cause those who care about teaching to pause, think beyond technology, and deconstruct educational technology’s ideology of disruption and its discourse of scale. Educational technology has enabled the transformation of teaching from a holistic, or artisanal technology, to a prescriptive activity through a process now called unbundling. The ability to break teaching down into discretely executable steps, transforms the nature of teaching and concomitantly shifts the locus of control from the teacher to the manager. Franklin’s technology as practice also shines a light on how SoTL can build a right relationship with educational technology by serving as a redemptive technology. Redemptive technologies recognize that technology defines the nature of the activity, meaning that teaching with technology fundamentally changes what it means to be a teacher. Franklin’s conception of redemptive technology also asks SoTL practitioners to reject thinking of educational technology as a set of value-neutral tools, and to study educational technology in small, localized settings. According to Franklin, the potential for social change resides in the strength of community, and the community of SoTL practitioners can best bring about the right relationship between ed tech and teaching by focusing on its core principles, especially the principle of reciprocity.

This article discusses how shared ownership of energy storage facilities between grid managers (Distribution System Operators and Transmission System Operators) and third-party market participants may help to resolve congestion issues. The article uses the Netherlands as a case study on how congestion issues may lead to a stalemate: increasing energy storage capacity may help to resolve grid congestion but may cause additional congestion if used to trade in profitable markets. As a result, it is not installed, or installation is delayed until the grid is fortified. The article discusses how shared ownership may lead to the co-optimization of investment decisions by different stakeholders and of the operation of the storage facility. It also discusses how the exemption to unbundling obligations under art. 36 (2) of Directive 2019/944 can be used to allow for these ownership constructions. The article argues that national regulatory authorities can use regulatory experimentation to find the desirable conditions and uses of the exemption and to stimulate regulatory learning. The use of experimentation can help to resolve congestion issues in certain localities in the short term and help to develop principles for regulation of the future energy system in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates how unbundling has progressed from university-controlled approaches to incorporating partnership organisations into the delivery of university functions, specifically teaching. In this paper, we limit the scope of unbundling to the management of online teachers using three Australian case studies. In the first section, we review the literature for reasons that support unbundling the teaching approach, the effectiveness of this approach, and criticisms posed. Then we use aspects of the literature to present an unbundled teaching hierarchy. We use three examples from the hierarchy in the context of three Australian case studies that are illustrative of how online teachers are managed in Australian higher education. As discussed in this paper, the opportunities and challenges associated with unbundling university teaching have implications for the quality of the student experience, teacher experience, and cost effectiveness for institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and policy makers have long debated whether securities firms should be allowed to bundle the cost of execution services with the cost of research. Investor advocates condemn the practice whereas industry representatives defend it. In 2018, as part of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) legislative regime, the EU forced the unbundling of commission charges, diverging from US legal standards which still allow 'soft dollar' payments for research. The EU's unbundling regime has challenged global financial services firms, which must now comply with conflicting rules across national boundaries. For more than five years, the US Securities and Exchange Commission provided temporary no-action relief to facilitate compliance with MiFID II, but that relief expired in July 2023, presenting an opportunity to reconsider the impact of MiFID II's unbundling regime and its implications for US regulators and investors. While this article takes a critical view of soft dollar practices, the story of MiFID II presents contested issues of policy analysis as the agency costs inherent in bundled commissions could be offset by the public benefits of additional research. Unbundling also offers a noteworthy example of an innovation in capital markets regulation flowing from Europe to the United States rather than the other way around. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how academics navigate the Higher Education (HE) landscape being reshaped by the convergence of unbundling, marketisation and digitisation processes. Social Realism distinguishes three layers of social reality (in this case higher education): the empirical, the actual and the real. The empirical layer is presented by the academics and their teaching; the actual are the institutional processes of teaching, learning, assessment, mode of provision (online, blended); the real are the power and regulatory mechanisms that shape the first two and affect academics' agency. Two dimensions of academics' experiences and perceptions are presented. The structural dimension reflects academics' perceptions of the emergent organisation of the education environment including the changing narratives around digitisation, marketisation and unbundling in the context of digital inequalities. The professional dimension aspects play out at the actor level with respect to work-related issues, particularly their own. This dimension is portrayed in academics' concerns about ownership and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to study the European experience of the functioning of heat energy markets, identify the components of their deregulation, and develop proposals for the formation of regional heat markets in Ukraine. The article stipulates that currently there is no trans-European legislation on the formation of heat energy markets, there are only certain provisions that relate to its production, consumption and accounting. From a theoretical point of view, there are three types of competition in the heat energy markets: between heat supply sources; between producers of centralized heat; between companies for assets. The analyzed experience in the development of heat energy markets in three European countries testifies to the fundamental differences in its structure. Denmark’s heat energy markets are government-regulated, where there is a partial distinction between the functions of production, transportation, and distribution of heat; pricing is carried out on a regulatory basis of non-profit; there are no transparent conditions for access to the network, and the consumer has limited opportunities to disconnect from the system. In Sweden, competition is open at the wholesale level between heat producers; the functions of production and supply are demarcated, and the distribution and supply functions are combined; the retail heat market is self-regulating, which implies the need to coordinate heat prices between suppliers and consumers who, in case of disagreement, have the opportunity to refuse centralized heat supply. Lithuanian heat energy markets are open to wholesale competition and operate in the forward segment, while at the retail level they are regulated, where the transmission from production and supply has been unbundled; regulatory access to heating networks for independent producers has been introduced, and consumers have the right to refuse centralized heat supply. The highlighted features allowed to provide proposals for the formation of heat energy markets in Ukraine, including: the development of competition between heat producers; delimitation of the functions of production, transmission and distribution; formation of its forward, spot and balancing segments; introduction of auctions with the declared pricing method under the pressure of regulatory price restrictions, which are established on the basis of business standards according to the benchmarking system.

The European Union and Russia are both important players on the global stage when it comes to energy. Russia is the second largest supplier of natural gas right after the USA, while the European Union is one of the world's largest consumers of energy. As expected, throughout the years cooperation has blossomed between them in the aforementioned area. Due to the fact that both parties have been working closely together, tensions have arisen regularly. The European Union's effort to lessen its dependency on Russian energy has been one of the main issues of dispute between the two partners. Concerns over Russia's use of its energy resources as a political weapon, particularly in light of the invasion of Ukraine and its repercussions, have been the primary motivators for this development. The European Union should aim to increase the use of renewable energy sources, implement new procedures and upgrade existing infrastructure in order to diversify its energy supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimodal Digital Mobility Services (MDMS) increase the attractiveness of the public mobility sector and thereby contribute to sustainable, demand-oriented and climate-friendly passenger transport. However, MDMS are currently deployed in a fragmented manner, lacking a proper legal and market framework to develop more successfully and to provide a full range of offers across the EU. The mobility sector is characterised by market power asymmetries and vertical integration, which are obstacles to the deployment of MDMS. These obstacles must be overcome by a clear European legal framework providing adequate regulatory instruments in order to create a level playing field that enables effective competition in the distribution markets. When shaping this legal framework within the MDMS-Initiative of the European Commission, existing legislation from other regulated sectors can be considered as legislative references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital music formats and the Internet as a distribution mechanism have fundamentally disrupted the music industry by altering the way music is packaged, distributed, and consumed. This disruptive innovation has come in two stages. First, it enabled music to be purchased as an individual song (digital single) or as an album (digital album) or to be enjoyed without paying for it (unlicensed digital music). More recently, music has become available as a streaming service (streaming music). Prior to these innovations, music was primarily distributed as an album using a physical medium such as the CD. Building on multi-generation diffusion models, we identify and quantify different types of concurrent demand migration in the music industry such as generational substitution, unbundling, and piracy effects in the first stage and streaming effects in the subsequent stage. Measuring the relative contributions of factors that drive each of these different migration types, we find that the introduction of licensed digital downloads (digital single and digital album) has weakened the piracy effect. Since the introduction of licensed digital downloads, the piracy effect on the demand for CDs has decreased about 15 percent every year. At the same time, unbundling, rather than piracy, has become the dominant factor in the decline of industry revenue. More recently, streaming music services such as Pandora have moved demand from digital albums to streaming music. However, demand has not yet migrated from digital singles to streaming music. The introduction of streaming music has further weakened the piracy effect by about 7 percent every year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article capitalizes on the experience of composition to examine where Third Space labor is currently positioned and uses frameworks from higher education and labor studies to look toward the possibility of a more equitable future. Third Space professionals both exemplify and challenge the class structure within the managed university, wherein academic freedom is exercised as a marker of class hierarchy. Affordances associated with the academic profession have become commodified, and physical and metaphorical constraints continue to grow in response to the erosion of academic freedom and financial support. The continued unbundling of traditional faculty roles means that the job of educating an increasingly diverse student population for a labor market that values interdisciplinarity, flexibility, and multiple literacies often falls to Third Spaces. In their attempts to maintain enrollment, universities exalt these support services even as they marginalize the professionals who staff them. Composition scholars and practitioners are no strangers to the margins; indeed, they've built homes and careers there, developing effective pedagogies and programs whose longevity and impact support both students and faculty. Third Space professionals' most effective moves are inclusive rather than exclusive and are attuned to core discursive and rhetorical principles from feminist studies. Such work, when it is effective, performs a gate-opening rather than gate-keeping function that is imperative to the Diversity Equity and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives that have come to define the sustainability goals of the US university system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the ]9903, East Asia-including Northeast and Southeast Asia-has led the world in adopting a task-by-task international division of labour or international production networks (IPNs), the core of which consists of niachinery industries. In this regard, how far has India integrated with East Asia? Using international trade data for comparison from multiple perspectives, this article gives an overview of the current position of India with respect to machinery IPNs and information and communication technology (ICT) services. The article shows that India has not yet participated in machinery IPNs in the East Asian region. We argue that ICT services are a source of strength for the Indian economy, and its competitiveness could be utilized effectively by combining new technologies with traditional industries such as manufacturing. India still has huge untapped opportunities for utilizing the mechanics of a new international division of labour to accelerate economic growth, innovation and poverty alleviation. And economic integration with East Asia could work as a trigger to redirect India's industrialization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural gas industry in Brazil has undergone three waves of reforms since the late 1990s regarding liberalization and market opening. The gas law approved in 2021 reinforces the unbundling between transport and commercialization of natural gas and guarantees third-party access to essential infrastructure. The new legal framework achieves the vertical separation of upstream and midstream segments but does not reach the downstream segment subject to state regulations. The exit of the incumbent (Petrobras) from the network segments opens space for new entrants, but may remain with a high commercialization share. Vertical and horizontal integration in the distribution segment can compromise this industry's restructuring. This article identifies three possible scenarios for the evolution of liberalization after the last reform. A successful path will depend on the implementation and enforcement of the new gas law, on adequate economic signals for network and consumption expansion, on harmonization of state regulations, and on the effective opening for the construction of a national gas market. The role of natural gas in Brazil's energy transition is still an open issue that will affect the industry's evolution in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is on the contestations and dilemmas emergent in the higher education curriculum in a context of increasing processes of unbundling, digitisation and marketisation. The paper explores the notion of contestation through the theoretical lens of Cultural-Historical Activity Theory. It points to illustrative examples of this contestation from empirical data drawn from stakeholder research in South African higher education. The paper grapples with understandings of the concept of curriculum and argues how these have been shaped by – and are shaping – emergent meanings of the curriculum in an unbundling context. The argument is that these emergent meanings are a function of different explicit and tacit understandings of curriculum and what higher education offers to students. These understandings are deepened or modified by processes of unbundling. Empirical data from the research study show these understandings to be forming against the backdrop of powerful cultural and agentic forces and players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teoría & Derecho. Revista de Pensamiento Jurídico is the property of Editorial Tirant Lo Blanch SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie prawa unijnego i prawa krajowego w zakresie dostępu do obiektów infrastruktury usługowej. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie – po pierwsze, że w przypadku dostępu do obiektów infrastruktury usługowej stanowiącego nowy instrument regulacji gospodarczej mamy do czynienia z instrumentem tej regulacji, który nakierowany jest na wypracowanie innych celów aniżeli zapewnienie konkurencji w sektorze kolejowym. Po drugie – że w przypadku relacji pomiędzy przewoźnikiem kolejowym a operatorem obiektów infrastruktury usługowej nie występuje unbundling. Po trzecie – że dostęp do obiektów infrastruktury usługowej jest instrumentem prawnym chroniącym także operatorów obiektów infrastruktury usługowej. Po czwarte wreszcie, celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie dostępu do obiektów infrastruktury usługowej w kształtującej się praktyce orzeczniczej sądów administracyjnych w Polsce.

Abstract Universities are facing growing internal and external pressures to generate income, educate a widening continuum of learners, and make effective use of digital technologies. One response has been growth of online education, catalysed by Massive Open Online Courses, availability of digital devices and technologies, and notions of borderless global education. In growing online education, learning and teaching provision has become increasingly disaggregated, and universities are partnering with a range of private companies to reach new learners, and commercialise educational provision. In this paper, we explore the competing drivers which impact decision making within English universities and their strategies to grow online education provision, through interviews with senior managers, and interrogation of their views through the lens of a range of internal, external and organisational drivers. We show that pressures facing universities may be alleviated by growth of online education provision, but that negotiating an appropriate route to realise this ambition involves attempts to resolve these underlying tensions deriving from competing drivers. We use a modified form of the PEST model to demonstrate the complexities, inter-dependencies and processes associated with these drivers when negotiating delivery of unbundled online education through use of private company services, or in partnership with private companies.

University of Saskatchewan is a publicly funded, medium-sized research intensive medical doctoral university in Canada. Like other academic libraries, we have been coping with the rising costs of Big Deal journal packages in the context of shrinking budgets and variable currency fluctuation between the Canadian and American Dollar. When faced with a need to cancel two Big Deal packages in order to balance our budget, we undertook a data-driven, principles-based approach. We discuss the context at University of Saskatchewan, and the principles and steps we used to successfully determine which packages to cancel, and how to determine titles for re-subscription within a limited budget. We discuss how we compiled and used data that addresses scholarly (citation), pedagogical (downloads), and reputational (survey responses) concerns, and share the formula we developed. We also share some lessons learned and recommendations and ideas for future Big Deal assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of on-line education (OLE) to deliver higher education using learning management systems (LMS) has received growing critical attention for its reliance on precarious faculty, high dropout and failure rates, and as a form of privatization. While these critiques are well grounded, they overlook the role of OLE as a strategy for rationalizing teaching and deskilling academic labor in order to produce more self-disciplined precarious "platform" workers who can labor remotely under the control of algorithmic management. To recompose the power of academic workers, new tactics, strategies, and objectives based on an analysis of the new technical composition of capital in higher education are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, the Brazilian civil aviation agency changed the checkedbaggage policy, and airline companies would no longer be required to offer free baggage for its passengers. This paper builds a model to study the effects on the market equilibrium of this change in regulation. We suppose that firms operate in an oligopoly market and compete by choosing tickets and baggage quantity as in a Cournot model. Firms had to offer a free quota of baggage, which was set to zero with the deregulation. Both products enter in the firm's cost function. First, we show that the firm's profits do not change with the liberalization policy. Then, we calibrate the model's parameters using Brazilian data. Backed up by numerical simulations, we show that allowing firms to charge baggage separately from tickets results in a decrease in ticket prices (but an increase in total prices) and an increase in the amount of tickets sold in the market. Consumers are expected to have a larger surplus, hence increasing the market welfare. Our results are robust to variations in the parameters of the model. Highlights The Brazilian civil aviation agency changed the checked baggage policy; Companies are no longer be required to offer free baggage for its passengers; We set a model where firms operate in an oligopoly and study airline industry deregulation; Firm's profits do not change with the liberalization policy; There is a decrease in ticket prices (but an increase in total prices) and an increase in amount of tickets sold in the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Relations / Medzinarodne Vztahy is the property of University of Economics in Bratislava, Faculty of International Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)