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1. A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records

Author: Marcela Sandra Tonello, Vincent Montade, Walter Finsinger, Karen J. Taylor, Manuel Chevalier, Isabelle Larocque-Tobler, Philipp Sommer, Nicholas P. McKay, Mateusz Płóciennik, Snezhana Zhilich, David F. Porinchu, Andrei Andreev, Markus Heinrichs, Tomi P. Luoto, Elena A. Ilyashuk, Anson W. Mackay, Deborah Khider, Stephen J. Roberts, Cody C. Routson, Les C. Cwynar, Samuel L Jaccard, Naomi Holmes, Kira Rehfeld, Aaron P. Potito, Emma J. Pearson, Steve Juggins, Anais Orsi, Louise C. Foster, Angela Self, Sakari Salonen, Basil A. S. Davis, Boris K. Biskaborn, Christoph Dätwyler, Sebastien Bertrand, Anne de Vernal, Jeannine Marie St-Jacques, Angelica Feurdean, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Lukas Jonkers, Heikki Seppä, Stephen J. Brooks, Elizabeth K. Thomas, Sonja Hausmann, Peter G. Langdon, Steven B. Malevich, Larisa Nazarova, Shyhrete Shala, Enikö Magyari, Matthew Peros, Scott A. Reinemann, Krystyna M. Saunders, Elena Novenko, Barbara Stenni, Yarrow Axford, Liudmila Syrykh, Julien Emile-Geay, Nicolas Rolland, Bryan G. Mark, Jianyong Li, Andria Dawson, Mathew Fox, André F. Lotter, Jessica E. Tierney, Oliver Heiri, Stefan Engels, Ian R. Walker, Andrew P. Rees, Pol Tarrats, Valerie van den Bos, Konrad Gajewski, Brian M. Chase, Eugene R. Wahl, Martin Grosjean, Boris P. Ilyashuk, Thomas Brussel, Mónika Tóth, Enlou Zhang, Darrell S. Kaufman, Olivier Cartapanis, Magaly Caniupán, Julieta Massaferro, Reinhard Pienitz, John M. Fegyveresi, Manuel Bringué, Carrie Morrill, Gaute Velle, M. P. Erb, Marie Claude Fortin, Petr Pařil, Karin A. Koinig, Richard S. Vachula, Paola Moffa-Sanchez, Jeremiah Marsicek, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Utrecht University Palaeoecology, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology (UTRECHT UNIVERSITY), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, University of Arizona, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Mount Royal University, Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Programme CIT, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Snecma Propulsion Solide (SPS), SAFRAN Group, University of Southern California (USC), Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), Université d'Ottawa [Ontario] (uOttawa), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), MTA-MTM-ELTE Research Group for Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), GINOP Sustainable Ecosystem Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Centre d'Etudes Nordiques (CEN), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Geosciences and Geography [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Departemanto di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica (DAIS), University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Uni Research Environment, Uni Research Ltd, University of Bath [Bath], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Department of Geosciences and Geography
Subjects: Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 580 Plants (Botany), computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, MILLENNIAL-SCALE CHANGES, Proxy (climate), purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE, HOLOCENE, 910 Geography & travel, lcsh:Science, Holocene, LAKE VUOLEP-NJAKAJAURE, geography.geographical_feature_category, Database, EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Computer Science Applications, LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE, PROXIES, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, geog, Geology, Information Systems, Statistics and Probability, 1171 Geosciences, 010506 paleontology, NORTHERN NORTH-ATLANTIC, DATABASE, PALEOTEMPERATURE, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, education, Library and Information Sciences, Education, Paleoclimatology, SOUTH CHINA SEA, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Southern Hemisphere, 1172 Environmental sciences, POLLEN-BASED RECONSTRUCTION, 550 Earth sciences & geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], Intertropical Convergence Zone, Glacier, 15. Life on land, WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica e Vulcanologia, Earth and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Q, computer
Abstract: A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format. Fil: Kaufman, Darrell. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: McKay, Nicholas. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Routson, Cody. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Erb, Michael. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Davis, Basil. University Of Lausanne; Suiza Fil: Heiri, Oliver. University Of Basel; Suiza Fil: Jaccard, Samuel. University Of Bern; Suiza Fil: Tierney, Jessica. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos Fil: Dätwyler, Christoph. University Of Bern; Suiza Fil: Axford, Yarrow. Northwestern University; Estados Unidos Fil: Brussel, Thomas. University of Utah; Estados Unidos Fil: Cartapanis, Olivier. University Of Bern; Suiza Fil: Chase, Brian. Universite de Montpellier; Francia Fil: Dawson, Andria. Mount Royal University; Canadá Fil: de Vernal, Anne. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá Fil: Engels, Stefan. University of London; Reino Unido Fil: Jonkers, Lukas. University Of Bremen; Alemania Fil: Marsicek, Jeremiah. University of Wisconsin-Madison; Estados Unidos Fil: Moffa Sánchez, Paola. University of Durham; Reino Unido Fil: Morrill, Carrie. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos Fil: Orsi, Anais. Université Paris-Saclay; Francia Fil: Rehfeld, Kira. Heidelberg University; Alemania Fil: Saunders, Krystyna. Australian Nuclear Science And Technology Organisation; Australia Fil: Sommer, Philipp. University Of Lausanne; Suiza Fil: Thomas, Elizabeth. University At Buffalo; Estados Unidos Fil: Tonello, Marcela Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Tóth, Mónika. Balaton Limnological Institute; Hungría Fil: Vachula, Richard. Brown University; Estados Unidos Fil: Andreev, Andrei. Alfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Alemania Fil: Bertrand, Sebastien. Ghent University; Bélgica Fil: Massaferro, Julieta. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Parque Nacional "Nahuel Huapi"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Published: 2020
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2. Compositional turnover and variation in Eemian pollen sequences in Europe

Author: Polychronis C Tzedakis, Donatella Magri, H. John B. Birks, Mirosława Kupryjanowicz, Karin F. Helmens, Brian Huntley, Alice M. Milner, Małgorzata Malkiewicz, Dorota Nalepka, Ona Kondratienė, Vivian A. Felde, Hanna Winter, Blas M. Benito, Cathy R. Jenks, Vaida Šeirienė, Irena Agnieszka Pidek, Wojciech Granoszewski, J. Sakari Salonen, Małgorzata Nita, Petr Kuneš, Cajo J. F. ter Braak, Laimdota Kalniņa, S.G.A. Flantua, Maurice Reille, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu, Judy R M Allen, Bożena Noryśkiewicz, Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Palaeobotany, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Polish Geological Institute, National Research Institute, Carpathian Branch, Department of Physical Geography and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Nature Research Centre, Institute of Geology and Geography, Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Department of Palaeobotany, Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Laboratory of Paleobotany, Department of Stratigraphical Geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Department of Fundamental Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, M. Curie Skłodowska University, Department of Geosciences and Geography [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Polish Geological Institute, Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Stockholm University, University of Latvia (LU), Nicolaus Copernicus University [Toruń], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, and University College of London [London] (UCL)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Inertia, Beta diversity, Climate change, Plant Science, Biology, detrended canonical correspondence analysis, extrinsic and intrinsic processes, inertia, last interglacial dataset, multivariate regression trees, neutral processes, principal curves, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Canonical correspondence analysis, Pollen, medicine, 0601 history and archaeology, Multivariate regression trees, Last interglacial dataset, Holocene, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Eemian, 060102 archaeology, Paleontology, Extrinsic and intrinsic processes, 06 humanities and the arts, Vegetation, PE&RC, Principal curves, Neutral processes, Biometris, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Physical geography, Quaternary, Detrended canonical correspondence analysis
Abstract: International audience; The Eemian interglacial represents a natural experiment on how past vegetation with negligible human impact responded to amplified temperature changes compared to the Holocene. Here, we assemble 47 carefully selected Eemian pollen sequences from Europe to explore geographical patterns of (1) total compositional turnover and total variation for each sequence and (2) stratigraphical turnover between samples within each sequence using detrended canonical correspondence analysis, multivariate regression trees, and principal curves. Our synthesis shows that turnover and variation are highest in central Europe (47-55°N), low in southern Europe (south of 45°N), and lowest in the north (above 60°N). These results provide a basis for developing hypotheses about causes of vegetation change during the Eemian and their possible drivers.
Published: 2020
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3. Comparative life cycle assessment of real pilot reactors for microalgae cultivation in different seasons

Author: Jeroen H. de Vree, René H. Wijffels, Maria Teresa Moreira, R. Bosma, Anton J.B. van Boxtel, Maria J. Barbosa, Paula Perez-Lopez, Gumersindo Feijoo, Dorinde M.M. Kleinegris, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela [Spain] (USC ), Centre Observation, Impacts, Énergie (O.I.E.), MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering Group, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Uni Research Environment, Uni Research Ltd, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture [Bodø], University of Nordland, Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, and Food & Biobased Research, AlgaePARC
Subjects: Bio Process Engineering, Engineering, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Biobased Chemistry and Technology, 020209 energy, Photobioreactor, Open raceway pond, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Weather variations, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Microalgae cultivation, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Environmental impact assessment, Productivity, VLAG, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Pilot plant, [SDE.IE]Environmental Sciences/Environmental Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental engineering, Building and Construction, Energy consumption, Natural resource, 6. Clean water, Tubular photobioreactor, General Energy, 13. Climate action, Biofuel, AlgaePARC, Sustainability, Life cycle assessment (LCA), business
Abstract: International audience; Microalgae are promising natural resources for biofuels, chemical, food and feed products. Besides their economic potential, the environmental sustainability must be examined. Cultivation has a significant environmental impact that depends on reactor selection and operating conditions. To identify the main environmental bottlenecks for scale-up to industrial facilities this study provides a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of open raceway ponds and tubular photobioreactors at pilot scale. The results are based on experimental data from real pilot plants operated in summer, fall and winter at AlgaePARC (Wageningen, The Netherlands). The energy consumption for temperature regulation presented the highest environmental burden. The production of nutrients affected some categories. Despite limited differences compared to the vertical system, the horizontal PBR was found the most efficient in terms of productivity and environmental impact. The ORP was, given the Dutch climatic conditions, only feasible under summer operation. The results highlight the relevance of LCA as a tool for decision-making in process design. Weather conditions and availability of sources for temperature regulation were identified as essential factors for the selection of geographic locations and for microalgal cultivation systems based on environmental criteria. Simulation of large-scale reactors with optimized temperature regulation systems lead to environmental improvements and energy demand reductions ranging from 17% up to 90% for systems operated in favorable summer conditions.
Published: 2017
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4. Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °c anthropogenic warming and beyond

Author: Martin Ziegler, Johannes Sutter, Thibaut Caley, Katarzyna Marcisz, Giuseppe Cortese, Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goñi, Anne de Vernal, Jacqueline Austermann, Alessio Rovere, Katrin J. Meissner, Carlo Barbante, Basil A. S. Davis, Paul J. Valdes, Anders E. Carlson, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Samuel L Jaccard, Jesper Sjolte, Eric W. Wolff, Stéphane Affolter, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Willy Tinner, Nerilie J. Abram, Thomas Felis, Zicheng Yu, Kelsey A. Dyez, Heinz Wanner, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Max D. Holloway, Alan C. Mix, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Qing Yan, Paul Gierz, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Anne-Laure Daniau, Victor Brovkin, Erin L McClymont, Michal Kucera, Patricio A. Velasquez Alvárez, Daniele Colombaroli, Christoph C. Raible, Emilie Capron, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, Michael Sarnthein, Julia Gottschalk, Hubertus Fischer, Liping Zhou, Jennifer R. Marlon, Julien Emile-Geay, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Marie-France Loutre, Brian F. Cumming, Daniel J. Lunt, Philippe Martinez, Jennifer Saleem Arrigo, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Thomas F. Stocker, Hendrik Vogel, Fortunat Joos, Pepijn Johannes Bakker, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Climate Change Research Centre [Sydney] (CCRC), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Australian National University (ANU), Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ice and Climate [Copenhagen], Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, University of Toronto, Department of Geography (UNIVERSITé DE DURHAM), Durham University, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), GNS Science [Lower Hutt], GNS Science, Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), University of Southern California (USC), University of Nebraska [Lincoln], University of Nebraska System, Past Global Changes International Project Office (PAGES), Past Global Changes International Project Office, School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University [New Haven], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), National Coordination Office, Washington, Institute of Geosciences [Kiel], Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University [Lund], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institute of Geography [Bern], Nansen-Zhu International Research Center (NZC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Lehigh University [Bethlehem], Department of Earth Sciences [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich, University of Peking, Peking University [Beijing], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stratigraphy and paleontology, Stratigraphy & paleontology, Wolff, Eric [0000-0002-5914-8531], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, sub-01, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), 3705 Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ice cores climate, Paleoclimatology, Ecosystem, Settore CHIM/01 - Chimica Analitica, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 13 Climate Action, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Global warming, 37 Earth Sciences, 3709 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Radiative forcing, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, Polar amplification, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate model, Ice sheet
Abstract: International audience; Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming were forced differently than future anthropogenic change, such periods can provide insights into potential future climate impacts and ecosystem feedbacks, especially over centennial-to-millennial timescales that are often not covered by climate model simulations. Our observation-based synthesis of the understanding of past intervals with temperatures within the range of projected future warming suggests that there is a low risk of runaway greenhouse gas feedbacks for global warming of no more than 2 °C. However, substantial regional environmental impacts can occur. A global average warming of 1–2 °C with strong polar amplification has, in the past, been accompanied by significant shifts in climate zones and the spatial distribution of land and ocean ecosystems. Sustained warming at this level has also led to substantial reductions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, with sea-level increases of at least several metres on millennial timescales. Comparison of palaeo observations with climate model results suggests that, due to the lack of certain feedback processes, model-based climate projections may underestimate long-term warming in response to future radiative forcing by as much as a factor of two, and thus may also underestimate centennial-to-millennial-scale sea-level rise.
Published: 2018
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5. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation

Author: Yiguo Wang, Francois Counillon, Mao-Lin Shen, Marc Bocquet, Ingo Bethke, Noel Keenlyside, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherche en Environnement Atmosphérique (CEREA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), and Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Oceanography, hydrographic profiles, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, symbols.namesake, Data assimilation, isopycnal coordinate ocean models, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Gaussian function, EnKF, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Isopycnal, 010505 oceanography, Estimator, Assimilation (biology), Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, 13. Climate action, symbols, Environmental science, Ensemble Kalman filter, Hydrography
Abstract: International audience; Hydrographic profiles are crucial observational datasets for constraining ocean models and their verti-cal structure. In this study, we investigate a key implementation setup for optimising their assimilationinto isopycnal ocean models. For this purpose, we use the Norwegian Climate Prediction Model (Nor-CPM), which is a fully-coupled climate prediction system based on the Norwegian Earth System Modeland the ensemble Kalman filter. First, we revisit whether it is more accurate to assimilate observationsin their original coordinate (z-level coordinate) or to transform them into isopycnal coordinates prior toassimilation. The analysis is performed with a single assimilation step using synthetic observations thatmimic the characteristic properties of hydrographic profiles: varying vertical resolutions, profiles of onlytemperature and observations only in the top 1000 m. Assimilating profiles in their native coordinate (z-level coordinates) performs best because converting observations into isopycnal coordinates is stronglynon-linear which reduces the efficiency of the assimilation. Secondly, we investigate how to set the hori-zontal localisation radius for our system. A radius that varies with latitude following a bimodal Gaussianfunction fits the system well. Thirdly, we estimate observation error, which consists of both instrumen-tal error and representativeness error. In the proposed formulation only the instrumental error decreaseswith the number of observations during superobing, because the representativeness error is dominatedby model limitation. Finally, we demonstrate the impact of assimilating hydrographic profiles from theobservational EN4 dataset into NorCPM. An analysis of 10 years with monthly assimilation is performedwith special focus on assessing the accuracy and the reliability of our analysis. The assimilation of hydro-graphic profiles into NorCPM is found to efficiently reduce the model bias and error, and the ensemblespread is found to be a reliable estimator for the forecast error in most regions.
Published: 2017
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6. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability

Author: Patrick Heimbach, Aurore Voldoire, Anatoly Gusev, Alicia Karspeck, Eric P. Chassignet, Rainer Bleck, Dmitry Sidorenko, Alexandra Bozec, David Salas y Mélia, Anastasia Romanou, Who M. Kim, Gael Forget, Daohua Bi, Vittorio Canuto, Simon J. Marsland, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Simona Masina, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Stephen M. Griffies, Sophie Valcke, Jianhua Lu, Mats Bentsen, Claus W. Böning, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Gurvan Madec, Anthony Leboissetier, Mehmet Ilicak, Anna Pirani, Thomas Jung, Igor Yashayaev, Andrew C. Coward, Maxwell Kelley, Shan Sun, Yosuke Fujii, A. J. George Nurser, Petteri Uotila, Sergey Danilov, Elodie Fernandez, Steve G. Yeager, Christophe Cassou, Nikolay Diansky, A. M. Howard, William G. Large, Helge Drange, Anne-Marie Tréguier, Bonita L. Samuels, Erik Behrens, Qiang Wang, Arne Biastoch, Riccardo Farneti, Markus Scheinert, Antonio Navarra, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Institute of Numerical Mathematics [Moscou] (INM-RAS), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), University of Bergen (UiB), Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste] (ICTP), Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica [Perugia] (DMI), Università degli Studi di Perugia = University of Perugia (UNIPG), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, International CLIVAR, Princeton University, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biomedical Research Imaging Center [North Carolina] (BRIC), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Danabasoglu G, Yeager SG, Kim WM, Behrens E, Bentsen M, Bi DH, Biastoch A, Bleck R, Boning C, Bozec A, Canuto VM, Cassou C, Chassignet E, Coward AC, Danilov S, Diansky N, Drange H, Farneti R, Fernandez E, Fogli PG, Forget G, Fujii Y, Griffies SM, Gusev A, Heimbach P, Howard A, Ilicak M, Jung T, Karspeck AR, Kelley M, Large WG, Leboissetier A, Lu JH, Madec G, Marsland SJ, Masina S, Navarra A, Nurser AJG, Pirani A, Romanou A, Melia DSY, Samuels BL, Scheinert M, Sidorenko D, Sun S, Treguier AM, Tsujino H, Uotila P, Valcke S, Voldoire A, Wang Q, Yashayaev I, CERFACS [Toulouse], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and CERFACS
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, Phase (waves), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ocean model comparisons, Computer Science (miscellaneous), 14. Life underwater, Atmospheric forcing, Variability in the North Atlantic, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Inter-annual to decadal variability and mechanisms, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability, 010505 oceanography, Global ocean - sea-ice modelling, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Deep water, Ocean dynamics, Marine Sciences, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, North Atlantic oscillation, Climatology, Global ocean – sea-ice modelling, Ocean model comparisons, Atmospheric forcing, Hydrography, Global ocean – sea-ice modelling, Geology
Abstract: Simulated inter-annual to decadal variability and trends in the North Atlantic for the 1958-2007 period from twenty global ocean - sea-ice coupled models are presented. These simulations are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The study is Part II of our companion paper (Danabasoglu et al., 2014) which documented the mean states in the North Atlantic from the same models. A major focus of the present study is the representation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability in the participating models. Relationships between AMOC variability and those of some other related variables, such as subpolar mixed layer depths, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Labrador Sea upper-ocean hydrographic properties, are also investigated. In general, AMOC variability shows three distinct stages. During the first stage that lasts until the mid-to late-1970s, AMOC is relatively steady, remaining lower than its long-term (1958-2007) mean. Thereafter, AMOC intensifies with maximum transports achieved in the mid-to late-1990s. This enhancement is then followed by a weakening trend until the end of our integration period. This sequence of low frequency AMOC variability is consistent with previous studies. Regarding strengthening of AMOC between about the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s, our results support a previously identified variability mechanism where AMOC intensification is connected to increased deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic, driven by NAO-related surface fluxes. The simulations tend to show general agreement in their temporal representations of, for example, AMOC, sea surface temperature (SST), and subpolar mixed layer depth variabilities. In particular, the observed variability of the North Atlantic SSTs is captured well by all models. These findings indicate that simulated variability and trends are primarily dictated by the atmospheric datasets which include the influence of ocean dynamics from nature superimposed onto anthropogenic effects. Despite these general agreements, there are many differences among the model solutions, particularly in the spatial structures of variability patterns. For example, the location of the maximum AMOC variability differs among the models between Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2016
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7. Functional divergence of type 2 deiodinase paralogs in the Atlantic salmon

Author: Mike J. Birnie, Even H. Jørgensen, Hugues Dardente, Elisa Casadei, Alex Douglas, Tom Ole Nilsen, Marlene Lorgen, William C. Jordan, Lars O.E. Ebbesson, Samuel A.M. Martin, Elżbieta Król, David G. Hazlerigg, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Uni Research Environment, Uni Research Ltd, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of BioSciences, Fisheries and Economy, University of Tromsø (UiT), Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements [Nouzilly] (PRC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Tours-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/H008063/1) UK to D.G.H., S.A.M.M. and the Research Council Norway (project #222215) to L.O.E.E. M.L. was funded by a Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation [Saumur]-Université de Tours-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Gill, Gills, medicine.medical_specialty, Thyroid Hormones, [SDV.OT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Other [q-bio.OT], Deiodinase, Molecular Sequence Data, Salmo salar, DIO2, Iodide Peroxidase, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iopanoic acid, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Osmotic Pressure, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, 14. Life underwater, Salmo, 030304 developmental biology, Smoltification, 0303 health sciences, Life Cycle Stages, Triiodothyronine, Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all), biology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), biology.organism_classification, Thyroxine, Endocrinology, biology.protein, Seasons, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Functional divergence, medicine.drug
Abstract: SummaryThyroid hormone (TH) is an ancestral signal linked to seasonal life history transitions throughout vertebrates. TH action depends upon tissue-localized regulation of levels of active TH (triiodothyronine, T3), through spatiotemporal expression of thyroid hormone deiodinase (dio) genes. We investigated the dio gene family in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr, which prepare for seaward migration in the spring (smoltification) through TH-dependent changes in physiology. We identified two type 2 deiodinase paralogs, dio2a and dio2b, responsible for conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3. During smoltification, dio2b was induced in the brain and gills in zones of cell proliferation following increasing day length. Contrastingly, dio2a expression was induced in the gills by transfer to salt water (SW), with the magnitude of the response proportional to the plasma chloride level. This response reflected a selective enrichment for osmotic response elements (OREs) in the dio2a promoter region. Transcriptomic profiling of gill tissue from fish transferred to SW plus or minus the deiodinase inhibitor, iopanoic acid, revealed SW-induced increases in cellular respiration as the principal consequence of gill dio2 activity. Divergent evolution of dio2 paralogs supports organ-specific timing of the TH-dependent events governing the phenotypic plasticity required for migration to sea.
Published: 2015
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8. Pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of Holocene regional vegetation cover (plant-functional types and land-cover types) in Europe suitable for climate modelling

Author: Małgorzata Latałowa, Thomas Giesecke, Matts Lindbladh, B. van Geel, Marie-José Gaillard, P. van der Knaap, Shinya Sugita, Chris Caseldine, Walter Dörfler, Chantal Leroyer, Jutta Lechterbeck, Mihkel Kangur, Siim Veski, Anneli Poska, Per Lagerås, Laurent Marquer, Anna-Kari Trondman, Ralph Fyfe, Philip Barratt, Florence Mazier, Manfred Rösch, Tiiu Koff, E. Fischer, Tove Hultberg, Thomas Persson, Bent Vad Odgaard, Michelle Leydet, Anna Broström, Petr Kuneš, Heikki Seppä, Harry John Betteley Birks, John Dodson, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Fraser J.G. Mitchell, Lucia Wick, Laimdota Kalnina, Leif Björkman, Claire L. Twiddle, S. M. Peglar, Rémi David, Anne E. Bjune, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University-Tallinn University, School of Geography, Plymouth University-Plymouth University, Department of Geology, Lund University [Lund], Northern Rivers Institute, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Department of Biology and Bjerkness Centre for Climate Research, Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Viscum pollenanalys and miljohistoria, Viscum pollenanalys and miljohistoria-Viscum pollenanalys and miljohistoria, Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéosciences, Histoire (CReAAH), Université de Nantes (UN)-Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Institute fur Ur und fruhgeschichte, Department of Paleoecology and landscape Ecology, Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University [Göttingen]-Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences [Riga], University of Latvia (LU), Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Swedish National Heritage Board, Laboratory of Palaeoecology and Archaeology, University of Gdańsk (UG)-University of Gdańsk (UG), State Office for cultural Heritage Baden-Wuerttemberg, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Botany Department, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Trinity College Dublin, Department of Geoscience [Aarhus], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], P.O. Box 64, Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), University of Basel (Unibas), VR 349-2007-8705, Swedish [VR] Research Council, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Nantes Université (NU)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Le Mans Université (UM), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen-Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Paleoecology and Landscape Ecology (IBED, FNWI), Department of Geosciences and Geography, Université de Nantes - UFR Histoire, Histoire de l'Art et Archéologie (UFR HHAA), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU)
Subjects: DYNAMICS, Climate Change, Biodiversity, SOURCE AREA, Land cover, 580 Plants (Botany), medicine.disease_cause, 114 Physical sciences, pollen data, FUTURE, Deforestation, Pollen, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, ALGORITHM, 1172 Environmental sciences, Holocene, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, REVEALS model, OPENNESS, Plant Dispersal, QUATERNARY PALYNOLOGICAL DATABASE, SOUTHERN SWEDEN, Vegetation, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Models, Theoretical, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, quantitative past land cover, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, Europe, Deciduous, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400 [VDP], Mathematics and natural scienses: 400 [VDP], 13. Climate action, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, plant-functional types, REVEALS-MODEL, CARBON-CYCLE
Abstract: A contribution to the PAGES Focus 4 Land Use and Cover Theme ABSTRACT: We present quantitative reconstructions of regional vegetation cover in north western Europe western Europe north of the Alps and eastern Europe for five time windows in the Holocene [around 6k 3k 0.5k 0.2k and 0.05k calendar years before present (bp)] at a 1° × 1° spatial scale with the objective of producing vegetation descriptions suitable for climate modelling. The REVEALS model was applied on 636 pollen records from lakes and bogs to reconstruct the past cover of 25 plant taxa grouped into 10 plant functional types and three land cover types [evergreen trees summer green (deciduous) trees and open land]. The model corrects for some of the biases in pollen percentages by using pollen productivity estimates and fall speeds of pollen and by applying simple but robust models of pollen dispersal and deposition. The emerging patterns of tree migration and deforestation between 6k bp and modern time in the REVEALS estimates agree with our general understanding of the vegetation history of Europe based on pollen percentages. However the degree of anthropogenic deforestation (i.e. cover of cultivated and grazing land) at 3k 0.5k and 0.2k bp is significantly higher than deduced from pollen percentages. This is also the case at 6k in some parts of Europe in particular Britain and Ireland. Furthermore the relationship between summer green and evergreen trees and between individual tree taxa differs significantly when expressed as pollen percentages or as REVEALS estimates of tree cover. For instance when Pinus is dominant over Picea as pollen percentages Picea is dominant over Pinus as REVEALS estimates. These differences play a major role in the reconstruction of European landscapes and for the study of land cover–climate interactions biodiversity and human resources.
Published: 2015
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9. Erratum to: Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario

Author: Erich Roeckner, D. Salas y Melia, Jean-François Royer, I. Höschel, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Sébastien Denvil, Marco Giorgetta, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Jerry Tjiputra, Michael G. Sanderson, Odd Helge Otterå, T. C. Johns, H. Huebener, Elisa Manzini, J. Körper, Hessian Agency for Environment and Geology, Rheingaustraße 186, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany, Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom, Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, 02 engineering and technology, Annual cycle, 01 natural sciences, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Evapotranspiration, Range (statistics), Environmental science, Precipitation, Water cycle, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sign (mathematics)
Abstract: International audience; Unfortunately, in the aforementioned contribution, Fig. 5 (Monthly multi-model (mean and range) precipitation change (mm/day) for 2080–2099 minus 1980–1999 averaged over the 26 regions, E1 (black) and A1B (grey) scenarios) contains an error. For two of the contributing models (ECHAM5-C and INGVCE) the evapotranspiration data had the wrong sign, leading to an opposing annual cycle in these models compared to the other models. The corrected Fig. 5 is presented here. It can be seen that the annual cycles of the climate change signals in evapotranspiration in the two scenarios agree much better between the different models than previously estimated. The general picture clearly underscores the findings from the preceding Figs. 3 and 4 that the climate change signals are much reduced under the E1 scenario compared to the A1B scenario. This is true for the ensemble properties (means, percentiles, ...
Published: 2013
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10. The Biological Carbon Pump in the North Atlantic

Author: Jennifer Sian Riley, Stephanie A. Henson, André W. Visser, Richard G. J. Bellerby, Baris Salihoglu, Richard Sanders, Stuart C. Painter, Marja Koski, Christina L. De La Rocha, Alex J. Poulton, Andrew Yool, Adrian Martin, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences [Erdemli-Mersin] (IMS), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), and Uni Research Ltd
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Flux, chemistry.chemical_element, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, IT transfers, Upper ocean, Carbon cycle, Global carbon cycle, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, North Atlantic, Geology, Carbon, Oceanography, Carbon dioxide Atmospheric carbon dioxide, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, Physical process
Abstract: International audience; Mediated principally by the sinking of organic rich particles from the upper ocean, the Biological Carbon Pump (BCP) is a significant component of the global carbon cycle. It transfers roughly 11GtCyr-1 into the ocean's interior and maintains atmospheric carbon dioxide at significantly lower levels than would be the case if it did not exist. More specifically, export by the BCP in the North Atlantic is ~0.55-1.94GtCyr-1. A rich set of observations suggests that a complex set of processes drives this export. However, significant uncertainties exist regarding the BCP in the North Atlantic, including both the magnitude of the downward flux and the ecological, chemical and physical processes by which it is sustained and controlled. Our lack of detailed mechanistic understanding has also hindered modelling attempts to quantify and predict changes to the BCP. In this paper, we assess current knowledge concerning the BCP in the North Atlantic in order to identify priorities for future research, as well as suggesting how they might be addressed.
Published: 2014
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11. An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993-2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations

Author: Sophie Valcke, David M. Holland, Michael Winton, Xuebin Zhang, David Salas y Mélia, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Mats Bentsen, Sergey Danilov, Richard J. Greatbatch, Eric P. Chassignet, William G. Large, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Jianhua Lu, Stephen M. Griffies, Paul Goddard, A. J. George Nurser, Jens Schröter, Daohua Bi, Riccardo Farneti, Simon J. Marsland, Jianjun Yin, Petteri Uotila, Helge Drange, Anne-Marie Tréguier, Akhilesh Mishra, Katja Lorbacher, Bonita L. Samuels, Erik Behrens, Qiang Wang, Arne Biastoch, Catia M. Domingues, Aurore Voldoire, Yu-Heng Tseng, Paul J. Durack, Mehmet Ilicak, Franziska U. Schwarzkopf, Dmitry Sidorenko, Alexandra Bozec, Susan C. Bates, Jaime B. Palter, Elodie Fernandez, Claus W. Böning, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ( GFDL ), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ), Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] ( NCAR ), GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] ( GEOMAR ), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Center for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Bureau of Meteorolgy, Center for Acean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies ( COAPS ), Florida State University, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung ( AWI ), University of Bergen ( UIB ), International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique ( CERFACS ), CERFACS, New York University [New York], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] ( NOC ), University of Southampton [Southampton], Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique ( CNRM-GAME ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), McGill University, Laboratoire de physique des océans ( LPO ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD ) -Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer ( IFREMER ) -Université de Brest ( UBO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] ( MRI ), Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research ( CSIRO ), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] ( CSIRO ), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Geosciences [Tucson], Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Bergen (UiB), Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste] (ICTP), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO), and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)
Subjects: Arctic sea ice decline, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, CORE global ocean-ice simulations, Ocean gyre, Steric sea level, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Sea level, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Momentum (technical analysis), geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, [ SDU.STU.OC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 010505 oceanography, Advection, Global sea level, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Ocean heat content, 13. Climate action, North Atlantic oscillation, Climatology, Environmental science, Thermohaline circulation
Abstract: Highlights: • Global mean sea level simulated in interannual CORE simulations. • Regional sea level patterns simulated in interannual CORE simulations. • Theoretical foundation for analysis of global mean sea level and regional patterns. Abstract: We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15 years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700 m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes.
Published: 2014
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12. Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene

Author: Camille Contoux, Zhongshi Zhang, Camille Li, Mathieu Schuster, Qing Yan, Gilles Ramstein, Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation du climat (CLIM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique de la lithosphère et des bassins sédimentaires (IPGS) (IPGS-Dylbas), Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Orbital forcing, Oceans and Seas, Rain, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Late Miocene, Monsoon, Paleontology, Africa, Northern, Animals, Ice Cover, Glacial period, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, History, Ancient, Multidisciplinary, Desert climate, Northern Hemisphere, Hominidae, 15. Life on land, Models, Theoretical, Biological Evolution, Geography, 13. Climate action, Aridification, Seasons, Desert Climate, Quaternary
Abstract: The drying of the Tethys Sea—the progenitor of the modern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas—weakened the northern extension of the African monsoon and led to the creation of the Sahara desert about 7 million years ago. Most evidence suggests that the modern Sahara desert first arose between two and three million years ago, coinciding with the initiation of major glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere. This study puts Saharan origins much earlier. Zhongshi Zhang et al. show that the shrinkage of the Tethys Sea — the progenitor of the modern Mediterranean, Black and Caspian seas — weakened the northern extension of the African monsoon and led to the creation of the Sahara desert about seven million years ago. Such a dramatic revision could lead to new investigations of the Sahara in fields as diverse as geology, evolutionary biology and climatology. It is widely believed that the Sahara desert is no more than ∼2–3 million years (Myr) old1, with geological evidence showing a remarkable aridification of north Africa at the onset of the Quaternary ice ages2,3,4. Before that time, north African aridity was mainly controlled by the African summer monsoon (ASM)5,6,7,8, which oscillated with Earth’s orbital precession cycles. Afterwards, the Northern Hemisphere glaciation added an ice volume forcing on the ASM, which additionally oscillated with glacial–interglacial cycles2. These findings led to the idea that the Sahara desert came into existence when the Northern Hemisphere glaciated ∼2–3 Myr ago. The later discovery, however, of aeolian dune deposits ∼7 Myr old9 suggested a much older age, although this interpretation is hotly challenged1 and there is no clear mechanism for aridification around this time. Here we use climate model simulations to identify the Tortonian stage (∼7–11 Myr ago) of the Late Miocene epoch as the pivotal period for triggering north African aridity and creating the Sahara desert. Through a set of experiments with the Norwegian Earth System Model10 and the Community Atmosphere Model11, we demonstrate that the African summer monsoon was drastically weakened by the Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Tortonian, allowing arid, desert conditions to expand across north Africa. Not only did the Tethys shrinkage alter the mean climate of the region, it also enhanced the sensitivity of the African monsoon to orbital forcing, which subsequently became the major driver of Sahara extent fluctuations. These important climatic changes probably caused the shifts in Asian and African flora and fauna observed during the same period4,12,13,14, with possible links to the emergence of early hominins in north Africa15,16.
Published: 2014
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13. Regional climate model simulations for Europe at 6 and 0.2 k BP: sensitivity to changes in anthropogenic deforestation

Author: Benjamin Smith, Mihkel Kangur, Ralph Fyfe, Małgorzata Latałowa, Thomas Giesecke, Sebastian Wagner, Anne E. Bjune, Basil A. S. Davis, Heikki Seppä, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Laimdota Kalnina, Harry John Betteley Birks, Erik Kjellström, Shinya Sugita, A.K Trondman, Petr Kuneš, Achille Mauri, Marie-José Gaillard, Ulla Kokfelt, Jed O. Kaplan, Laurent Marquer, Florence Mazier, Anneli Poska, Gustav Strandberg, W.O. van der Knaap, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Institute for Environmental Sciences [Geneva] (ISE), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Plymouth] (SoGEES), Plymouth University, Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University [Göttingen]-Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences [Riga], University of Latvia (LU), Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern-University of Bern, Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Palaeoecology and Archaeology, University of Gdańsk (UG)-University of Gdańsk (UG), Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Department of Geology [Lund], Equipe Autre (R&D), Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son (STMS), Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique (IRCAM)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences and Geography [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences and Geography, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen-Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
Subjects: VEGETATION DYNAMICS, Climate Research, LAND-COVER CHANGES, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Meteorology: 453 [VDP], lcsh:Environmental protection, Stratigraphy, education, Potential natural vegetation, 580 Plants (Botany), Climate model, Klimatforskning, NORTHERN SWEDEN, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Meteorologi: 453 [VDP], lcsh:Environmental pollution, Deforestation, Evapotranspiration, lcsh:TD169-171.8, anthropogenic deforestation, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Holocene, 1172 Environmental sciences, ddc:910, HOLOCENE CLIMATE, lcsh:GE1-350, Global and Planetary Change, Land use, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Vegetation history: 495 [VDP], IBERIAN PENINSULA, Paleontology, Vegetation, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, Albedo, LAKE-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS, Europe, LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM, Regional climate, deforestation, 13. Climate action, POLLEN DATA, Climatology, lcsh:TD172-193.5, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SURFACE CLIMATE, BALTIC SEA, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Vegetasjonshistorie: 495 [VDP]
Abstract: International audience; This study aims to evaluate the direct effects of anthropogenic deforestation on simulated climate at two contrasting periods in the Holocene, ∼ 6 and ∼ 0.2 k BP in Eu-rope. We apply the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA3, a regional climate model with 50 km spatial resolution, for both time periods, considering three alternative descriptions of the past vegetation: (i) potential natural vegetation (V) simulated by the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS, (ii) potential vegetation with anthro-pogenic land use (deforestation) from the HYDE3.1 (History Database of the Global Environment) scenario (V + H3.1), and (iii) potential vegetation with anthropogenic land use Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 662 G. Strandberg et al.: Sensitivity to changes in anthropogenic deforestation from the KK10 scenario (V + KK10). The climate model results show that the simulated effects of deforestation depend on both local/regional climate and vegetation characteristics. At ∼ 6 k BP the extent of simulated deforestation in Europe is generally small, but there are areas where deforestation is large enough to produce significant differences in summer temperatures of 0.5–1 • C. At ∼ 0.2 k BP, extensive deforestation , particularly according to the KK10 model, leads to significant temperature differences in large parts of Europe in both winter and summer. In winter, deforestation leads to lower temperatures because of the differences in albedo between forested and unforested areas, particularly in the snow-covered regions. In summer, deforestation leads to higher temperatures in central and eastern Europe because evapotranspiration from unforested areas is lower than from forests. Summer evaporation is already limited in the south-ernmost parts of Europe under potential vegetation conditions and, therefore, cannot become much lower. Accordingly , the albedo effect dominates in southern Europe also in summer, which implies that deforestation causes a decrease in temperatures. Differences in summer temperature due to deforestation range from −1 • C in southwestern Europe to +1 • C in eastern Europe. The choice of anthropogenic land-cover scenario has a significant influence on the simulated climate, but uncertainties in palaeoclimate proxy data for the two time periods do not allow for a definitive discrimination among climate model results.
Published: 2014
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14. Projected pH reductions by 2100 might put deep North Atlantic biodiversity at risk

Author: James P. Barry, Joachim Segschneider, Tilla Roy, Laurent Bopp, Raphael Roth, John P. Dunne, Jerry Tjiputra, Marion Gehlen, Roland Séférian, James C. Orr, Christoph Heinze, Scott C. Doney, Fortunat Joos, Daniel O.B. Jones, Laure Resplandy, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry (WHOI), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Geophysical Institute [Bergen] (GFI / BiU), University of Bergen (UiB), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, ANR-10-LABX-0018,L-IPSL,LabEx Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL): Understand climate and anticipate future changes(2010), European Project: 211384,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2007-1,EPOCA(2008), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), European Project: 312979,EC:FP7:INFRA,FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES-2012-1,IS-ENES2(2013), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Seamount, Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Geofag: 450::Oseanografi: 452 [VDP], lcsh:Life, Biodiversity, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Geosciences: 450::Oceanography: 452 [VDP], lcsh:QH540-549.5, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 550 Earth sciences & geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Biota, Ocean acidification, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, Benthic zone, Marine protected area, lcsh:Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, Geology
Abstract: International audience; This study aims to evaluate the potential for impacts of ocean acidification on North Atlantic deep-sea ecosystems in response to IPCC AR5 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Deep-sea biota is likely highly vulnerable to changes in seawater chemistry and sensitive to moderate excursions in pH. Here we show, from seven fully coupled Earth system models, that for three out of four RCPs over 17 % of the seafloor area below 500 m depth in the North Atlantic sector will experience pH reductions exceeding −0.2 units by 2100. Increased stratification in response to climate change partially alleviates the impact of ocean acidification on deep benthic environments. We report on major pH reductions over the deep North Atlantic seafloor (depth > 500 m) and at important deep-sea features, such as seamounts and canyons. By 2100, and under the high CO 2 scenario RCP8.5, pH reductions exceeding −0.2 (−0.3) units are projected in close to 23 % (∼ 15 %) of North Atlantic deep-sea canyons and ∼ 8 % (3 %) of seamounts-including seamounts proposed as sites of marine protected areas. The spatial pattern of impacts reflects the depth of the pH perturbation and does not scale linearly with atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Impacts may cause negative changes of the same magnitude or exceeding the current target of 10 % of preservation of marine biomes set by the convention on biological diversity, implying that ocean acidification may offset benefits from conservation/management strategies relying on the regulation of resource exploitation.
Published: 2014
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15. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states

Author: Hiroyuki Tsujino, Jianhua Lu, Anatoly Gusev, David A. Bailey, Simon J. Marsland, Yosuke Fujii, Elodie Fernandez, Nikolay Diansky, Claus W. Böning, Gael Forget, Helge Drange, Anne-Marie Tréguier, Andrew C. Coward, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Mats Bentsen, Eric P. Chassignet, William G. Large, Sergey Danilov, A. J. George Nurser, Christophe Cassou, Riccardo Farneti, Bonita L. Samuels, Patrick Heimbach, David Salas y Mélia, Erik Behrens, Stephen M. Griffies, Gurvan Madec, Qiang Wang, Anthony Leboissetier, Arne Biastoch, Maxwell Kelley, Vittorio Canuto, Markus Scheinert, Aurore Voldoire, A. M. Howard, Steve G. Yeager, Thomas Jung, Petteri Uotila, Simona Masina, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, Daohua Bi, Sophie Valcke, Dmitry Sidorenko, Alexandra Bozec, Antonio Navarra, Anna Pirani, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS), CERFACS, National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, International CLIVAR, Princeton University, Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danabasoglu G, Yeager SG, Bailey D, Behrens E, Bentsen M, Bi D, Biastoch A, Boning C, Bozec A, Canuto VM, Cassou C, Chassignet E, Coward AC, Danilov S, Diansky N, Drange H, Farneti R, Fernandez E, Fogli PG, Forget G, Fujii Y, Griffies SM, Gusev A, Heimbach P, Howard A, Jung T, Kelley M, Large WG, Leboissetier A, Lu J, Madec G, Marsland SJ, Masina S, Navarra A, Nurser AJG, Pirani A, Melia DSY, Samuels BL, Scheinert M, Sidorenko D, Treguier AM, Tsujino H, Uotila P, Valcke S, Voldoire A, and Wangi Q
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mixed layer, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Ocean model comparisons, Computer Science (miscellaneous), Sea ice, Potential temperature, Hindcast, 14. Life underwater, Atmospheric forcing, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010505 oceanography, Global ocean–sea-ice modelling, Ocean model comparisons, Atmospheric forcing, Experimental design, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, North Atlantic simulations, Albedo, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Snow, Experimental design, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Meridional flow, Climatology, Environmental science, Global ocean-sea-ice modelling
Abstract: Simulation characteristics from eighteen global ocean-sea-ice coupled models are presented with a focus on the mean Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and other related fields in the North Atlantic. These experiments use inter-annually varying atmospheric forcing data sets for the 60-year period from 1948 to 2007 and are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Oceanice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The protocol for conducting such CORE-II experiments is summarized. Despite using the same atmospheric forcing, the solutions show significant differences. As most models also differ from available observations, biases in the Labrador Sea region in upper-ocean potential temperature and salinity distributions, mixed layer depths, and sea-ice cover are identified as contributors to differences in AMOC. These differences in the solutions do not suggest an obvious grouping of the models based on their ocean model lineage, their vertical coordinate representations, or surface salinity restoring strengths. Thus, the solution differences among the models are attributed primarily to use of different subgrid scale parameterizations and parameter choices as well as to differences in vertical and horizontal grid resolutions in the ocean models. Use of a wide variety of sea-ice models with diverse snow and sea-ice albedo treatments also contributes to these differences. Based on the diagnostics considered, the majority of the models appear suitable for use in studies involving the North Atlantic, but some models require dedicated development effort. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2014
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16. The terrestrial and freshwater invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea; Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya

Author: Hanna-Kaisa Lakka, Sven Boström, Stephen J. Coulson, Elisabeth Stur, Frode Ødegaard, Maurice Hullé, K. Aakra, Kristine Maraldo, Elisabeth M. Biersma, Anja M. Carlsson, O. L. Makarova, Martin Holmstrup, A. Tanasevitch, Geir Søli, Jean-Christophe Simon, Gaute Velle, W. H. De Smet, Torstein Solhøy, María Luisa Ávila-Jiménez, Hanne Eik Pilskog, Katarzyna Zmudczyńska-Skarbek, Leif Aarvik, Leopold Füreder, Natalia V. Lebedeva, Elena N. Melekhina, Björn Sohlenius, Peter Convey, Arne Fjellberg, Krzysztof Zawierucha, Dariusz J. Gwiazdowicz, Lars Ove Hansen, V. Kuklin, John E. Brittain, Małgorzata Kolicka, Kirsten Christoffersen, A. A. Taskaeva, Łukasz Kaczmarek, Daniel R. Gustafsson, Anatoly Babenko, Torbjørn Ekrem, Department of Arctic Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Midt Troms Museum, Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Polar Science Center [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Freshwater Biological Laboratory, ECOBE Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Faculty for Biology, University of Innsbruck, Department of Biology, University of Utah, Department of Forest Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Azov Branch Kola Scientific Centre, Southern Scientific Centre, Department of Agroecology, Institute of Biology of Komi Scientific Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), EECRG, Institute for Biology, University of Bergen (UiB), NTNU University Museum [Trondheim], Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Centre for Forest Ecology and Production, Uni Research Environment, Uni Research Ltd, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk (UG), Research Council of Norway, ES446370 National Science Centre (Poland), N N304 014939, Department of Biological Sciences-Lancaster University, University of Bergen (UIB), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU)-Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), University of Gdańsk, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST
Subjects: Colonization, Novaja Zemlja, population-dynamic, Environmental change, High Arctic, Biogeography, Spitzbergen, high arctic aphid, Biodiversity, Soil Science, simulated climate-change, Microbiology, Isolation, Deglaciation, spitsbergen svalbard, 14. Life underwater, Biology, Invertebrate, geography, sub-antarctic island, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, rangifer-tarandus-platyrhynchus, Last Glacial Maximum, cold tolerance, 15. Life on land, Frans Josef Land, Arctic, last glacial maximum, 13. Climate action, Archipelago, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, moss-turf habitat, troll thermal spring
Abstract: International audience; Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are generally considered to be species poor, fragile and often isolated. Nonetheless, their intricate complexity, especially that of the invertebrate component, is beginning to emerge. Attention has become focused on the Arctic both due to the importance of this rapidly changing region for the Earth and also the inherent interest of an extreme and unique environment. The three archipelagoes considered here, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, delineate the Barents Sea to the west, north and east. This is a region of convergence for Palearctic and Nearctic faunas re-colonising the Arctic following the retreat of the ice after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Despite the harsh Arctic environment and the short period since deglaciation, the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea are inhabited by diverse invertebrate communities. But there is an obvious imbalance in our knowledge of many taxa of each archipelago, and in our knowledge of many taxa. Research effort in Svalbard is increasing rapidly while there are still few reports, particularly in the western literature, from Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Nevertheless, there appears to be a surprising degree of dissimilarity between the invertebrate faunas, possibly reflecting colonization history. We provide a baseline synthesis of the terrestrial and freshwater invertebrate fauna of the Barents Sea archipelagoes, highlight the taxa present, the characteristic elements of fauna and the complexity of their biogeography. In doing so, we provide a background from which to assess responses to environmental change for a region under increasing international attention from scientific, industrial and political communities as well as non-governmental organizations and the general public.
Published: 2014
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17. Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario

Author: J. Körper, Elisa Manzini, Sébastien Denvil, Michael G. Sanderson, Jean-François Royer, I. Höschel, Marco Giorgetta, Pier Giuseppe Fogli, D. Salas y Melia, Jean-Louis Dufresne, H. Huebener, T. C. Johns, Odd Helge Otterå, Jerry Tjiputra, Erich Roeckner, Hessian Agency for Environment and Geology, Rheingaustraße 186, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany, Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom, Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia - Sezione di Bologna (INGV), Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna] (CMCC), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Cloud cover, Climate change, Subtropics, 15. Life on land, 010501 environmental sciences, Monsoon, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Evapotranspiration, Climatology, Environmental science, Precipitation, Water cycle, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Climate change impacts on the regional hydrological cycle are compared for model projections following an ambitious emissions-reduction scenario (E1) and a medium-high emissions scenario with no mitigation policy (A1B). The E1 scenario is designed to limit global annual mean warming to 2 °C or less above pre-industrial levels. A multi-model ensemble consisting of ten coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models is analyzed, which includes five Earth System Models containing interactive carbon cycles. The aim of the study is to assess the changes that could be mitigated under the E1 scenario and to identify regions where even small climate change may lead to strong changes in precipitation, cloud cover and evapotranspiration. In these regions the hydrological cycle is considered particularly vulnerable to climate change, highlighting the need for adaptation measures even if strong mitigation of climate change would be achieved. In the A1B projections, there are significant drying trends in sub-tropical regions, precipitation increases in high latitudes and some monsoon regions, as well as changes in cloudiness and evapotranspiration. These signals are reduced in E1 scenario projections. However, even under the E1 scenario, significant precipitation decrease in the subtropics and increase in high latitudes are projected. Particularly the Amazon region shows strong drying tendencies in some models, most probably related to vegetation interaction. Where climate change is relatively small, the E1 scenario tends to keep the average magnitude of potential changes at a level comparable to current intra-seasonal to inter-annual variability at that location. Such regions are mainly located in the mid-latitudes. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
Published: 2013
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18. First observation in the south of titan's far-infrared 220 cm-1 cloud

Author: Valeria Cottini, Athena Coustenis, Nicholas A Teanby, Richard K. Achterberg, Ronald Carlson, Robert E. Samuelson, Gordon L. Bjoraker, R. de Kok, V. G. Kunde, Georgios Bampasidis, Conor A. Nixon, C. M. Anderson, Paul N. Romani, Donald E. Jennings, Brigette E. Hesman, S. Vinatier, S. B. Calcutt, F. M. Flasar, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), GSFC Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), Department of Astronomy [College Park], University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Earth Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], University of Oxford [Oxford], and University of Oxford
Subjects: Sunlight, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Atmosphere, symbols.namesake, Atmosphere of Earth, Far infrared, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, atmospheres - planets and satellites: composition -planets and satellites: individual (Titan) - radiation mechanisms: thermal [processes - planets and satellites], 0103 physical sciences, processes - planets and satellites: atmospheres - planets and satellites: composition -planets and satellites: individual (Titan) - radiation mechanisms: thermal, symbols, Titan (rocket family), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Stratosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: An emission feature at 220 cm-1 which has been attributed to a cloud of condensed material in Titan's winter stratosphere has been seen for the first time in the south. This feature had previously been found only at high northern latitudes during northern winter and spring. The material emitting at 220 cm-1, as yet unidentified, may be volatiles associated with nitrile gases that accumulate in the absence of ultraviolet sunlight. Not detected as recently as 2012 February, the 220 cm-1 feature clearly appeared at the south pole in Cassini spectra recorded on 2012 July 24, indicating a rapid onset of the emission. This is the first indication of the winter buildup of condensation in the southern stratosphere that has been expected as the south pole moves deeper into shadow. In the north the 220 cm-1 feature continued to decrease in intensity with a half-life of 3 years. © 2012. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Published: 2012
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19. Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models Using NASA 'A-Train' satellite observations

Author: Jiang, J.H., Su, H., Zhai, C., Perun, V.S., Del Genio, A., Nazarenko, L.S., Donner, L.J., Horowitz, L., Seman, C., Cole, J., Gettelman, A., Ringer, M.A., Rotstayn, L., Jeffrey, S., Wu, T., Brient, F., Dufresne, J.-L., Kawai, H., Koshiro, T., Watanabe, M., Lécuyer, T.S., Volodin, E.M., Iversen, T., Drange, H., Mesquita, M.D.S., Read, W.G., Waters, J.W., Tian, B., Teixeira, J., Stephens, G.L., Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma), Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton South, VIC, Australia, Queensland Climate Change Centre of Excellence, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia, Beijing Climate Centre (BCC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, Atmospheric and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Norwegian Climate Centre, Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Uni Research Ltd, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology
Abstract: International audience; [1] Using NASA's A-Train satellite measurements, we evaluate the accuracy of cloud water content (CWC) and water vapor mixing ratio (H2O) outputs from 19 climate models submitted to the Phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), and assess improvements relative to their counterparts for the earlier CMIP3. We find more than half of the models show improvements from CMIP3 to CMIP5 in simulating column-integrated cloud amount, while changes in water vapor simulation are insignificant. For the 19 CMIP5 models, the model spreads and their differences from the observations are larger in the upper troposphere (UT) than in the lower or middle troposphere (L/MT). The modeled mean CWCs over tropical oceans range from ~3% to ~15× of the observations in the UT and 40% to 2× of the observations in the L/MT. For modeled H2Os, the mean values over tropical oceans range from ~1% to 2× of the observations in the UT and within 10% of the observations in the L/MT. The spatial distributions of clouds at 215 hPa are relatively well-correlated with observations, noticeably better than those for the L/MT clouds. Although both water vapor and clouds are better simulated in the L/MT than in the UT, there is no apparent correlation between the model biases in clouds and water vapor. Numerical scores are used to compare different model performances in regards to spatial mean, variance and distribution of CWC and H2O over tropical oceans. Model performances at each pressure level are ranked according to the average of all the relevant scores for that level. © 2012. American Geophysical Union.
Published: 2012
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20. Variability of the ocean carbon cycle in response to the North Atlantic Oscillation

Author: James C. Orr, Laurent Bopp, Christoph C. Raible, Tilla Roy, Christoph Heinze, Joachim Segschneider, Kathrin M. Keller, Fortunat Joos, Valentina Cocco, Jerry Tjiputra, Nicolas Metzl, Marion Gehlen, John P. Dunne, Thomas L. Frölicher, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Couplage physique-biogéochimie-carbone (PHYBIOCAR), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Équipe CO2 (E-CO2), European Project: 264879,EC:FP7:ENV,FP7-ENV-2010,CARBOCHANGE(2011), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010501 environmental sciences, lcsh:QC851-999, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, ocean-atmosphere interaction, Ocean gyre, carbon cycle, oceanography, biogeochemistry, air-sea interaction, ocean biogeochemistry, climate modelling, 14. Life underwater, climate modeling, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Carbon sink, Oceanography, 13. Climate action, North Atlantic oscillation, Environmental science, Thermohaline circulation, Climate model, lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology, Oceanic carbon cycle, North Atlantic Oscillation, Thermocline
Abstract: Climate modes such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), representing internal variability of the climate system, influence the ocean carbon cycle and may mask trends in the sink of anthropogenic carbon. Here, utilising control runs of six fully coupled Earth System Models, the response of the ocean carbon cycle to the NAO is quantified. The dominating response, a seesaw pattern between the subtropical gyre and the subpolar Northern Atlantic, is instantaneous (
Published: 2012
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20 results on '"Uni Research Ltd"'

1. A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records

2. Compositional turnover and variation in Eemian pollen sequences in Europe

3. Comparative life cycle assessment of real pilot reactors for microalgae cultivation in different seasons

4. Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °c anthropogenic warming and beyond

5. Optimising assimilation of hydrographic profiles into isopycnal ocean models with ensemble data assimilation

6. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability

7. Functional divergence of type 2 deiodinase paralogs in the Atlantic salmon

8. Pollen-based quantitative reconstructions of Holocene regional vegetation cover (plant-functional types and land-cover types) in Europe suitable for climate modelling

9. Erratum to: Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario

10. The Biological Carbon Pump in the North Atlantic

11. An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993-2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations

12. Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene

13. Regional climate model simulations for Europe at 6 and 0.2 k BP: sensitivity to changes in anthropogenic deforestation

14. Projected pH reductions by 2100 might put deep North Atlantic biodiversity at risk

15. North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part I: Mean states

16. The terrestrial and freshwater invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea; Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya

17. Regional hydrological cycle changes in response to an ambitious mitigation scenario

18. First observation in the south of titan's far-infrared 220 cm-1 cloud

19. Evaluation of cloud and water vapor simulations in CMIP5 climate models Using NASA 'A-Train' satellite observations

20. Variability of the ocean carbon cycle in response to the North Atlantic Oscillation

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