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Molecular typing, the presence of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1), and virulence factors were studied in 45 bla(PSE)-positive S. Typhimurium isolates from 3 hospitals. All isolates belonged to sequence type ST19, presented low clonal diversity, and harbored SGI1. The wide diversity of virulence factors was classified into 3 major virulotype groups., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance were characterized in 90 Salmonella enterica isolates either resistant or with intermediate resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMC(R/I)) or resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (C3G(R)). These isolates were recovered in three Spanish hospitals during 2007-2009. The C3G(R) phenotype was expressed by three isolates that carried the following extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes: phage-associated bla(CTX M-10) in S. Virchow, bla(CTX-M-14a) surrounded by ISEcp1 and IS903 in S. Enteritidis, and bla(CTX-M-15) linked to ISEcp1 and orf477 in S. Gnesta (first description in this serotype). The AMC(R/I) phenotype was found in 87 isolates (79 S. Typhimurim, 7 S. Enteritidis, and one S. Thompson). The bla(PSE-1) gene, followed by bla(OXA-1) was mostly found among S. Typhimurim, and the bla(TEM-1) gene among S. Enteritidis. Three different gene combinations [bla(PSE-1) +floR+aadA2+sul+tet(G); bla(OXA-1) +catA+aadA1/strA-strB+sul+tet(B) and bla(TEM-1) + cmlA1+aadA/strA-strB+sul+tet(A)/tet(B) genes] were associated with the ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfonamides-tetracycline phenotype in 68 AMC(R/I) S. enterica isolates. Class 1 integrons were observed in 79% of the isolates and in most of them (45 isolates) two integrons including the aadA2 and bla(PSE-1) gene cassettes, respectively, were detected. The bla(OXA-1) +aadA1 arrangement was detected in 23 isolates, and the aac(6')-Ib-cr+bla(OXA-1) +catB3+arr3 in another one. Non-classic class 1 integrons were found in three isolates: dfrA12+orfF+aadA2+cmlA1+aadA1 (1 isolate), dfrA12+orfF+aadA2+ cmlA1+aadA1+qacH+IS440+sul3 (1 isolate) and dfrA12+orfF+aadA2+cmlA1+aadA1+qacH+IS440+ sul3+orf1+mef(B)Δ-IS26 (1 isolate). Taken together, these results underline the need for clinical concern regarding β-lactam resistance in Salmonella and thus for continuous monitoring.

The prevalence and characterisation of integrons and the genetic environment of sulphonamide resistance genes were studied in 135 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from blood cultures in a Spanish hospital during 2007. Class 1 and 2 integrons were identified in 54 isolates (intI1, 52 isolates; intI2, 1 isolate; and intI1+intI2, 1 isolate). Of the 53 intI1-positive isolates, 36 (67.9%) contained the classic class 1 integron including the qacEDelta1-sul1 region, and 11 different gene cassette arrangements were demonstrated in 33 of these isolates. Seventeen intI1-positive isolates lacked the qacEDelta1-sul1 region, and 8 gene cassette arrangements were demonstrated in 12 of these isolates. Seventy-one isolates showed a sulphonamide-resistant phenotype, 63 of which contained sul genes. The sul1 gene was associated with intI1 in 36 of 42 sul1-positive isolates, and the sul3 gene was associated with non-classic class 1 integrons in 5 of 7 sul3-positive isolates. Finally, sul2 was found associated with strA-strB genes in 32 of 35 sul2-positive isolates, identifying 11 genetic structures, 1 of them presenting the IS150 element disrupting the strB gene; this structure was included in GenBank with accession no. FJ705354. Almost one-half of the E. coli isolates from blood cultures contained integrons and sul genes. Moreover, sul genes were detected in different structures, one of them new, and could be important determinants in antibiotic resistance dissemination., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

The AA. realize a comparative study on the differences between the nasopharyngeal microbial flora of 50 children suffering a secretory otitis and other 40 children without middle ear disease. In nasopharyngeal cultures the pathogenic flora (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus beta hemoliticus group A, Staphilococcus aureus) amounted for 96 percent in children with secretory otitis, which figure was reduced to 80 percent in healthy infants (p < 0.05). Haemophilus influenzae was the most identified microorganism in a both nasopharyngeal and otic flora. We have found a significative association (p < 0.001) among nasopharyngeal and otic flora of each individual.

Two cases of human fasciolasis in which the presence of the parasite in the gallbladder could be demonstrated by ultrasonography, are presented.