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Background: In 2019, New York City (NYC) launched NYC Care (NYCC), a healthcare access program through NYC Health + Hospitals (H + H) for individuals who are ineligible for federally funded health insurance programs or cannot purchase insurance through the State Marketplace, predominantly undocumented individuals. Objective: To examine the sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare use patterns, and chronic disease quality measures for diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension among NYCC patients compared with Medicaid patients seen at NYC H + H. Design: Observational study. Participants: Adults aged 18 years and older enrolled in NYCC (N = 83,003) or Medicaid (N = 512,012) as of January 1, 2022. Patients were included if they had at least one visit between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021. Main Measures: Sociodemographic characteristics, healthcare use patterns, and quality measures for DM and hypertension. Key Results: NYCC patients (n = 83,003) were, on average, older, more likely to be Hispanic with Spanish as their preferred language, had more comorbidities, and had more primary care (adjusted incidence rate ratio 2.75 [95% confidence interval 2.71, 2.80]) and specialty care (2.22 [2.17, 2.26]) visits compared to Medicaid patients (n = 512,012). Rates of emergency department visits were similar between the two groups (1.02 [1.00, 1.04]), but NYCC patients had relatively fewer hospitalizations (0.64 [0.62, 0.67]). NYCC patients with DM or hypertension had higher rates of having a documented hemoglobin A1c or blood pressure in 2022, respectively, and clinically similar rates of chronic disease control (mean difference in hemoglobin A1c − 0.05 [− 0.09, − 0.01] in patients with DM and mean difference in blood pressure − 0.38 [− 0.67, − 0.10]/ − 0.64 [− 0.82, − 0.46]) compared with Medicaid patients. Conclusions: NYCC effectively enrolled a large number of uninsured participants and provided them with healthcare access similar to that of Medicaid patients. Future studies should evaluate the impact of NYCC enrollment on healthcare utilization and disease outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this exploratory qualitative study was to identify if and how a community college provided services to meet the needs of undocumented students seeking STEM degrees during the pandemic. The study is grounded in the framework of Institutional Undocu-Competence (IU-C) and draws from interviews with 16 students at an urban community college. The findings are critical for community colleges to develop Institutional Undocu-Competence for undocumented students in STEM during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants from Asian countries are the fastest-growing undocumented population in the United States (U.S.), yet not much is known about their health. This scoping review identifies the nature and extent of scientific literature on the health of undocumented Asian immigrants in the U.S. We conducted a comprehensive search of six electronic databases in 2024. Inclusion criteria were empirical articles written in English, published in peer-reviewed scientific journals from 2010 to 2024, and focused on a health outcome or health-related issue involving undocumented Asian immigrants. Results are summarized narratively. We identified 13 peer-reviewed publications. Nine studies were quantitative, and four were qualitative. Eight studies were conducted in California; two studies used national secondary data sources. Studies were mixed in their research focus. They covered a range of health outcomes and issues, such as mental health (n = 4), health services and access (n = 2), contraceptive use (n = 1), COVID-19 (n = 2), and HIV (n = 1). Three studies measured self-rated health alongside other conditions, such as disability, health insurance coverage, chronic health conditions, and obesity. Scholarship on the health of undocumented Asian immigrants is a growing research area. Given the small number of studies identified, future research with larger diverse samples, more robust methodology, and greater topical variety are warranted to understand the health of this population better and reduce potential inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legally excluded from the state through their status, undocumented Central Americans must also navigate belonging in social movement spaces that do not center their cultural experiences. Drawing on 25 interviews with Guatemalans, Hondurans, and Salvadorans from multiple studies, we explore Central Americans’ agency and identity development in immigrant rights organizations and in daily life. We employ the term, compounded foreignness, to capture the layered practices of exclusion they face for being unauthorized and for not fitting into dominant conceptions of Latinidad. We demonstrate that undocumented Central Americans develop various strategies of belonging. For example, shared experiences of racialized illegality can lead to solidarity amongst undocumented immigrant youth across racial, ethnic, and national lines. When they are being negatively targeted, however, they use racialized illegality as racial cover–that is, a way to divert attention away from their illegality in relation to the state, as well as social and cultural foreignness from Latinidad. This means that some choose to pass as Mexican by adopting Mexican cultural norms and colloquial speech, while others take pride in their cultural difference as Central Americans. In other instances, they seek spaces and people who share their cultural identity. Importantly, while racial cover may work as a strategy for navigating these different forms of marginalization, racial cover can also cover up and make invisible Central American identities and needs. Together, these experiences reveal a level of agency and nuance needed to deepen our understanding of undocumented immigrants, Central Americans, and belonging in the United States.

Informed by queer theory and a feminist intersectional lens, this article centers the visual voices of five transfeminine refugees and asylum seekers living in Athens, Greece. We present the findings from our photovoice research project where we gave cameras to undocumented and displaced transgender, nonbinary and gender expansive (TNBGE) people of color (from Syria, Cuba and Iraq) to represent their perspectives and lived experiences. Photovoice uses the immediacy of the visual image and accompanying stories to provide voice and to promote an effective, participatory means of sharing individuals' experiences and expertise. After the participants in this photovoice project took a series of photographs, we engaged in in-depth individual and group discussions about their life stories and the meanings behind their visual representations. We also presented their photographs in two community-based art exhibits. In this manuscript, we share their photographs and narrative themes related to: identity and belonging; physical and mental health challenges of displacement as this intersects with gender identity; and hopes, dreams and visions for a future without borders. We highlight the power of photovoice methodology as a useful tool for clinical social work practice with TNBGE people. We conclude with implications for clinical social work with TNBGE people who are undocumented and displaced, that incorporate the intersections of arts-based and anti-oppressive approaches to practice, policy and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's climate continues to change, human populations are exposed to increasingly severe and extreme weather conditions that can promote migration. Here, we examine how extreme weather influences the likelihood of undocumented migration and return between Mexico and the United States. Weused data from 48,313 individuals observed between 1992 and 2018 in 84 Mexican agricultural communities. While controlling for regional and temporal confounding factors, we related individual decisions to migrate to the United States without documents and subsequently return to Mexico with lagged weather deviations from the historical norm during the corngrowing season (May to August). Undocumented migration was most likely from areas experiencing extreme drought, and migrants were less likely to return to their communities of origin when extreme weather persisted. These findings establish the role of weather shocks in undocumented Mexican migration to, and eventual settlement in, the United States. The findings also suggest that extreme weather conditions, which are likely to increase with climate change, promote clandestine mobility across borders and, thus, expose migrants to risks associated with crossing dangerous terrain and relying upon smugglers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis quantitative study examined the effectiveness of the services provided by a legal advocacy agency for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), with a primary focus on Latino immigrants. Data was collected from 335 clients at multiple service points. Mixed Linear Models were used to model the growth of self-sufficiency in 13 life domains measured by the Arizona Self-Sufficiency Matrix. Findings revealed that clients improved the most in the areas of housing, family/social relation, and childcare. Clients struggled most with job readiness, employment, income, and food. Primary language and age were significant predictors for self-sufficiency. Older non-English-speaking clients were significantly less self-sufficient than younger English-speaking clients. The study underscores the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach to assisting IPV survivors that combines legal and social services for ethnic minority and undocumented immigrants. Further research should employ an experimental design to better understand the unique contributions of legal services in fostering self-sufficiency among IPV survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on thriving has primarily portrayed it as a positive experience, which it often is; however, we extend past theorizing by showing how there can be a “cost” to thriving. Specifically, this study explored DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) college students’ conceptualizations of thriving by analyzing transcribed audio-recorded conversations between 32 dyads, consisting of a DACA student and one of their friends (i.e., an ally friend or a DACA friend). Recognizing the effects of systemic oppression, we added a new component of thriving – fundamental well-being – that encompasses the need for basic human rights and safety. A thematic analysis of the data revealed juxtaposing meanings of thriving and possible “costs” of thriving. Three pairs of juxtaposing themes emerged: (a) outcome- versus process-oriented, (b) self- versus family-oriented, and (c) thriving as activism versus thriving under the radar. Uncovering these lived realities among DACA students extends previous theoretical understandings of thriving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically examines Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's concept of the Absolute Spirit, Mexican philosopher José Revueltas's reinterpretation of Hegelian dialectics, and Carlos Alberto Sánchez's phenomenological analysis of undocumented immigrant reason. This article argues that fixed narratives, epitomized by Hegel's Absolute Spirit, obscure the authentic experiences of undocumented immigrants. By synthesizing Hegel, Revueltas, and Sánchez, the article proposes the concept of Espíritu de Muerte, or Spirit of Death, reminiscent of the Holy Death as a counter to the Absolute Spirit, advocating for a historiographical shift that acknowledges and liberates forgotten memories as a canonical history of undocumented reason. Taking Revueltas's emphasis on unseen histories offers a means to surpass Hegelian limitations and reveals a notable inconsistency in Sánchez's observations regarding the undocumented experience: namely, that undocumented reason inherently serves as a counternarrative always. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions play a role in drawing people into activism and are a key dimension of activist experiences. However, although researchers have examined the political significance and ethical imperative of centring the voices and leadership of migrants in migrant rights struggles, there is limited consideration of how emotions are engaged in ways that inform, facilitate and challenge migrants in sustaining their activism. Through the case of undocumented youth activism in California, I explore how undocumented young people drew on practices of emotional reflexivity to navigate the complicated emotional register produced through activism as they reflected on their participation and trajectory through the undocumented youth movement. I suggest that the cultivation of storytelling spaces, cultures and practices within undocumented youth spaces supported and enhanced young people's opportunities and capacity for engaging in relational practices of emotional reflexivity. These relational practices of emotional reflexivity supported young people to carve out expansive, dynamic and creative modes of activism that adapted to their shifting needs, circumstances and politics, while helping them to configure practices of care within the movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While undocu/DACAmented students face many challenges in higher education, their lives demonstrate a tremendous amount of motivation, resilience, commitment, and perseverance. The literature on undocumented students has indicated that these students bring a vast array of assets to college – assets that can be used to improve the campus and the experiences of undocu/DACAmented individuals. However, undocu/DACAmented student assets are often undervalued. In this critical qualitative study of testimonios with 15 undocu/DACAmented Latinx collegians, we examine how institutions utilize, underutilize, or exploit these students' assets to ask at what point acknowledging and recognizing students' assets turns into exploiting them. Our findings revealed these collegians hold myriad assets and institutions responded to those assets by sometimes acknowledging and rewarding them, failing to acknowledge these assets, or exploiting them. Recommendations for equitable and ethical recognition and collaboration with undocu/DACAmented collegians are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the anti-immigration climate of the Trump administration rooted in racist nativist rhetoric, the feeling of vulnerability became palpable for Undocumented and DACAmented students. Racist nativism, however, is not a new phenomenon; it existed long before the Trump Effect. This study presents the testimonios of seven Undocumented and DACAmented Latinas as they grow up in central and eastern regions of Washington State. These testimonios reflect the lived experiences in the intersections of racism, nativism, and classism. A LatCrit framework with an analysis of racist nativism is used to illustrate the ways racism intersects with other facets of discrimination as these students navigate their high school and college educational trajectories. Using this framework provides a window for understanding how K-16 educators normalized and legitimized racist nativist discourses during the period of 2000 to 2010. This study also highlights the ideological complexities as these discourses intersect racism, nativism, and classism. Finally, this study calls for policies to address racist nativist discourses in the educational system and address Undocumented and DACAmented students' educational needs, primarily to mitigate the negative impact of the last four years' extreme political rhetoric on this vulnerable but empowered group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated pre-existing societal inequities. Our study addresses the dearth of studies on how intersecting factors of disadvantage and discrimination affected pandemic daily life for disabled people from minoritised ethnic groups, aiming to improve their experiences and social, health and well-being outcomes. Objectives Through an intersectionality lens, to: explore and compare, by location and time, survey and qualitative data on changing needs for social, health and well-being outcomes relate coping strategies/solutions to these explore formal and informal network issues/affordances gain insights from synthesising our data contextualise and explore transferability of findings co-create outputs with stakeholders. Design Mixed-methods, asset-based, underpinned by embodiment disability models and intersectionality, integrating three strands: (secondary): analysis of existing cohort/panel data, literature review (primary: quantitative): new survey (n = 4326), three times over 18 months (primary: qualitative): semistructured interviews (n = 271), interviewee co-create workshops (n = 104) 5 and 10 months later, mixed stakeholder co-design workshops (n = 30) for rapid-impact solutions to issues, key informant interviews (n = 4). Setting United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. Participants Strand 2: community-dwelling migrants, White British comparators, with/without disability. Strand 3: focus on Arab, South Asian, African, Central/East European, or White British heritage with/without disability. Results We found strong adherence to pandemic restrictions (where accommodation, economic situations and disability allowed) due to COVID-19 vulnerabilities. High vaccine hesitancy (despite eventual uptake) resulted from side-effect concerns and (mis)trust in the government. Many relied on food banks, local organisations, communities and informal networks. Pandemic-related income loss was common, particularly affecting undocumented migrants. Participants reported a crisis in mental health care, non-holistic social and housing care, and inaccessible, poor-quality and discriminatory remote health/social care. They preferred private care (which they could not easily afford), community or self-help online support. Lower socioeconomic status, mental health and mobility issues reduced well-being. Individual and community assets and coping strategies mitigated some issues, adapted over different pandemic phases, and focused on empowerment, self-reflection, self-care and social connectivity. Technology needs cut across these. Limitations We could not explore area-level social distancing and infection rates. Data collection was largely online, possibly excluding some older, digitally deprived or more disabled participants. Participants engaged differently in online and face-to-face co-create workshops. Our qualitative data over-represent England and South Asian people and use contestable categories. Conclusions Different intersecting factors led to different experiences, with low socioeconomic status particularly significant. Overall, disability and minoritised ethnic identities led to worse pandemic experiences. Our co-design work shows how to build on the assets and strengths; simple changes in professional communication and understanding should improve experience. Minoritised groups can easily be involved in policy and practice decision-making, reducing marginalisation, with better сare and outcomes. Future work More research is needed on: (1) the impact of the post-pandemic economic situation and migration policies on migrant mental health/well-being; (2) supporting empowerment strategies across disadvantaged intersecting identities; and (3) technological deprivation and the cultural and disability-relevant acceptability of remote consultations. We found some differences in the devolved nations, which need elucidation. Study registration This study is registered as ISRCTN40370, PROSPERO CRD42021262590 and CRD42022355254. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR132914) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 13, No. 2. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Plain language summary Many disabled people from minoritised ethnic groups face barriers to accessing appropriate support, health and social care or vital ‘resources’, such as medicine and food. We wanted to understand how to improve these experiences, considering how different combinations of ethnicity and disability interacted with factors such as citizenship and income during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is known as an intersectional approach. We summarised relevant articles and data from existing surveys, and surveyed 4326 United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland residents three times over 2021–2. In 2021–2 we interviewed 231 disabled Arab, South Asian, African or Central/East European migrants across England, Scotland and Wales, 20 who were not disabled, and 20 disabled/non-disabled White British people (total n = 271). In group work 5 and 10 months later, interviewees, lay and central team members and partners shared knowledge and discussed post-interview changes. We co-designed simple solutions to issues in workshops with charity, health and social care staff, community leaders and participants. We asked policy-makers, general practitioners and community leaders how to put these into immediate practice. We found challenges greatest in: those with economic, mental health, hand loss or mobility issues; undocumented migrants; or people living alone or in substandard accommodation. Participants mistrusted National Health Service and social care, preferring informal support from friends, family and neighbours, and private care even when not affordable. Most issues could be reduced if people felt more empowered, had better technology access and were supported in self-care, and if health and social care professionals improved their communication and their understanding of people’s day-to-day needs and beliefs. Our study is unusual because we used an intersectional approach, successfully involved lay (community or peer) co-researchers, initiated a professional ‘community of practice’ to exchange ideas, and dramatised our data for a public theatre show. We showed that, with appropriate approaches, minoritised groups, including migrants refused visas, can easily be involved in policy and practice decision-making, with better сare and outcomes for all. Scientific summary Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacerbated multiple pre-existing societal inequities for people from minoritised ethnic groups in the UK and those with poor health or disability. Mortality statistics captured public and government attention. But the ways in which intersecting factors of disadvantage and discrimination affected other aspects of their pandemic experience have been largely ignored. For example, international concern about pandemic-induced mental health issues has sidelined the especially poor pandemic-related mental health of people from some minoritised ethnic groups. Objectives Our aim was to address the gaps by contributing and informing evidence-based formal and informal strategies, guidelines, recommendations and interventions for health and social care policy and practice, to mitigate inequities and improve the experiences and social, health and well-being outcomes of minoritised ethnic groups at the intersection with disabling chronic conditions or impairments. This necessitated in-depth understanding of relevant influences on mental and physical health, coping, access to resources, and informal and formal social and healthcare support from different intersecting combinations of disability and ethnicity. Citizenship status is also critical; many recent refugees and undocumented migrants will have ‘no recourse’ to support. Though the study centres on these intersections, we necessarily also explore other categories of societal difference (e.g. age, gender) that interact with them under institutional and structural conditions to create specific health outcomes and experiences. We included comparison with people self-identifying as of White British heritage, with/without disability, and non-disabled people from minoritised ethnic groups to help unpack intersectional patterns. Our objectives, using an intersectionality lens, were to: explore and compare, by location and time, survey and qualitative data on changing need for social, health and well-being outcomes relate pandemic coping strategies/solutions to objective 1 findings, including what worked well or less well, and touchpoints (where experiences might best be improved) explore formal and informal network issues/affordances in health and social care solutions gain insights from convergence synthesis of our mixed-methods data contextualise and explore transferability of findings co-create with stakeholders identified strategies and interventions, and plans for rapid pathways to impact. Methods We used a transformative, convergent parallel mixed-methods design integrating three strands – quantitative, qualitative and a secondary data strand – across three phases over 18 months, to answer the study objectives. Strands 2 and 3 involved concurrent primary data collection, with repeated measures in three ‘waves’ over 18 months. This allowed us to explore experiences and attitudes within changing pandemic contexts, relations between these, intersectional identities and health and well-being, and enhanced the ecological validity of our work. Our data synthesis followed a triangulation design; qualitative data were merged and compared with quantitative data. Strand 1: secondary data analyses We analysed existing cohort and panel data and undertook a scoping literature review, and fed these into the other strands, though they were not dependent on this. Strand 2: primary survey and quantitative analysis We developed a new survey for community-dwelling migrants and UK/Republic of Ireland-born children of migrants, also White British comparators, all with/without disability. In wave 1, we used data from 4326 respondents, of whom 3498 completed wave 2 and 3100 wave 3. Approximately half our sample were of minoritised ethnicity and approximately half had a chronic condition or disability; we intentionally oversampled from these groups for good statistical power and a sound understanding. Strand 3: primary qualitative methods Strand 3 aimed for in-depth understanding, with semistructured interviews (n = 271), follow-on co-create workshops with interviewees (n = 104) to explore changes 5 and 10 months later and exchange knowledge, and stakeholder workshops with health professionals, community leaders, charity leads and participants (n = 30) to co-design simple-to-implement solutions to issues. We asked policy-makers, general practitioners (GPs) and community leaders (n = 4) how to put these into immediate practice. The interviews were undertaken by a core academic research team, eight community researchers recruited from UK migrant charities, and partners Bromley-by-Bow Community Centre and Born In Bradford. From the 271 interviews, a core data set of 218 met our initial criteria of living in England, being significantly impacted by a chronic condition or disability, and being of Arab, South Asian, African or Central/East European or White British heritage. Our criteria were expanded on advisory group advice, enabling limited comparison with other ethnic groups, people with non-disabling conditions, and people from Scotland and Wales. We recorded conditions at recruitment but grouped them for comparative analyses. The groups ‘food-relevant’, ‘neurodivergent’, ‘cancer’ and ‘brain hyperexcitability’ (e.g. migraines, epilepsy) followed advisory group advice, and we also used adaptations of the UK Government Statistical Service ‘harmonised’ themes: mental health, mobility, dexterity, stamina/breathing/fatigue, sensorial (hearing/vision loss), cognitive (intellectual/memory impairment). We included long COVID and other multisystemic conditions (which may belong to more than one group, so that our overall conditions denominator exceeds 271). We recognise the complexities and inadequacies of our categorisations, discussed in a study output (a toolkit). However, our intersectionality approach means these were starting points to be challenged and deconstructed. Topics across the strands The three strands considered the same topics, chosen for a holistic understanding of the context of people’s lives, their responses to adversity and health and social inequities, their strengths and assets, and effects on their networks: intersectionalities behavioural responses to COVID risk reduction measures by individuals and their formal (e.g. health/social care) and informal (e.g. friends, family, community) support networks access to resources, formal support and care social networks (informal support and care) physical and mental health consequences of the pandemic, coping and attitudes regarding these mental and physical well-being/quality of life as core outcomes local/regional differences in responses linked to policies/interventions and associated impacts future policy. Theoretical underpinning This study took a strengths and asset-based approach, underpinned by embodiment models of disability and intersectionality. Our exploration of social influences on health and well-being was framed by the social ecological model. Analyses We used corpus linguistics, framework, latent growth modelling and structural equation modelling for outputs reported here. Findings Generally strong adherence to COVID-19 containment measures left people feeling lonely and imprisoned, exacerbated in undocumented migrants by deportation fears. However, crowded accommodation, 24-hour proximity to family, economic precarity, and some disabilities prevented adherence for several and created stress. Vaccine uptake was quick for White British participants but those from minoritised ethnic groups hesitated, though most eventually took it. In our review and strand 3 data, the main hesitancy factors were a lack of appropriate information and fear of side effects. White British participants were more influenced by mass media, and minoritised ethnic groups by social media and local communities; misinformation was most common within the Arab and least common within the Central/East European group. Unexpectedly, experience of COVID-19 and community responsibility were not influential. African and undocumented migrants in particular used traditional remedies instead of or alongside the vaccine. Informal networks shopped or cooked for participants. Food parcels were sometimes culturally inappropriate. Despite generally good medication access, costs of private medication and transport to pharmacies were problematic for some. An increased treatment burden, combined with symptoms and everyday lifework, reduced patients’ capacity to access health care or carry out self-care. They felt abandonment by health care, increased distrust of formal care, and increased dependence on informal relational networks, augmented by COVID-19 fears and unclear information on what people should do. Strand 3 data show that remote services were convenient and efficient but problematic, with no holistic care, a crisis in mental health care, and a disregard for comorbidities and intersecting factors of disadvantage, for example housing needs. Difficulties making GP appointments by phone or e-Consult-style triage were exacerbated in those digitally impoverished, with complex health needs, not fluent in English, and with some specific disabilities. Our data highlighted power differentials, issues with diagnosis and monitoring, and impaired patient–clinician relationships leading to perceived ethnic discrimination and being ‘fobbed off’. Some self-medicated instead, or researched coping strategies or online therapy. Several refused face-to-face care when offered it, through COVID-19 fears. Language, culture, socioeconomic and disability intersections with condition were often not considered in medical care, and so could exclude, cross religious and cultural lines, result in inappropriate and potentially harmful intervention, or destroy clinician–patient relationships with perceptions of discrimination. We found intersections between ethnicity and mental health in perceptions of being fobbed off by health providers. Non-specific appointment times for remote consultations were particularly problematic for those with combinations from among low income, disability, or lack of support networks, child care or English language fluency. Often, service management of expectations would have improved experiences. While the intersection of different minoritising factors tended to worsen experiences, participants with more disabling conditions mostly focused on disability discrimination only. As a novel contribution, we defined three treatment backlog categories that left people suffering for years, worsening their condition and NHS expectations: deferrals of initial help-seeking processes; secondary or social care waiting lists (including when GP referrals had not progressed in the system due to a lack of capacity); and delays when existing treatment, monitoring plans or social care were reduced or cancelled. These left people in limbo; some took further action to get NHS care. Many had never registered with a GP, irrespective of residency status, trusting private care more though it was not affordable. Sometimes the private doctor was a family member or friend. A few consulted doctors in their country of origin. Our survey showed community help was most likely to have physical and psychological benefits for those with chronic conditions in 2021, and social and mental well-being benefits in 2022; people reduced NHS help-seeking and increased community help-seeking. NHS help improved their psychological well-being in 2021 and physical well-being in 2022. Our interview data supported the importance of informal social networks for practical and emotional support. Cultural differences in family support, and differences in technology and social media use, including effects on entrepreneurship, empowerment and communication of appropriate information, should be considered in policy and practice. Psychological well-being was worst in the ‘minoritised ethnic–chronic conditions’ group in our survey, possibly reflecting poorer access to health care. Sixty-six interview participants had one or more clinically diagnosed mental ill health conditions. Most had comorbidities, which were disproportionately common in minoritised ethnic groups. Central/East European and African participants were reluctant to seek help for mental ill health because of pride or stigmatisation. Relationships with comorbidity-related job loss and experiences of conflict zones should be disambiguated in studies reporting mental health effects of the pandemic. Coping was enhanced by combinations of: adequate housing; spirituality; access to green spaces, technology, social support and education; adequate health; knowledge about UK systems; skills; English language fluency; and income stability. Hence, local and national policy should focus on facilitating informal connections, community and individual empowerment, and opportunities for self-care and self-improvement. Socioeconomic status and diasporic densities were significant intersecting factors by location. Our survey suggested healthy White British people experience more well-being advantage in England than elsewhere in the UK. Overall, considerations of the transferability of findings should encompass convergences and divergences across our ethnicity, disability and citizenship categories, rather than location. Mobility and stamina issues intersected with cramped housing conditions, particularly in multigenerational South Asian migrant households. Other important intersectional factors were religion, and economic precarity from pandemic job loss, precarious work (e.g. zero-hour contracts) and reduced work hours intersecting with disability. Several families unexpectedly lost their breadwinners to COVID-19. These issues, combined in 2022 with the cost-of-living crisis, left participants pessimistic about the future. Citizenship status intersected with socioeconomic status in income, employment prospects, accessing private health care, and feelings of imprisonment. Undocumented migrants and those on non-work visas were particularly affected, unable to claim welfare assistance, and felt imprisoned through deportation fears, but impacts were great for those with visas, due sometimes to a lack of information, or racism. Issues with online food shopping could result from digital poverty, socioeconomic status and minimum spends, non-familiarity, inaccessible websites, differences to in-person shopping and the person’s impairment all intersecting. Our survey showed that overall, well-being was not significantly affected by 2021–2 COVID restrictions. This contrasts with our secondary cohort analysis for the 2020 first lockdown. We found that while non-disabled people (including from minoritised ethnic groups) recovered after the first lockdown, well-being worsened in disabled people. Perhaps by 2021 people had learnt coping measures, an interpretation supported by our qualitative data. Many strand 3 participants reported loneliness, suicidality and addiction issues caused by lockdowns and other infection containment measures, but there were improvements once the country opened up and the vaccine was available. A few found it hard to readjust. Participant anxieties about contracting COVID-19 from people lax in infection containment measures pertained throughout but escalated when the country opened up in mid-2021. Several were initially engaged with government action in early 2020, but most ended up critical, due to delays in government action, failure to follow scientific advice, inconsistent messaging, and eventually also politicians breaking rules to suit themselves. Early in the pandemic, online and in-person shopping were problematic for everyone, but disabled people in the process of being diagnosed and others who had been online shopping for years and were suddenly deprioritised as not on the ‘clinically extremely vulnerable’ (CEV) list were especially disadvantaged. Eventually, charities got the lists expanded to include other disabilities. Treatment delays left many in limbo, particularly in later interviews, suggesting the longer the wait, the more likely this feeling was to develop, or that services became less certain later in the pandemic. Existing patients given a revised date were initially less likely to feel in limbo, a novel finding. Conclusions We showed that structural adversities cut across minoritised groups, including those often viewed as ‘white’. There is a need to look at intersecting factors, specific contexts and individual and community strengths and assets, rather than considering some groups as inherently more disadvantaged. We also showed that low socioeconomic status is a problematic product of racial and disability discrimination that cuts across experiences and groups. Synthesising our qualitative and survey data revealed an intersection for people of all ethnicities of lower socioeconomic status, mental health, hand loss and mobility issues, lack of outdoor spaces, cramped accommodation or dependency on others to get outside leading to poor psychological and mental well-being. Participants generally mistrusted NHS and social care, preferring informal networks and private care despite the cost. While these challenges have a structural basis, our work shows that relatively simple changes supporting empowerment, social connectivity, self-care, communication and understanding would rapidly improve the lives of disabled people from minoritised ethnic groups. We are developing some ideas for local and regional implementation. We have shown that with appropriate approaches, minoritised groups, including undocumented migrants, can easily be involved in policy and practice decision-making. This would reduce structural barriers and marginalisation, with better сare and outcomes for all. Study registration This study is registered as ISRCTN40370, PROSPERO CRD42021262590 and CRD42022355254. Funding This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR132914) and is published in full in Health and Social Care Delivery Research; Vol. 13, No. 2. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information. Approvals Full Institute of Education, University College London, research ethics approval (UCL IoE REC 1450 COVID-19) for this study was obtained before the study commenced and an amendment approved 30 July 2021, and subsequently Health Research Authority (HRA) approval (IRAS project ID: 310741; protocol number: NIHR132914; REC reference: 22/SW/0002) was obtained to recruit in the final 6 months of the study.

Abstract Background Despite many efforts to provide children with legal existence over the last decades, 1 in 4 children under the age of 5 (166 million) do not officially exist, with limited possibility to enjoy their human rights. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Haiti has one of the highest rates of undocumented births. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and the determinant factors of undocumented childhood in Haiti. Methods For analysis of undocumented childhood and related socioeconomic determinants, data from the 2016/17 Haiti demographic and health survey were used. The prevalence and the associated factors were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the binary logistic regression model. Results The prevalence of undocumented childhood in Haiti was 23% (95% CI: 21.9–24.0) among children under-five. Among the drivers of undocumented births, mothers with no formal education (aOR = 3.88; 95% CI 2.21–6.81), children aged less than 1 year (aOR = 20.47; 95% CI 16.83–24.89), children adopted or in foster care (aOR = 2.66; 95% CI 1.67–4.24), children from the poorest regions like “Artibonite” (aOR = 2.19; 95% CI 1.63–2.94) or “Centre” (aOR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.09–2.10) or “Nord-Ouest” (aOR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.11–2.34), children from poorest households (aOR = 6.25; 95% CI 4.37–8.93), and children whose mothers were dead (aOR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.33–4.49) had higher odds to be undocumented. Conclusion According to our findings, there is an institutional necessity to bring birth documentation to underprivileged households, particularly those in the poorest regions where socioeconomic development programs are also needed. Interventions should focus on uneducated mothers who are reknown for giving birth outside of medical facilities. Therefore, an awareness campaign should be implemented to influence the children late-registering behavior.

Background: Despite many efforts to provide children with legal existence over the last decades, 1 in 4 children under the age of 5 (166 million) do not officially exist, with limited possibility to enjoy their human rights. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Haiti has one of the highest rates of undocumented births. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and the determinant factors of undocumented childhood in Haiti. Methods: For analysis of undocumented childhood and related socioeconomic determinants, data from the 2016/17 Haiti demographic and health survey were used. The prevalence and the associated factors were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the binary logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of undocumented childhood in Haiti was 23% (95% CI: 21.9–24.0) among children under-five. Among the drivers of undocumented births, mothers with no formal education (aOR = 3.88; 95% CI 2.21–6.81), children aged less than 1 year (aOR = 20.47; 95% CI 16.83–24.89), children adopted or in foster care (aOR = 2.66; 95% CI 1.67–4.24), children from the poorest regions like "Artibonite" (aOR = 2.19; 95% CI 1.63–2.94) or "Centre" (aOR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.09–2.10) or "Nord-Ouest" (aOR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.11–2.34), children from poorest households (aOR = 6.25; 95% CI 4.37–8.93), and children whose mothers were dead (aOR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.33–4.49) had higher odds to be undocumented. Conclusion: According to our findings, there is an institutional necessity to bring birth documentation to underprivileged households, particularly those in the poorest regions where socioeconomic development programs are also needed. Interventions should focus on uneducated mothers who are reknown for giving birth outside of medical facilities. Therefore, an awareness campaign should be implemented to influence the children late-registering behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the archipelagic serves as a potent cultural geographic figure challenging resurgent nationalisms in two specific ways. First, it enables us to explore a simultaneous proximity and distance in cultural politics; second, it leads us astray from the conceptual binary that would insist that it is simply other to the nation. In doing so, it arrives at a universalism that is fundamentally differentiated. The essay pursues this framework through an analysis of Miko Revereza's recent documentary film, No Data Plan (2019), which explores Revereza's undocumented status in the United States, and its repertoire of aesthetic techniques, including its erratic and partial framing of his train journey across the country as well as its disjointed soundtrack. Above all, the essay draws attention to the film's use of captions, through which Revereza's mother's story is narrated, and which cannot be reconciled with the rest of the film. Her captions hover in proximity to the filmic diegesis without seeking presence, rejecting a dialectical engagement with a presence in the film that stands in for a documented presence in the nation. By choosing instead to "speak nearby," she disturbs conventional cultural political logics and dwells within an archipelagic relation to the film, her son, and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the mental health symptoms endorsed by DACA recipients. This study included qualitative and quantitative original, peer-reviewed articles related to mental health or psychological state or wellbeing of DACA recipients. Articles were abstracted from PsychInfo, PubMed, and GoogleScholar. The results included a total of fifteen articles, which were divided into qualitative and quantitative findings. The qualitative articles had a common theme of endorsement of depressive symptoms and negative affect associated to changes in familial and financial responsibilities and living in a difficult sociopolitical climate in the United States. The quantitative articles identified lower odds or symptom severity of depression and other internalizing symptoms compared to undocumented individuals. This summary review was limited by the ample exclusion of access to health care studies among DACamented individuals, which could have provided a broader picture about the health and accessibility for DACA recipients. Despite the limitations, this review identifies DACA as a policy that allows this group to improve their social function and quality of life compared to undocumented individuals but still endorse high levels of negative affect related to perceived challenging sociopolitical atmospheres [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In studies of migrant healthcare, 'brokerage' is conceptualised as the process by which community health workers facilitate low-income migrants' access to the formal healthcare system, acting as both gatekeepers to healthcare and representatives advocating for patients. Building on these conceptualizations, we examine brokerage within what we call the 'Third Net' of the U.S. healthcare system, an informal health network comprised of mostly volunteer-run, community-based organisations and clinics that provide medical care to uninsured, undocumented migrants. Our study draws from 52 in-depth interviews with volunteers and a cumulative 23 months of ethnographic fieldwork with two migrant-serving organisations in Houston, Texas, and Phoenix, Arizona. We argue that brokerage roles and relationships within the Third Net are necessarily marked by versatility. This versatile brokerage in the Third Net (1) facilitates ad hoc access to the mainstream health system for uninsured, undocumented migrants; (2) challenges migrants' racialized disentitlement and discourses of migrant dependency; and (3) de-centers and expands broker roles. Contributing to migrant health and brokerage literature, this research illustrates that brokerage relationships are not always fixed and hierarchical; brokering care is not solely about access to an inequitable health system but can also involve creating new and more equitable configurations of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DREAMers, undocumented people raised in the US, discussed their perspectives on changes in relational dynamics after access to Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) legislation. Ten participants, who through semi-structured interviews, discussed how DACA legislation impacted their mixed-legal status families. Using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis with Participatory Action Research and Systems Theory frameworks, themes emerged that represented DREAMers' collective experiences and the essence of the phenomenon related to how access to DACA legislation affected relationships. Themes included the superordinate theme, Relational Impacts of DACA and subthemes, Shared Wins and Resources and Mending Relationships. Discussion includes implications for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore immigrants' perceptions of their daily lives in a state with anti-immigrant policies in the United States. Using snowball sampling, researchers recruited a sample of 30 Latino immigrants in southwest Montana. The research team conducted semi-structured interviews in Spanish and analyzed the data using thematic analysis. We identified four themes: difficulty accessing healthcare, frustration over the inability to obtain driver's licenses, challenges related to employment, and desire to make a life in Montana. Fear permeated all topics. Lack of documentation presents complex economic, health, and social challenges that prevent immigrants from fully integrating into their communities. These are exacerbated in states that employ anti-immigrant policies. As Western states continue to experience growth in immigrant populations, it is critical to develop policies to support integration and equitable access to health and social services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive Summary: This report describes estimates of the undocumented population residing in the United States in 2022 compiled by the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS). The estimates are based on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS) conducted by the US Census Bureau (Ruggles et al. 2023). The report finds that the undocumented population grew from 10.3 million in 2021 to 10.9 million in 2022, an increase of 650,000. The increase reverses more than a decade of gradual decline. The undocumented populations from 10 countries increased by a total of 525,000: Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and India; El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras in Central America; and Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela in South America. The undocumented population in Florida increased by about 125,000 in 2022, Texas increased by 60,000, New York by 50,000, and Maryland by 45,000. The report explains why undocumented population growth is much less than the number of apprehensions by DHS. Finally, the Appendix provides a detailed description of the CMS methodology. Major Findings: • After remaining at or near zero growth from 2010 to 2021 (Warren 2023), the US undocumented population increased by 650,000 in 2022. • The largest population gains in 2022 were for Central America (205,000), South America (200,000), and Asia (140,000). • From 2015 to 2022, the undocumented population from Mexico declined by 1.3 million; in the same period, the combined population from Central and South America increased by 1.2 million. • The undocumented population from Asia declined by 115,000 from 2015 to 2021 and then increased by 140,000 in 2022. • California, Texas, Florida, New York, and New Jersey had the largest undocumented populations in 2022. The total population in those five states increased by 300,000 in 2022. • The combined undocumented population from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras was undercounted by almost 400,000 in 2022. Correcting this data accounted for more than half the estimated increase in the undocumented population in 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is grounded in the right to education, guaranteed to every child, whether stateless or undocumented. Being stateless means that the child is not considered to be a national by any State under the operation of its law and when a child is undocumented it means that they have no government-issued proof of identity. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides the right to education for all children, regardless of their nationality. However, whether stateless or undocumented, they encounter impediments when they attempt to exercise their right to education. The study questions whether the South African Government is complying with its constitutional and international legal obligations to provide the right to education to all children. The paper contends that it is not sufficient to state that every child has the right to education, and that there is a need to formulate guidelines and procedures to be followed in cases where children are undocumented or stateless. In addition, the paper analyses the relevant education laws and policies together with the immigration laws and the effects they have on one another. It further addresses how the provisions of immigration law related to education impede undocumented and stateless children from accessing the right to education. Accordingly, the study identifies the gaps in the laws regulating the right to education and their implications when stateless and undocumented children seek to exercise the right to education. This paper recommends that the South African Government adapts its education laws and procedures in ways that consider the circumstances of stateless and undocumented children.

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced significant psychological distress for college students due to the sudden proliferation of stressors. We examine whether and how self and parental immigration status contributes to Latina/o/x college students' mental health and pandemic stressors during the initial months of the pandemic. We draw on quantitative and qualitative survey data collected in March-June 2020 with 1,600 Latina/o/x University of California undergraduate students from three self-identified groups: undocumented students, US citizens with at least one undocumented parent, and US citizens with lawfully present parents. Quantitative analyses reveal that the pandemic produced widespread negative mental health effects but the severity of these effects did not differ by self/parental immigration status. Our qualitative analyses identify common pandemic-related stressors across our three student groups (financial insecurity, COVID-19 virus concerns, academic strains, and social dynamics); however, undocumented students and US citizens with undocumented parents identify unique aspects of these stressors due to legal vulnerabilities. Self and parental undocumented status also compromises the ability to manage common pandemic stressors because of immigration status-related exclusion from necessary resources. Ultimately, we argue that the high-stress nature of the pandemic elevated mental distress across all student groups, but the structural exclusion of undocumented immigrants contributes to unique experiences of stress among Latina/o/x undocumented students and US citizen students with undocumented parents.

AbstractValeria Luiselli’s 2019 novel Lost Children Archive records and reimagines visa-less migrant children’s encounters with hostile borders, while also challenging the logic and legality of border policy, a set of neocolonial practices that allows former colonial powers to continue their control over the mobility of bodies and epistemologies from the Global South. In an interview with The New Yorker about her novel, Luiselli commented on the role of narrative in conceptualizing and achieving justice when the law fails to deliver or denies justice: “Perhaps the only way to grant any justice—were that even possible—is by hearing and recording those stories over and over again so that they come back, always, to haunt and shame us.”1 Luiselli thus highlights not only the power of storytelling in delivering justice otherwise denied, but also its ability to generate a moral, emotional, and intellectual response in its audience. This paper analyzes how Luiselli employs “factional”2 narrative to “haunt and shame us,” question existing border policies, and grant authorial and narrative justice in the absence of institutional or legal justice through the extended metaphor of children on the move. I introduce the concept of “tripartite subjectivity” in analyzing how Luiselli’s factional children are, on the one hand, victims of and witnesses to the violence perpetrated by border laws, and, on the other hand, agents who challenge and reinterpret hostile borders, transforming the static border into a site of epistemic rupture. The tripartite subjectivity of Luiselli’s lost children provide a model via which characters who have been deprived of what Thomas Nail calls “socially determined status” (and thereby are rejected border access due to their inability to contribute to the state’s kinopolitical expansion) reclaim both fictional and epistemological borders through a reverse kinopolitics of what I term “bordered expansion by archive.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conducting qualitative research, scholars often grapple with positionality. Researcher positionality refers to how various social identities (i.e. gender, race, class, ethnicity, ability, geographical location) influence research methods. It examines the impact of researchers' social identities on their understanding of the research design, question, context, process, and participants. Scholars of colour who research their own communities have added complexity in this research process, including having to address the question of being an insider-outsider. This duality sometimes has an emotional toll. Two community-centred researchers asked What is the emotional labor that goes into conducting research with our own communities? Gerardo Mancilla immigrated to the United States when he was seven years old. He was undocumented and grew up in the U.S. with this identity for more than 20 years. Phitsamay Uy came to the United States as a child refugee at the age of six. Her refugee identity influenced her understanding of U.S. schools. In this paper, the two scholars of colour share their methodology and experiences of becoming academics who study their own communities. They discuss commonalities in their shared stories: Being Accidental Academics, Utilising a Relational Approach, Developing Reciprocity with Our Communities, and Experiencing Radical Healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latino day laborers in the United States are socially and economically vulnerable due to exclusionary immigration policies. Using data from a multi-mode survey, we examine the relationship between immigration policy legal vulnerability and mental health outcomes among 138 Latino, male day laborers (mean age = 45.65, SD = 12.05). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models separately estimated the effect of legal vulnerability, as measured by the Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale, on anxiety and depression symptoms and a positive depression and anxiety screening, respectively. Approximately 26.1% and 27.9% of day laborers reported depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. In each adjusted model, we find a positive relationship between legal vulnerability and adverse mental health. Immigration policy legal vulnerability is associated with more depression and anxiety symptoms among Latino day laborers. Policies to reduce legal vulnerability, such as pathways to citizenship and employment authorization, may support Latino day laborers' mental health outcomes.

In the field of education and health care, researchers and educators attempt to close the diagnosis/identification and service gaps that persist for low-resourced, underrepresented families with children with autism. One group of families particularly difficult to engage in research and interventions is undocumented immigrant families. We know little about whether these families are obtaining a timely diagnosis or services for their children with autism. This study addresses how undocumented Mexican immigrant mothers of children with autism navigate the special education and health care systems, challenges they face in doing so, and the helpers who assist in navigating the process. Six undocumented Mexican immigrant mothers of children with autism participated in one-on-one interviews. Participants were interviewed in a semi-structured format and transcription, coding, and final analysis were conducted in Spanish using analytic software. Three broad themes emerged during the content analysis process: (1) immigration driving force and experience, (2) autism-specific challenges, and (3) autism-specific helpers. Additionally, a case study of each participant is presented and discussed.

The twin topics of immigrants and immigration have been known to generate strong debates within the American body politic due to these debates' reverberations in U.S. society. Immigration has remained a contentious policy issue for several decades because of Americans' divergent opinions about opening the nation's borders to immigrants. Using YouGov data, we show that employing the terms illegal immigrant and undocumented immigrant produced different reactions among the survey participants. We also show, via multivariate analyses, that participants who voted for Donald Trump, those who did not vote in the 2016 Presidential election, and conservatives were more likely than liberals and those who voted for Hillary Clinton to endorse Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) twin policies of separating immigrant parents from their children at the U.S.-Mexico border and arresting illegal immigrants who have overstayed their visas, even if they have not committed a crime. The implications of our findings for policy, group relations, and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FERPA (1974) privacy laws protect undocumented Latinx learners with disabilities (ULWD) from disclosing their immigration status. The right to maintain anonymity provided by FERPA, however, potentially results in challenges in identifying and supporting the unique needs ULWD in home and school environments. Due, in part, to a lack of information, school professionals may view ULWD from deficit perspective perpetuated by the dominant narrative. In an effort to uncover what does exist within the literature of ULWD and better understand their experiences in school systems, the purpose of this review was to bring to light the available peer-reviewed and dissertation research about ULWD published in the U.S. between 2002 and 2021. Three research questions guided this review: (1) What was the purpose of research studies concerning ULWD? (2) Who were the participants, what were the research methods, and theoretical frameworks used? and (3) What were the common themes across the studies? Findings indicate that there is little research addressing the needs of ULWD and their family caregivers, with existing literature consistently calling for further research on this population. Implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Most undocumented migrants are employed in so-called "dirty jobs" or "3D jobs" (dangerous, dirty and degrading) due to their lack of legal status. This study aimed to describe the self-reported health of undocumented and newly regularized migrants in relation to their working conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected during the first phase of the Parchemins study (2017-18), a survey that monitors the socioeconomic and health impact of a regularization scheme for undocumented workers in Geneva, Switzerland. The sample consists of 395 undocumented and newly regularized migrants. Results: Overall, 147 (37.2%) rated their health as very good or excellent. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that work-related factors associated with better self-reported health included higher satisfaction with working conditions, while legal status regularization showed only a borderline association. By contrast, workers performing very demanding tasks and having more difficulties finding a new job were less likely to report very good or excellent health. Conclusion: Findings show that work-related factors had a stronger influence on selfreported health compared to legal status change. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term impact of regularization on working conditions and self-rated health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Millions of women give birth annually without the support of a trained birth attendant. Generally and globally, countries provide maternal health services for their citizens but there is a coverage gap for undocumented migrant women who often can't access the same care due to their legal status. The objective of this investigation is to explore undocumented migrants' experiences and perceptions of maternal healthcare accessibility. Methods: We held focus groups discussions with 64 pregnant women at 3 migrant health clinics on the Thailand–Myanmar border and asked how they learned about the clinic, their health care options, travel and past experiences with birth services. In this context undocumented women could sign up for migrant health insurance at the clinic that would allow them to be referred for tertiary care at government hospitals if needed. Results: Women learned about care options through a network approach often relying on information from community members and trusted care providers. For many, choice of alternate care was limited by lack of antenatal care services close to their homes, limited knowledge of other services and inability to pay fees associated with hospital care. Women travelled up to 4 h to get to the clinic by foot, bicycle, tractor, motorcycle or car, sometimes using multiple modes of transport. Journeys from the Myanmar side of the border were sometimes complicated by nighttime border crossing closures, limited transport and heavy rain. Conclusions: Undocumented migrant women in our study experienced a type of conditional or variable accessibility where time of day, transport and weather needed to align with the onset of labour to ensure that they could get to the migrant clinic on time to give birth. We anticipate that undocumented migrants in other countries may also experience conditional accessibility to birth care, especially where travel is necessary due to limited local services. Care providers may improve opportunities for undocumented pregnant women to access maternal care by disseminating information on available services through informal networks and addressing travel barriers through mobile services and other travel supports. Trial registration The research project was approved by Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University (FAM-2560-05204), and the Department of Community Medicine and Global Health at the University of Oslo—Norwegian Centre for Research Data (58542). Plain Language Summary: Undocumented pregnant migrants have difficulties and limitations in accessing maternal health care services. Although the governments have tried to provide maternal health care services to all, there is still a gap in coverage among this population. This study explores how undocumented pregnant migrants perceive their ability to access maternal health care and share their experiences when utilizing it. We used focus groups to interview 64 pregnant women at three migrant health clinics on the Thailand–Myanmar border. We asked how they learned about the clinic, their health care options, travel, and past experiences with birth services. The results showed that they usually knew about care options from community members and trusted care providers. The limitations for the choice of alternate care were due to a lack of services close to their homes, limited knowledge of other services, inability to pay hospital fees, and difficulty traveling from their residence to the clinic. Therefore, we anticipate that undocumented migrants in other countries may also experience difficulties in accessibility to birth care, especially where travel is necessary due to limited local services. Care providers may improve opportunities for these migrants to access maternal care by disseminating information on available services through informal networks and addressing travel barriers through mobile services and other travel supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latino day laborers in the United States are socially and economically vulnerable due to exclusionary immigration policies. Using data from a multi-mode survey, we examine the relationship between immigration policy legal vulnerability and mental health outcomes among 138 Latino, male day laborers (mean age = 45.65, SD = 12.05). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models separately estimated the effect of legal vulnerability, as measured by the Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale, on anxiety and depression symptoms and a positive depression and anxiety screening, respectively. Approximately 26.1% and 27.9% of day laborers reported depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. In each adjusted model, we find a positive relationship between legal vulnerability and adverse mental health. Immigration policy legal vulnerability is associated with more depression and anxiety symptoms among Latino day laborers. Policies to reduce legal vulnerability, such as pathways to citizenship and employment authorization, may support Latino day laborers' mental health outcomes.

Objectives: Most undocumented migrants are employed in so-called “dirty jobs” or “3D jobs” (dangerous, dirty and degrading) due to their lack of legal status. This study aimed to describe the self-reported health of undocumented and newly regularized migrants in relation to their working conditions.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected during the first phase of the Parchemins study (2017–18), a survey that monitors the socioeconomic and health impact of a regularization scheme for undocumented workers in Geneva, Switzerland. The sample consists of 395 undocumented and newly regularized migrants.Results: Overall, 147 (37.2%) rated their health as very good or excellent. Multivariable regression analysis indicated that work-related factors associated with better self-reported health included higher satisfaction with working conditions, while legal status regularization showed only a borderline association. By contrast, workers performing very demanding tasks and having more difficulties finding a new job were less likely to report very good or excellent health.Conclusion: Findings show that work-related factors had a stronger influence on self-reported health compared to legal status change. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term impact of regularization on working conditions and self-rated health.

A contested polity and an imagined community, Europe is confronting a myriad of political, economic, and climatic shifts. Ethnographer Regina Römhild has recently argued that understanding Europe as homogeneous and clearly demarcated inaccurately conjures a truncated White entity quite distinct from that which its early founders imagined. Römhild juxtaposes a Europe traditionally, historically, and fundamentally constituted by migrancy. She shows the fundamental importance of neo/colonial entanglements, sketches Europe as part of a black Mediterranean (cp: Paul Gilroy), and explains how resistant, anti-colonial imaginations variously shape this union. In these ways and more, Europe has always already been constituted through exchange, movement, and porousness. Drawing on Römhild, I analyze Berlin School filmmaker Christian Petzold's films Transit (2018), Phoenix (2014) and Jerichow (2008) with an eye towards what I dub their postmigrant aesthetics. Drawing on sociologist Jin Haritaworn, I pay special attention to these works' commentaries on "regenerative" minorities. Further, I argue that these films also highlight limitations of the concept of postmigrant Europe. Even if historically accurate, it cannot (yet) be understood as normative, but rather aspirational, because in our real-existing Europe, power dynamics between individuals and communities inhere and continue to thwart equitable participation. Artistic production and aesthetics have especially important work to do under such circumstances; I suggest that these recent films by Petzold invite viewers to notice and (re)consider complicities in this power differential and to imagine and work toward a postmigrant Europe.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, college students faced a number of stressors that threatened their health and well-being. Undocumented college students faced similar stressors and additional ones that were unique to their immigration status. Drawing from communication theory of resilience, we conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with Mexican-origin undocumented college students in California. Our findings extended past research on the communication theory of resilience by identifying triggers that motivated undocumented students to enact resilience at multiple levels. Undocumented students reported (a) individual, interpersonal, institutional, and policy-level constraints that constantly threatened their health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic; (b) how they enacted resilience at those multiple levels; and (c) how their undocumented status was a source of stress but also a source of empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]