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Received on 4 July 2021. Manuscrit reçu le 4 juillet 2021. The article discusses the names of Russia and their formal variation in texts translated into Romanian during its pre-modern stage (ca. 1780–1830). In this period, the diversity of source languages (French, German, Italian, Serbian, Modern Greek) generated denominative and formal variation of the foreign names in translation. Other causes of this variation are the lack of translation criteria, the different alphabets and phonetic systems (Latin, Greek and Romanian-Cyrillic) that entered in contact, the role of the dominant culture languages (Latin and Greek), the preexisting traditional forms of the names and translation through intermediate sources. These factors explain the circulation of several choronyms for Russia and their lack of formal consistency in this period. The formal variation in the sources often implies a variation in Romanian from one text to another or within the same text. Although the source language usually influences the Romanian forms of the names, the Greek traits frequently appear in the texts translated from Latin-scripted sources due to the long-time and higher cultural prestige of this language. Accordingly, in the case of the name Russia, this influence is felt at the phonetic level (Rosia) and at the suprasegmental level (the paroxytone instead of the proparoxytone accentuation). Similarly, the variants Moscva and Moscfa are adaptations of the Russian Moskva. On the other hand, the translators could not ignore the reader and sometimes substituted the names from the source with a Romanian denominative expression (e.g. Împărăţiia Moscului and Ţara Moschicească for Moscovia). The names of Russia and their variants in the pre-modern Romanian provide an example of the possibilities of transposing a foreign proper name into Romanian and, at the same time, reflect the essential linguistic characteristic of the proper name, that is the very close association between the signifier and the named individuality. L’article traite des noms de la Russie et de leur variation formelle dans les textes traduits en roumain au cours de la période prémoderne (1780–1830). Le nombre assez élevé des langues des textes-sources (français, allemand, italien, serbe, nouveau grec) a eu comme résultat une variation dénominative et formelle des noms étrangers dans ces traductions. Parmi les causes supplémentaires de cette variation se trouvent le manque de normes de traduction, les différents alphabets et systèmes phonétiques (latin, grec, roumain-cyrillique) en contact, l’influence des langues de culture (latin, grec), les formes traditionnelles préexistantes et le caractère des texte intermédiaires, à savoir des textes qui, à leur tour, sont des traductions de textes originaux. Ces facteurs expliquent la circulation simultanée de plusieurs choronymes désignant la Russie et leur manque de cohérence formelle. La variation formelle de ces choronymes dans les textessources entraîne souvent une variation dans les traductions roumaines (d’un texte à l’autre ou même à l’intérieur d’un même texte). Bien que la forme roumaine des noms ait généralement été infl uencée par la langue des textes-sources, les traits grecs apparaissaient fréquemment dans les textes traduits à partir de sources en écriture latine en raison du prestige culturel du grec à cette époque. Ainsi, dans le cas du nom Rusia, cette infl uence se ressent au niveau phonétique (Rosia), mais aussi au niveau suprasegmental (l’accentuation est paroxytonique au lieu d’être proparoxytonique). D’autre part, les traducteurs ne peuvent ignorer le lecteur et remplacent parfois les noms du texte-source en utilisant une expression dénominative traditionnelle roumaine (par exemple Împărăţiia Mo scului et Ţara Moschicească pour Moscovia). Les noms de la Russie et leurs variantes dans la période prémoderne du roumain off rent une image des possibilités de transposition d’un nom propre dans le roumain de cette période et, en même temps, reflètent la caractéristique linguistique la plus importante du nom propre : l’association très forte entre le signifiant et l’entité nommée.

There is a wide variety of local therapeutical methods for extensive burns. This article aims to be a general overview of the most common methods used in the local treatment for extensive burns, both in our clinic and globally. Clinical examples are shown from our clinic; cases of the last 8 years. None of the less there is no such thing as the "perfect method of treatment" but a thin balance between the clinical experience of plastic surgeons, every case particularities and specified characteristics, meaning advantages, disadvantages and limited indications of local topics or methods of skin covering.

Electrical injuries are a form of trauma with extreme gravity and a unique pathophysiology: they affect the entire organism. A wide range of voltages may cause electrical accidents. Complications should be anticipated and prevented in order to minimize the complication risk and assure a vital, functional and esthetic prognosis as good as possible. The article presents a case treated in our clinic together with the unique particular clinical situation and algorithm that led to a favorable result.

Social responsibility represents a strategic approach that allows an economic entity to anticipate and solve its problems with third parties, for long-term successful projects. Thus, reputation becomes an invaluable asset which, although intangible, should be used with caution. This paper aims to analyze the role of the traditional accounting system, reflecting the impact of economic activities on the social environment in which they operate. It also makes reference to the opportunity to implement the concept of social accounting into enterprise practice, mainly by analyzing social policies’ costs and benefits.