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Women taking entecavir hydrate (ETV) may not need to consider abortion in the event of an unexpected pregnancy. If a woman with renal dysfunction and taking ETV for chronic hepatitis B becomes pregnant, continuous use of ETV may also be tolerated., For pregnant women taking entecavir hydrate (ETV) with renal dysfunction for chronic hepatitis B, continuous use of ETV may also be tolerated. In this case, the child’s height and body weight were in the normal ranges during the long term.

What is already known on this topic? Neural tube defects can be effectively prevented by folic acid supplementation. However, compliance with the recommendations for supplementation is still low in China. What is added by this report? This study investigated the rate of correct use of folic acid supplementation and its risk factors among pregnant women in Beijing. Women who took folic acid correctly only comprised less than 50% of the total, possibly due to unexpected pregnancy. What are the implications for public health practice? Given the low rate in Beijing, an area with high health literacy, the rate may also be low in other areas in China. Regulations for mandatory fortification of food with folic acid are recommended in China.

EnglishI here introduce a synthesis of some theoretical and sociopolitical concerns approached in my recent research concerning the wider topic of contraception in the Brazilian context. The unexpected pregnancy is a phenomenon that crosses many women’s lives, regardless the age, social class and race/ethnicity. It is worsened by the impossibility of having a safe abortion, as it is interdict in the country. This research is based on empirical material from three investigations comprising, respectively, emergency contraception, long-term reversible contraceptive methods, and a fallopian tube contraceptive device. Thus, I aim to demonstrate the huge difficulties regarding the warranty of a right provided in the Constitution, i.e., family planning. In view of the regulation of female bodies and sexuality by biomedical knowledge, state and religious institutions, there is always a moral disqualification of those women who “fail” in the control of their reproductive capacity; they are considered “shameless” or “negligent”. Neither gender hierarchies and constraints nor violence that shape sexual and contraceptive practices are assigned importance. Way beyond the choices of contraceptive methods, contraception is a cultural, relational practice, mediated by the learning of sexuality and gender and the self-determination that needs to be supported by public health services. portuguesApresento uma sintese de algumas inquietacoes teoricas e sociopoliticas que permeiam minhas ultimas pesquisas, as quais abordam o tema mais amplo da contracepcao no contexto brasileiro. A gravidez imprevista e um fenomeno que atravessa a vida de muitas mulheres, de diferentes idades, classes sociais, racas/etnias, agravado pela impossibilidade de realizacao do aborto em condicoes seguras, interdito no pais. Assim, apoiada em material empirico decorrente de tres investigacoes que contemplam, respectivamente, a contracepcao de emergencia, os metodos contraceptivos reversiveis de longa duracao e um dispositivo para esterilizacao tubaria, busco demonstrar as imensas dificuldades que cercam a garantia de um direito assegurado na Constituicao, o planejamento reprodutivo. Tendo em vista a regulacao dos corpos e da sexualidade feminina pelos saberes biomedicos, instituicoes estatais, religiosas, ha sempre uma desqualificacao moral daquelas mulheres que “falham” no controle de sua capacidade reprodutiva, consideradas como “sem vergonha” ou “negligentes”. Tampouco se confere importância as hierarquias e constrangimentos de genero ou a violencia que modelam praticas sexuais e contraceptivas. Muito alem do repertorio de metodos contraceptivos, a contracepcao e uma pratica cultural, relacional, mediada pelo aprendizado da sexualidade e do genero, da autodeterminacao que precisa ser apoiada pelos servicos publicos de saude.

A range of factors can have an impact on a child whose parents have dealt with the grief of losing a baby, including unresolved grief and maternal mental health, encompassing depression, anxiety and stress. This article will discuss these factors and reasons why early recognition of additional needs, intervention, implementation and deliverance of specialised care plans is fundamental in ensuring all children get the best start possible, optimising their chances of fulfilling their potential. It will also consider why health visitors play a vital role through the delivery of the Healthy Child Programme and 4-5-6 model of health visiting.

Early miscarriage is an unexpected pregnancy complication that affects up to 25% of pregnant women. Physicians are often tasked with delivering the bad news of a pregnancy loss to asymptomatic women while also helping them make an informed decision about managing the miscarriage. Assessing the communicative responses, particularly the discursive tensions embedded within providers' speech, offers insight into the (in)effective communication used in the delivery of bad news and the management of a potentially traumatic medical event. We observed and analyzed transcripts from 40 standardized patient encounters using Baxter's relational dialectics theory 2.0. Results indicated that interns invoked two primary distal already-spoken discourses: discourses of medicalization of miscarriage and discourses of rationality and informed consent. We contend that tensions and contradictions could affect how women respond to the news of an impending miscarriage and offer practical implications for communication skills training.

El artículo presenta una exploración sobre estudiantes universitarias que a la par son madres, detalla sus características demográficas, el embarazo sorpresivo, los apoyos familiares y las vivencias como madres y estudiantes. La descripción permite conocer un grupo integrado preferentemente por madres solteras que experimenta la maternidad de manera inesperada durante sus estudios pero que cuenta con el respaldo familiar para continuar su formación universitaria. También perfila los contornos de una maternidad intensa y contradictoria. La información que respalda el trabajo proviene de 25 entrevistas realizadas a informantes de la Universidad de Sonora.

Using a semi-structured interview, the study discovered the rich experiences of the informant regarding her illicit affair with her police boyfriend who is married with three children. The results revealed that the informant concealed her fear to people around her with regard to her illegal relationship and unexpected pregnancy. Her innocence was exploited and her emotions were played by those people around her. Now, she is slowly healing after this challenging phase I her life.

O artigo propõe uma abordagem socioantropológica para discutir questões ainda candentes em torno da contracepção, sobretudo no contexto brasileiro. A prática contraceptiva compreende uma série de decisões e lógicas complexas entranhadas em múltiplos domínios da vida, requerendo análises acerca de práticas e representações sobre contracepção, maternidade, conjugalidade, família, prazer e sexualidade, sem que se deixe de considerar aspectos materiais cruciais como a oferta contraceptiva (disponibilidade de serviços e métodos). São revisitadas algumas contribuições sociológicas e antropológicas que oferecem chaves de interpretação para o entendimento dos percursos contraceptivos femininos e permitem a discussão acerca dos processos decisórios relativos à contracepção. O artigo problematiza a equação simplista entre gestações imprevistas e falta de informação e/ou acesso adequado aos métodos contraceptivos, ou ainda, como reflexo de uma suposta restrita racionalidade e/ou responsabilidade dos sujeitos em relação à vida contraceptiva - tendências ainda hegemônicas em campos disciplinares como a saúde pública e a demografia. As reflexões propostas ressaltam a necessidade de ponderar as assimetrias de gênero e as mediações biográficas, contextuais e culturais subjacentes nos processos que engendram um evento reprodutivo. Este tipo de análise abre espaço para introdução de discussões sobre sexualidade e sua conexão com as formas como as pessoas lidam com a contracepção e a reprodução. Trata-se de um artigo teórico que procura contribuir para o debate sobre a cultura contraceptiva no Brasil. This paper proposes a social-anthropological approach to discuss (still) burning issues around contraception, especially in the Brazilian context. Contraceptive practices embrace a wide range of decisions and complex perspectives intertwined in multiples life domains, requiring analysis about practices and representations on contraception, motherhood, conjugality, family, pleasure and sexuality, not forgetting the consideration of crucial material aspects as the contraceptive supply (availability of services and methods). Some sociological and anthropological contributions are revisited, since they provide interpretation keys to comprehend female contraceptives paths and enable the discussion about the decision-making processes associated to contraception. The article problematizes the simplistic equation which links unexpected pregnancy to the lack of information and/or proper access to contraception methods, or to an alleged and strict rationality and/or individual responsibility towards contraceptive life - this is a still hegemonic pattern in disciplinary fields such as Public Health and Demography. The presented considerations emphasize the urge to ponder biographical, contextual and cultural mediations and gender imbalance underlying a reproductive event. This kind of analysis enables to bring sexuality into discussion, and its relation with the ways people deal with contraception and reproduction. This is a theoretical article that aims to contribute to the debate about contraceptive culture in Brazil.

Introduction Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone which controls phosphate homeostasis by increasing renal excretion of phosphate and preventing hydroxylation of 25-OH vitamin D. Tumor Induced Osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare condition in which there is exogenous production of FGF23 from tumor cells which leads to hypophosphatemia, progressive muscle weakness and bone fractures. In our case, we present a young pregnant female who presents an ethical dilemma in TIO workup. Case Presentation A 29-year-old Hispanic female with history of anemia, Chiari I Malformation was referred to Endocrine clinic for workup of fractures in the setting of low vitamin D. She initially presented to an outside hospital after fall and was noted to have “bruised bones.” She came to our ED multiple times for hip and back pain. Imaging showed stress fracture of the femur and lytic lesions in the hips. Bone biopsies were negative. Labs showed decreased alkaline phosphatase, 25-OH vitamin D and phosphate. DEXA scan showed decreased bone density and skeletal survey with diffuse bone loss and osteomalacia. Secondary causes of metabolic bone disease were ruled out. Of note FGF23 was markedly elevated, but octreotide scan to did not reveal a tumor reflective of TIO. While workup was being done, patient was treated with aggressive phosphate, magnesium, and calcitriol repletion. DOTATATE PET was planned for localization of TIO, but patient became pregnant. After further discussion, she agreed to halt further evaluation until delivery. Discussion Radiation and medications are often harmful to the growing fetus. For this reason, diagnostic procedures are often delayed until after the baby is deliver to prevent unnecessary harm to the fetus. In our case, we argue that a potentially diagnostic DOTA-TOC PET/CT scan is crucial for our patient. Overexpression of FGF23 can be either a genetic disorder or an oncogenic disorder called TIO. Treatment for these conditions is different. If a focus for the TIO could be localized, it could be excised, whereas a genetic disorder could be treated with Burosomab. Given the rapid progression of our patient’s disease, progressing from asymptomatic to disabled in less than a year, we were forced to ask ourselves if we could wait for delivery for diagnosis and treatment. On one hand, radiation from the scan will almost guarantee harm or death of the fetus. On the other hand, delay in treatment may lead to irreversible and permanent harm to the mother and possible indirect harm or death of the fetus. There are no guidelines for addressing TIO in pregnancy. We were unable to find any cases of FGF23 elevations during pregnancy. Informed Decision must be made between the patient and the medical team to ensure that the best decision is made for both the mother and the fetus.

Today the rate of unexpected pregnancy is still unacceptably high; long-acting reversible contraceptives, (LARC) seem to be an effective and modern solution. Intrauterine contraception (IUC) is the main exponent of the LARC and it is living a new exponential spread in the last years. Today IUC is the most widely used reversible contraceptive method and it is recommended by the major scientific gynecological societies. This review of the literature aims to retrace the history of intrauterine contraception and to focus attention on intrauterine systems (IUS), its last and most modern form. The three systems (LNG-IUS 52 mg; LNG-IUS 13.5 mg; LNG-IUS 19.5 mg) base their extraordinary effectiveness on the same mechanism of action, however they present some important differences that can be used to enhance and customize the treatment, not just contraceptive, based on the woman's needs.

A 39-year-old woman with non–small cell lung cancer underwent preprocedural pregnancy testing. Results showed increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, but she reported not being sexually active. Repeat testing after treatment with antibody-blocking agent was similar. View this table: Table 1. Quantitative hCG assays. 1. What forms of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are measured in most quantitative hCG …

Natural family planning (NFP) methods have served many generations well, and in particular, the symptothermal or symptohormonal methods. The comparison of daily mucus and temperature records for individual cycles with daily hormone measurements, which is now possible, shows that some of the assumptions underlying NFP may not be completely accurate. The various methods are inadvertently depending on an element of chance, which, of course, cannot be known by the NFP user. However, it is statistically inevitable that such errors will result eventually in an unexpected pregnancy, and these discrepancies are the likely reason for the method failures. Further research and integration of home hormone measurements with NFP symptoms are needed. Summary: Traditional NFP methods, based on the observations of temperature, mucus, and luteinizing hormone, can work well. However, these data are sometimes difficult to interpret, and significant changes in the variables are sometimes “missing” from some cycles. Changes in these variables are elicited by the estrogen and progesterone released from the ovaries. It follows that the direct measures of events in the ovaries are the levels of estrogen and progesterone or their derivatives in blood or urine. Measurements of urinary derivatives of estrogen and progesterone can be used to monitor the ovaries directly and are clearer indicators than traditional NFP methods.

Adoption of a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy should remain a basic aim of national policies for health promotion and prevention of unexpected pregnancy outcomes.

Mobile health (mHealth) short message system (SMS) interventions for maternal and child health (MCH) are being implemented globally. In many low- and middle-income settings in which these mHealth interventions are being rolled out, stillbirths and neonatal and infant deaths are common. It is important that mHealth solutions do not exacerbate emotional stress and pain by continuing with routine messaging for pregnancy or infant care when someone has experienced loss. In this brief viewpoint paper, we argue that SMS programs for maternal and child health need to adapt and make available messaging for miscarriage, stillbirth, and infant loss.

We report a patient who became pregnant while on tamoxifen treatment for breast cancer and who elected to continue her pregnancy. The normal child was delivered except for a right renal pelvicaliceal dilatation. The use of tamoxifen in pregnancy is complex, but is not necessarily associated with fetal harm. The relatively high frequency of severe congenital abnormalities indicates that it is prudent to stop tamoxifen before pregnancy.

Women experiencing homelessness report higher rates of reproductive health-related traumas, including unplanned pregnancy, miscarriage, and abortion than their non-homeless peers. Using phenomenological hermeneutic methods, we sought to understand the reproductive health histories of women currently experiencing homelessness (N = 20, 25-61 years old, Mage = 38.33, SDage = 9.33) analyzing data collected between June 2014 and July 2015 in north central Texas. Three key themes highlight the essence of the women's experiences: (1) unexpected pregnancy-pregnancy just happened, (2) loss of reproductive health rights-I was broken, and (3) resilience-giving back and looking forward to good things. Many of the women became mothers through unexpected pregnancies, and overnight found that their lives were transformed irrevocably. Often unexpected pregnancy was the result or cause of a lack of ownership over their reproductive health and led to prolonged health-related traumas. Over time, though, many of the women whom we interviewed re-expressed resilience through social support, housing assistance, and a sense of giving back to society. Results indicate that reproductive health care providers require training to identify the relationship among unexpected pregnancy, reproductive health-related traumas, and housing insecurity. Providers can help preserve women's reproductive health rights through education and empowerment.

Following the recent medical innovations, it is now possible to disassociate sexuality and reproduction. With contraception, people can have free sexuality without the fear of an unexpected pregnancy. Frequently, Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART), with in vitro fertilization, can obtain a pregnancy without intercourse. There are three major problems concerning infertility and sexuality. Firstly, infertility because of a sexual disorder; secondly, sexual disorder induced by infertility diagnosis; thirdly, sexual disorder induced by ART. Praticians should be aware of possible existence of sexual problems to allow the couple to express them. Once diagnosed, these troubles can be treated by the pratician himself or the couple has to be referred to a psychologist or a sexologist.

El 19,6% de los colombianos son adolescentes; esto exige una adecuada preparación médica para atender los problemas de salud de esta población. En Colombia, la mortalidad por causas externas es elevada para este grupo, pero estas causas de muerte son las principales en adolescentes a nivel mundial. El sentido de invulnerabilidad y las conductas exploratorias favorecen el consumo de sustancias tóxicas (alcohol, 65%, y tabaco, 35,8%), la precocidad sexual (embarazo, 21%) y la falta de autocontrol. La violencia, los accidentes, el suicidio y las alteraciones de la salud sexual tienen gran repercusión en la vida de jóvenes y familias. Ante la falta de instrumentos de la medición de riesgo y la débil influencia de las intervenciones en los problemas mencionados, el actuar médico con perspectiva de riesgo resulta fundamental. La prevención con el fortalecimiento de los factores protectores (familia, espiritualidad, deporte) cuenta con suficiente evidencia, pero requiere el desarrollo de habilidades y destrezas que no son parte de los procesos regulares de formación médica y tampoco de la práctica profesional rutinaria en Colombia.

Articles that essentialize the difference between feminine and masculine characteristics have obtained especial attention in The initiation of sexual activity involving genitals mainly occurs during adolescence. Sexual activity currently occurs at even earlier stages of life which may lead to unexpected pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Some aspects of female sexual initiation among low income adolescents, a social group which is highly vulnerable to undesired consequences, are provided. A qualitative method was carried out involving group meetings and semi-structured individual interviews with female workers in the shoe industry in the city of Franca SP Brazil as target population. Results indicate that adolescents with high family cohesion are more accountable for their sexuality, act safer and do not give in to satisfying someone else’s desires.

Introduction: In the first three months of pregnancy, 23.8% of females experience migraines, and 63.6% have episodes of dizziness, with the most frequent symptom being (35.7%) vertigo. Therefore, vestibular migraine is expected to occur in pregnant women, yet studies in this regard are limited in the literature. We studied such a case in order to determine the safest treatment for patients with possible pregnancy. Case Presentation: The studied case was a 37-year-old female, who had a history of migraines. She had had vestibular migraines eight times since she was 29 years old. During the second attack, she had been conservatively treated with several anti-vertigo and anti-emetic medications. Because her menses was a little out of schedule, she receive pregnancy test, and to our surprise, the test showed positive results. Afterwards, she was transferred to an obstetric hospital for prenatal examinations and had follow-ups for ten months. Eight months after delivery, the third vestibular migraine occurred. Because of lactation, she did not take any medications; vertigo continued for half a day, and dizziness remitted over the following two days. Conclusions: Pregnancy is expected to occur together with vertigo in females of the childbearing age, even if they have been diagnosed with sterility. Any anti-vertiginous medication with teratogenic risk should be avoided if pregnancy is not completely excluded, antihistamine diphenhydramine (FDA class B) are recommended first for symptomatic control.

Over the past 20 years investigators have explored the incidence, experience, and extent of grieving following miscarriage for heterosexual partnered women and, to some degree, for men. Prior investigations confirm an increase in disturbed emotions following unexpected pregnancy loss and suggest a variety of predisposing social and obstetrical factors that lead to such responses. Little is known, however, about the ways in which lesbian women experience and respond to miscarriage. An argument is made that given the increased number of lesbian women attempting pregnancy through alternative methods of conception, research is warranted that explores their experiences and potentially unique caring needs following miscarriage.

A 48-year-old illiterate woman who is congenitally deaf and mute underwent 18F-NaF PET/CT study to evaluate bone metastases from newly diagnosed breast cancer. Unexpectedly, a fetus in early second trimester was noted on CT images. In addition, subtle 18F-NaF uptake by the fetus could also be observed.

O uso dos antimicrobianos para a profilaxia e tratamento de infecções orais é uma prática comum em odontologia. Sendo assim, é importante que o dentista conheça os riscos potenciais de seu uso, como reações adversas e interações medicamentosas. Uma importante interação envolve o uso concomitante de antimicrobianos e contraceptivos orais, podendo resultar em perda da eficácia contraceptiva e gravidez inesperada. Este artigo faz uma revisão sobre os principais antimicrobianos e possíveis mecanismos envolvidos no processo, assim como analisa a responsabilidade do dentista e os meios de se prevenir tal complicação. The use of antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment of oral infections is a normal practice in Dentistry. So, it is important that dentists be aware of the potential risks of their use such as adverse reactions and drug interactions. An important interaction involves the concomitant use of antibiotics and oral contraceptives, resulting in reduced contraceptive effectiveness and unexpected pregnancy. This paper reviews the antibiotics most often associated with this problem and possible mechanisms involved in causing failure of contraception. It also examines the dentist's responsibility and the means of preventing such complications.

La adolescencia es una etapa en la que existen riesgos y dificultades que se magnifican o empequeñecen según la influencia del contexto social, escolar y/o familiar. Los adolescentes son susceptibles, débiles y tienen baja percepción del riesgo y muchas veces la información que adquieren no está contrastada, perdiendo veracidad. Todo esto confiere gran importancia a la promoción de hábitos y estilos de vida saludables a través de la educación, ya que éstos no están interiorizados y estructurados como en la etapa adulta. El objetivo que se persigue con la realización de este trabajo de fin de grado es abordar la problemática de los embarazos no esperados en adolescentes de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra (CFN). Para ello se desarrolla un Plan de Educación Sanitaria mediante la implantación de un “Taller de Educación Sexual” en institutos de la CFN, dirigido a los alumnos de primer ciclo de secundaria. The teen’s stage is a period in which young people might find some risks and difficulties, which can be magnified or simplified depending on the influence of their social, school and familiar context or environment. The teenagers are vulnerable, weak and they have a low perception of the risk and most of times the information they acquire is not contrasted, which means that it loses its trustfulness. Everything mentioned above confers considerable importance to the promotion of healthy habits and lifestyles throughout education, since they are not interiorized and structured as in the adult stage. The aim of this final project is to broach the issue of unexpected teen pregnancies in Navarra. With the purpose of carrying out this objective, a Health Education Plan has been developed through the implementation of a “Sex Education Workshop” in Navarra’s high schools, directed to the students of the first cycle of Secondary. Graduado o Graduada en Enfermería por la Universidad Pública de Navarra Erizaintzan Graduatua Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

[Resumen] La sexualidad juvenil es un tema de salud de primer orden. En las últimas décadas, se han incrementado las tasas de embarazos no deseados y las de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual (ETS). Del análisis de la bibliografía surge la necesidad de establecer una educación sexual eficiente y efectiva antes de que se despierte el interés por conocer el mundo sexual. Se han realizado numerosos estudios que evidencian que la mayoría de los jóvenes no utilizan de forma adecuada la información disponible en gran cantidad de fuentes de conocimiento y campañas de educación. Además, no saben escoger correctamente dichas fuentes de información, no las conocen todas, o simplemente no las utilizan. Ante esta situación, se justifica y se plantea una investigación que permita conocer las creencias, las prácticas y los conocimientos sobre la sexualidad en la población joven, con el fin de comprender los motivos del aumento de las tasas anteriormente mencionadas. Esto aportará conocimiento para fundamentar futuras intervenciones educativas. Se ha realizado una investigación de metodología mixta entre los universitarios de grado del Campus de Esteiro de la Universidad de A Coruña (UDC) de entre 18 y 22 años. En la fase cuantitativa obtuvimos como resultados los siguientes: El 81´36% de los alumnos estuvo totalmente de acuerdo con la afirmación “la mejor forma de evitar ETS es usar preservativos en toda la relación sexual con penetración”. Pero el 16% de la muestra estudiada desconocía el método más seguro para las relaciones sexuales sin riesgo. Además, a la afirmación “El preservativo es seguro si se coloca inmediatamente antes de correrse”, casi un 3% estuvo totalmente de acuerdo. Con respecto a la “marcha atrás” un 9% de la población creía que es eficaz para evitar el embarazo. En lo referente a la edad de la primera relación sexual, el 50´56% la tuvo después de los 16 años, y un 36´88% la tuvo entre los 14 y los 16 años. El método anticonceptivo que usaron en esa relación fue, ninguno en un 5´32% de los casos y la “marcha atrás” en un 4´18%. Con respecto a su método anticonceptivo habitual, un 2´28% seguía sin utilizar anticoncepción y un 3´04% continuaba empleando el coito interrumpido. Además, un 20´91% nunca utiliza el preservativo. En la fase cualitativa, hemos extraído las siguientes categorías: “comprensión vivencial versus información”, “percepción del riesgo”, “primera relación”, “sexo fuera del matrimonio”, “anticoncepción vía oral”, “relación de poder dentro de la pareja”. La población estudiada se puede considerar sexualmente activa, afirma mayoritariamente, haber recibido educación sexual y, por tratarse de universitarios podemos asumir que poseen un nivel formativo, económico y cultural elevado con respecto a otros jóvenes de su mismo grupo de edad. Hemos encontrado creencias y conocimientos erróneos, además de modelos de comportamiento sexual peligrosos para la salud sexual y reproductiva. Por tanto, se hace necesaria una intervención formativa eficaz y efectiva, en un rango de edad menor al de la población estudiada, dirigida al conjunto de los adolescentes de nuestro entorno. [Abstract] Youth sexuality is a health issue of the highest order. In recent decades, rates of unexpected pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have increased. The analysis of the literature emerge the need for an efficient and effective sex education before they awaken interest about knowing the sexual world. There have been numerous studies which show that most young people do not use adequately the information available to a large number of sources of knowledge and education campaigns. Also, do not know how to choose properly such sources of information, do not know them all, or just not use them. In this situation, it is justified and proposed a research to determine the beliefs, practices and knowledge about sexuality in young people, in order to understand the reasons for the increased rates mentioned above. This knowledge will provide a basis for future educational interventions. It has conducted a research with mixed methodology among university students in the Esteiro´s Campus grade of the University of A Coruña (UDC), from 18 to 22 years. In the quantitative phase, the results obtained as follows: The 81'36% of students strongly agreed with the statement "the best way to prevent STDs is to use condoms in all sexual relationship." But 16% of the sample did not know the safest method for safe sex. Furthermore, the statement "The condom is safe if placed immediately before unloading", almost 3% strongly agreed. With regard to the "reverse" 9% of the population believed to be effective in preventing pregnancy. With regard to the age at first intercourse, 50'56% had it after age 16, and the 36'88% had between 14 and 16 years. The contraceptive method used in that relationship was, none on a 5.32% of the cases and the "reverse" on a 4'18%. Regarding your regular contraceptive method a 2'28% continued without using contraception and 3.04% were still using withdrawal. In addition, a 20'91% never used a condom. In the qualitative phase, we extracted the following categories: "experiential understanding versus information", "risk perception", "first relationship", "sex without marriage", "oral contraceptive", and "power relationship within the couple". The population studied could be considered sexually active, the majority claim, they have received sex education and, how they are university students, we can assume they have a high level in education, economy, and culture, comparing them with other groups of same age. We had found erroneous beliefs and knowledge, as well as dangerous sexual behaviors for sexual and reproductive health. Therefore, it is necessary an efficient and effective education intervention, in an age range lower than the population studied, addressed to all teens in our area. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FEP). Enfermaría

This paper explores heterosexual women's accounts of conception and sex within serodiscordant relationships in the period after the advent of Anti-Retroviral Treatment in Australia. It utilises Goffman's theory of stigma and narrative identity theory as a framework for analysis. Six women had planned and conceived pregnancies, four had an unexpected pregnancy and one was attempting to conceive. Accounts of conception usually consisted of a story that involved unprotected sex, once, for the purpose of conceiving. This included what they perceived to be an acceptable risk; one they were willing to take for the desired outcome. Two women gave accounts of artificial insemination. The conception story was usually constructed for the benefit of family and friends aware of the women's status thereby reinforcing the woman's identity as responsible and moral. However, most women revealed their partner did not like condoms and used them sporadically or not at all, directly contradicting the 'conception story'. To justify their actions as informed and responsible, women constructed accounts around low viral load and female-to-male transmission. But a consequence of limited or no condom use was that some women reported worrying about ensuing stigma from their partner's and their families if their partner did seroconvert.

El artículo investiga el embarazo no previsto en segmentos juveniles en la sociedad chilena. Se orienta a conocer su magnitud y configuración social, comprender su relación con el proceso de entrada en la sexualidad activa y estructuración de las trayectorias sexuales y preventivas; y a explorar el modo en que éste expresa configuraciones específicas de las relaciones sociales de género y de estratificación social. Se basa en la Quinta Encuesta Nacional de Juventud, realizada por el Instituto Nacional de la Juventud en 2006. O artigo investiga a gravidez não planejada em segmentos juvenis da sociedade chilena. Pretende-se conhecer sua magnitude e configuração social, compreender sua relação com o processo de entrada na sexualidade ativa e estruturação das trajetórias sexuais e preventivas. Também constitui objetivo do artigo explorar o modo pelo qual a gravidez não planejada expressa configurações específicas das relações sociais de gênero e a estratificação social. Utiliza-se a Quinta Pesquisa Nacional de Juventude, realizada pelo Instituto Nacional de Juventude em 2006. The article investigates unexpected pregnancies in juvenile segments within the Chilean society. It is oriented to understand its magnitude and social configuration, to include/understand its relation with the head-end process in the active sexuality and structuring of the sexual and preventive trajectories; and to explore the way in which this is used to express specific configurations of the social relations of generic and social stratification. Use of the Fifth National Survey of Youth, made possible by the National Institute of Youth in 2006.

Women are conventionally advised to stop tamoxifen before attempting pregnancy. The risks of congenital malformations or late teratogenic manifestations in adulthood are unknown. Following an informed discussion about the uncertainties of tamoxifen exposure on pregnancy women should be offered the choice whether to continue or stop tamoxifen before attempting pregnancy. An unexpected pregnancy in a women taking tamoxifen could continue if the pregnant woman accepts the possibility of a teratogenic effect that tamoxifen could have on the fetus.

We present a case of an unexpected pregnancy and an ultimately successful obstetric outcome. The patient underwent abdominal myomectomy under spinal anaesthesia for a uterine leiomyoma with menorrhagia and infertility. Later, she was found to have been in the 7th gestational day at the time of surgery. The blastocyst survived the surgical manipulation and anaesthesia, resulting in a successful pregnancy. The literature on the endocrinological stress response during anaesthesia and surgery suggests that spinal anaesthesia administered in this case was potentially helpful in maintaining progesterone levels and avoiding increased prolactin levels; increased prolactin levels might be deleterious to implantation of the blastocyst.

and an unexpected pregnancy does not upset the whole system. Both marriage and residence arrangements after marriage are flexible and free adjustments to individual family circumstances. Much more work needs to be done, but it is suggested that the written and legally enforceable equality of siblings principle makes for fewer cultural "ifs," fewer over-rigid interdependences, and allows for flexibility and manipulation within defined reference points to fit individual and family requirements. Within this framework the individual has both a secure and an individual status.