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Theories of retrospective accountability assume that voters punish poor governance and reward improvements, yet empirical evidence remains mixed. We extend this research to a new context, assessing the impact of audits on electoral outcomes in South African municipalities. Our novel identification strategy focuses on by-elections triggered by deaths in office of local councilors and compares those taking place before and after audit results are announced each year. We find that timely audit information affects the vote share of the responsible party, with voters rewarding improvements and punishing poor audits by about 5 percentage points. Additional individual-level survey evidence confirms the underpinning behavioral response more generally. Our study is the first to demonstrate electoral accountability effects of audit information at full scale, involving universal spatial and temporal coverage as well as public and organic dissemination.

This chapter shows that some of the most shifts in thinking and policy in this important dimension of teachers' initial teacher education programme. It provides the most advice from the Department for Education in England, providing practical, hands-on information to teachers. There has been a noticeable move away from reactive approaches to dealing with unwanted behaviour over the last 20 or more years. The chapter outlines the policy context in England. If teachers are learning to teach outside England, ask their tutors about policy in their context. There has been an increasing emphasis upon the inclusion of a greater diversity of pupils in mainstream schools in the last 20 years. The underpinning ideology of educational inclusion is that the educational needs of all pupils in schools should be met, irrespective of their level of achievement or the nature of their behavior.

In the sorting plant examined during the research, the sorting of the selectively collected mixed packaging waste is done by hand. Studies were performed on the quantitative changes of the waste stream entering and leaving the sorting plant, the composition properties according to the particle size, and lastly the number of pickings. The amount of incoming waste has increased linearly over the years. The sizes preferred by the optical separators were the guideline during the measurements. Sixty percentage of all incoming waste falls in the ideal range of 70–350 mm, 20% in the range of 350 mm. Because there are significant differences in composition and quantities as the seasons and months alternate, these results provide important information for engineers designing a mechanized technology.

Roadmapping emerged from industry and has evolved over the decades, through improvements and refinements made by both practitioners and research groups, to become an established and extensively deployed method. Roadmaps are popular in helping to convey and communicate the essence of strategic plans, organizational initiatives, program pathways, and future courses of action. But what actually constitutes a roadmap? What are the unique attributes that distinguish them from other journey-mapping approaches and forward-looking business documents? Drawing upon active involvement in industrial engagements, applied research, tool development, and supported by the literature, a roadmap has now been defined as a structured visual chronology of strategic intent . Further, roadmapping has been defined as the application of a temporal–spatial structured strategic lens . As a result of these more rigorous and robust expressions, this article reports and reviews their underpinning concepts and dimensions, and puts them forward as the new standard definitions.

Presented in this paper is a methodology for combining a Bayesian statistical approach with Data Quality Objectives (a structured decision-making method) to provide increased levels of confidence in analytical data when approaching a waste boundary. Development of sampling and analysis plans for the characterisation of radioactive waste often use a simple, one pass statistical approach as underpinning for the sampling schedule. Using a Bayesian statistical approach introduces the concept of Prior information giving an adaptive sample strategy based on previous knowledge. This aligns more closely with the iterative approach demanded of the most commonly used structured decision-making tool in this area (Data Quality Objectives) and the potential to provide a more fully underpinned justification than the more traditional statistical approach. The approach described has been developed in a UK regulatory context but is translated to a waste stream from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station to demonstrate how the methodology can be applied in this context to support decision making regarding the ultimate disposal option for radioactive waste in a more global context.

Summary Intermediary organisations can play a significant role in the changing environment of UK energy, transcending the perceived divides between individual action, activism and top-down policy. This paper discusses a Bristol based action research project which, working with local community energy groups, explored the role of intermediary organisations not just in bringing together learning, providing support and aggregating impact but also in helping to shape stronger local energy action by connecting across and beyond existing activity in ways that put communities first. This approach enabled the development of the ‘Bristol Community Strategy for Energy’, which takes a different approach to the national ‘Community Energy Strategy’ which it preceded. We consider the roles of intermediary organisations in scaling up community activity: linking with policy and supporting shared action to accelerate community responses to energy concerns. We also draw on the underpinning theory before concluding with recommendations to reinforce the maturing and changing local energy landscape.

Little is known about the prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) in sport in European Union (EU) Member States (MS). The research question underpinning this study was therefore: What is the nature and extent of gender-based violence in sport in the EU? The study involved a scoping exercise that mapped existing research on the incidence and/or prevalence of any/all form(s) of GBV in sport. This was complemented by interviews with key stakeholders within each EU MS. Forty-one studies were identified across 17 countries. Of these, none investigated the whole range of behaviours that constitute GBV, so the prevalence of GBV in sport in EU MS is unknown. The most commonly studied form of GBV was sexual harassment, which had a reported prevalence rate of between 1% and 64% due to different methodologies and definitions. This variation is indicative of the challenges of studying GBV, which are discussed in this paper. Without clear prevalence rates for of (all forms of) GBV, prevention efforts cannot be efficiently targeted and the effectiveness of interventions cannot be assessed. Among others, we recommend the European Commission contract regular research in sport that uses a standardised definition of GBV and a common methodological approach.

Objective:The biopsychosocial (BPS) model remains the predominant theoretical framework underpinning contemporary psychiatric training and practice. Like all models, it has its limitations and its critics. In light of recent censure, The purpose of this article was to (a) review key aspects of the history, development and contemporary utility of the BPS model and, (b) review key contributions of George Engel.Conclusion:An aetiological model for mental disorders that involves psychological, biological and sociocultural factors has existed since at least the 1940s. The term “biopsychosocial” was arguably first coined by Roy Grinker in 1952. Spurred on by his interest in systems theory, Engel expanded upon the model in 1977 and used it to hypothesise about the integration of mind and body. Despite its shortcomings, the BPS model remains relevant and useful.

This study focuses on the school–work connection from the perspective of curriculum design. The aim was to uncover considerations underpinning the design of learning environments in vocational education. The research took place in the Netherlands. A focus group methodology was chosen to elicit designers’ considerations, which generally remain largely implicit. These considerations concern the designable elements of learning environments: epistemic, spatial, temporal, and social elements. Design considerations were uncovered at each of the aggregation levels of a curriculum. At the macro-level, considerations referred to the connectivity between the contexts of school and work. Based on these considerations, different designs were chosen along the school–work continuum. At the meso-level, another continuum was found: the complexity in terms of practices involved in the learning environment. At the micro-level, concrete design considerations were revealed that designers take into account to strengthen the school–work connection. Thus, design considerations at three levels were made explicit. Moreover, the need for alignment between the designable elements and the curriculum levels became more apparent, leading to a deeper understanding of curriculum design for vocational education. This paper adds understanding of ways to strengthen the school–work connection and design future-proof vocational curricula.

Knowledge is widely considered a key ingredient for effective and sustainable water governance. In the Colorado River basin, collaborative programs have been established over the past 50 years to inform decision-making in the basin on a range of concerns from water quality to endangered species recovery and ecosystem restoration. We embrace a knowledge governance perspective to examine the institutional arrangements underpinning the production and use of knowledge in the basin’s collaborative programs. Through a review of programmatic documents and targeted interviews with program participants, we find a recurrent emphasis on science-based decision-making to address specific resource challenges across the programs. Our unpacking of the institutional design of the knowledge governance processes highlights two key challenges: (1) the institutional design has created a federal agency–advisory committee–technical committee triad structure that limits the saliency and legitimacy of diverse interests, as well as credibility of diverse ways of knowing and formalized learning processes and (2) a focus on the river in discrete, fragmented units that hinders a broader view of the river as a system and neglects cross-programmatic learning. These findings question if certain institutional design elements may serve to limit the ability of these programs to address new challenges facing the basin. We outline some potential steps to address these challenges with the aim of building more impactful, collaborative knowledge systems that leverage learning to not only lend saliency, credibility, and legitimacy to broad, inclusive, and diverse ways of knowing but also promote adaptiveness in a rapidly evolving socio-environmental system.

Japan and the UK are long-established countries of immigration which although having different histories both share experience as colonial powers which have shaped their somewhat hostile attitudes towards migration alongside a need for migrant labour and negative public attitudes towards migrants. This paper sets the context to the Special Issue of the same name. It examines the migration and diversification histories and scholarships of Japan and the UK identifying common themes as well as divergences noting the ongoing diversifications of populations in both countries albeit on different scales. It then examines the key features which shape processes underpinning the emergence of superdiversity: super-mobility, and the scale, speed and spread of diversification, arguing the need to think about such processes outside of UK and Europe and considering the ways in which shifting scholarly gaze of superdiversity researchers to Japan can address some of the critiques of its Western-centric bias. The paper then outlines four main themes in superdiversity research setting out how they are addressed in this special issue before describing the key contributions of the ten papers which form the content of the collection.

The Government's roadmap to recovery from the educational deficit caused by Covid-19 appears to pivot, primarily, on 'catch-up' plans and 'discipline hubs'. Despite continuous teaching online and in Covid-restricted classroom formats, teachers have been urged to act like 'absolute heroes' and abide by their 'moral duty' to keep schools open. However, neither appeals to 'heroic' duty nor Nolan's Seven Principles of Public Life, are likely to provide the conceptual underpinning required of a roadmap to meet the complex challenges of children's new learning needs or enhance their wellbeing. This article offers an alternative approach to educational principles for navigating the unchartered territory of the 'Covid decade' now unfolding.

The predictive power of simulation has become embedded in the infrastructure of modern economies. The scientific and technical progress that needs to be made to improve the predictive power of biomolecular simulations and how this might be achieved are discussed., The predictive power of simulation has become embedded in the infrastructure of modern economies. Computer-aided design is ubiquitous throughout industry. In aeronautical engineering, built infrastructure and materials manufacturing, simulations are routinely used to compute the performance of potential designs before construction. The ability to predict the behaviour of products is a driver of innovation by reducing the cost barrier to new designs, but also because radically novel ideas can be piloted with relatively little risk. Accurate weather forecasting is essential to guide domestic and military flight paths, and therefore the underpinning simulations are critical enough to have implications for national security. However, in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, the application of computer simulations remains limited by the capabilities of the technology with respect to the complexity of molecular biology and human physiology. Over the last 30 years, molecular-modelling tools have gradually gained a degree of acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug discovery has begun to benefit from physics-based simulations. While such simulations have great potential for improved molecular design, much scepticism remains about their value. The motivations for such reservations in industry and areas where simulations show promise for efficiency gains in preclinical research are discussed. In this, the first of two complementary papers, the scientific and technical progress that needs to be made to improve the predictive power of biomolecular simulations, and how this might be achieved, is firstly discussed (Part 1). In Part 2, the status of computer simulations in pharma is contrasted with aerodynamics modelling and weather forecasting, and comments are made on the cultural changes needed for equivalent computational technologies to become integrated into life-science industries.

Flight testing to characterize aircraft stability and control is a complex and expensive task that involves restrictive practical constraints. Methods are examined for optimizing the inputs applied to aircraft controls during flight test maneuvers to produce informative flight data. Theory underpinning optimal input design for stability and control flight testing is explained. The merits and limitations of optimal inputs are discussed, along with optimization approaches and practical considerations involved in applying optimal inputs in a real flight test environment. Simulated and flight test case studies of optimal multiple-input design for aircraft stability and control flight testing are presented and discussed.

The study of the brain mechanisms underpinning social behavior is currently undergoing a paradigm shift, moving its focus from single individuals to the real-time interaction among groups of individuals. Although this development opens unprecedented opportunities to study how interpersonal brain activity shapes behaviors through learning, there have been few direct connections to the rich field of learning science. Our article examines how the rapidly developing field of interpersonal neuroscience is (and could be) contributing to our understanding of social learning. To this end, we first review recent research extracting indices of brain-to-brain coupling (BtBC) in the context of social behaviors and, in particular, social learning. We then discuss how studying communicative behaviors during learning can aid the interpretation of BtBC and how studying BtBC can inform our understanding of such behaviors. We then discuss how BtBC and communicative behaviors collectively can predict learning outcomes, and we suggest several causative and mechanistic models. Finally, we highlight key methodological and interpretational challenges as well as exciting opportunities for integrating research in interpersonal neuroscience with social learning, and we propose a multiperson framework for understanding how interpersonal transmission of information between individual brains shapes social learning.

Ten years have passed since the first meetings of Arts advisors to start identifying the priorities and approaches that the Arts may take when formalised into a national curriculum structure. Now the time has come for reviewing the past to inform the future. Now is the time for reviewing, interrogating and challenging the Australian Curriculum: The Arts for a socially just world. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the process of positioning Visual Arts in the curriculum and the role of Visual Arts to meet social justice imperatives. The paper presents a critical discussion of the Arts and a critical consideration of my role in the writing of the shaping papers. This approach allows an identification of some highlights and challenges along the way. The more philosophical part of the discussion addresses the politics of curriculum and the politics of knowledge through Visual Arts, as it situates the underpinning principles of aesthetics and meaning-making through the Arts. The paper shows how acts of hospitality disrupt practices of domination and marginalisation; and how such acts activate ethical practices of social justice in the Arts, and Visual Arts in particular. The paper claims that Visual Arts as a learning area has a potent role in reflecting and shaping attitudes to social justice, and that education in Visual Arts may contribute to authenticating and legitimising one’s place in the world based upon credible ethical foundations.

Public footpaths and countryside access became a highly politicised issue in Britain in the first half of the twentieth century - this was a period in which public awareness of the importance of the public rights of way network grew rapidly, even as its existence was coming under threat. Detailed consideration of archival sources from local authorities shows that landowners and local councils were often at odds over the status and maintenance of roads and paths, and many roads were downgraded in status to public rights of way in the interwar period. The implementation of the 1932 Rights of Way Act is shown to have been more significant than previously thought, underpinning later work in creating the ‘definitive map’ in the post-war period. Finally, the article considers the considerable impact of the Second World War on the public rights of way network which resulted in the permanent loss of both roads and paths. The development, and public awareness, of the public rights of way network in this period is crucial to understanding post-war approaches to countryside access, and for the challenge of preserving footpaths in the future.

A primary goal of health marketing is to help people make healthy choices. The problem is that health decision-making is complex, and individuals often make unhealthy decisions even when healthy options are promoted. In this paper, we address this problem by integrating literature in marketing, psychology, economics, medicine, and health to develop a new conceptual model: Health as a Renewable Resource, that can be readily used by marketers to help people manage their health-impacting decision. It is apparent that people view health as, in part, renewable and fungible. Underpinning this, we argue that people have an implicit model of health, analogous to a reservoir. This reservoir can be filled or drained, such that trade-offs in health-impacting decisions can be made over time. The reservoir’s inputs and outputs are controlled by behavioral choices and unconscious processes including biological and environmental mechanisms. The practical and research applications of the model are outlined.

The fifth-generation (5G) of mobile communications networks is emerging as a revolutionary technology that will accelerate the development of smart cities and the realization of the information society. This paper aims to provide an introduction to 5G for non-specialists, and a survey of this new technology for those already familiar with mobile communications, covering the conceptualization and the core technologies underpinning 5G networks. The paper also discusses the status of the commercial roll-out of 5G until 2020 from a worldwide perspective and gives a future view of mobile communications beyond 5G.

Intelligent vehicle testing received quickly increasing attention due to the intermittent accidents of intelligent vehicle prototypes that occurred recently. In this paper, we investigate the theoretical underpinnings of such testing and establish a rigid analyzing framework for general intelligence testing problems by borrowing the ideas of Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) learning. Our focus is on the relationship between the number of sampled scenarios and the testing efficiency. We explain various existing algorithms within this new framework and clarify some misconceptions about the reasoning underpinning these methods. We show that intelligent vehicles are testable if the testing scenarios are well defined and appropriately sampled. Moreover, we propose a sampling strategy to generate new challenging scenarios to boost testing efficiency.

Background aims Cell-based regenerative medicine is an innovative field that can potentially alter the overall survival and quality of life of patients with devastating diseases. Several cell therapy products (CTPs) have been approved within the last two decades, and more are under development. The establishment of an effective developmental strategy in accordance with the regulatory bodies of each country/region is crucial for fast delivery of each respective CTP. In particular, facilitating investigational new drug (IND) approval is important for accelerating the transition from non-clinical to clinical research/trial phases. Methods Here the authors compared the non-clinical prerequisites for initiating clinical studies in five Asian countries/regions (India, China, Korea, Taiwan and Japan) from an industry viewpoint. The authors first identified the differences and tried to clarify the perspectives/considerations underpinning the different requirements. Results The authors’ findings revealed that differences in regulations and development experiences, especially with CTPs, have led to clear differences in the non-clinical study package and its corresponding study design. Conclusions By sharing experiences of the research and development of CTPs among Asian countries/regions and including not only industry but also regulatory authorities, we will be able to expedite cross-border IND approval and eventually contribute to the early delivery of innovative CTPs to many Asian patients.

With a highly uncertain and changing business environment, the typical way of planning a business is not particularly useful in different organizations worldwide. The current literature explores the concept of strategic Agility based on the idea of flexible planning and implementation and can pivot direction at the time of crises. Three main theories underpinning these concepts are contingency-based theory, resource-based theory, and Dynamic capability theory. These theories have one common point of view: enterprises' ability to cope with unexpected changes, survive unprecedented threats from the business environment, and take advantage of changes as opportunities. The literature has identified various variables that impact the adoption of strategic Agility in the organization, including strategic sensitivity, Resource fluidity, and Leadership unity. Some studies in the literature have found these variables as dimensions of strategic Agility. Further, the literature discussed how competitiveness could be achieved through strategic Agility at times of crisis, particularly in SMEs, which are highly prone to external problems due to limited resources and budgets.

PurposeInfrastructure development and management form the central part of the government's commitment and responsibility to deliver essential services to the communities. However, much focus has been placed on the development aspect, with very little focus on the management and maintenance aspects, causing service delivery problems. This study explores the causes of poor management of immovable municipal infrastructure in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was adopted; thus, a sample of 15 participants consisting of senior municipal workers, local organizations and forums in Ngqushwa Municipality in Eastern Cape were identified and interviewed. The interview data were analyzed using thematic content analysis to determine the common themes and the frequencies.FindingsThe study's findings indicate numerous causes of poor municipal infrastructure management, including lack of funding, lack of capacity, poor planning and oversight, lack of By-laws, grant dependency and corruption. The municipality's failure to address these issues has resulted in increased service protests, destruction of public property, interruption of services and loss of confidence in municipal administrations.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the study concentrated on one municipality, the findings may be applicable to other South African municipalities.Practical implicationsTo provide efficient services for the inhabitants to curtail aggravated service delivery protests, there is an urgent need for the municipalities to institute effective measures to manage and maintain the infrastructure that serves the communities.Originality/valueThe study has identified the factors underpinning ineffective management of the municipalities' facilities and the resultant's effects. Thus, the findings will guide the government and the authorities on the infrastructural management strategies for effective service delivery.

This article investigates the modes and forms of knowledge underpinning farming entrepreneurship through an ethnographic case study of Alessandria province in NW Italy. It shows that farming entrepreneurs base their decisions on explicit and implicit knowledge encompassing forms of knowledge linked to the environment where they live, their trade, the characteristics of their firms, issues concerning their family and private life, and even the emotions linked with their surroundings. All these forms of knowledge inform their vision of their future and guide them in their choices in terms of investments and crop selection. Accordingly, the article argues that farming entrepreneurship is embedded in the locale.