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Introduction: Needlestick and sharps injuries (NSSIs) represent an existential occupational hazard risk to orthopaedic surgeons during their career due to the interaction with various devices, instruments and bone fragments. Consequently, NSSIs have the potential to transmit infections such as Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) leading to serious illness. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to identify the clinical settings predisposing orthopaedic surgeons to NSSIs and assess their adherence to safety protocols in the Indian context. Materials and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of 618 orthopaedic surgeons in India, stratified by experience into two groups: under five years and with 5 years or more was undertaken. The data were collected via an expert-validated online questionnaire to evaluate demographic distribution, injury characteristics, knowledge of safety protocols, and adherence to these protocols. Descriptive statistics summarized the data, Chi-square tests assessed variable associations, and odds ratios were computed for significant variables. Ethical integrity was maintained via electronic informed consent and for confidentiality assurances. Results: The study revealed that orthopaedic surgeons with less than 5 years of clinical experience had higher risks for NSSIs as compared to those with 5 or more years of clinical practice. Conversely, the latter group was more susceptible to bone spike injuries and viral positive needlestick incidents. The analysis shows that whilst the more experienced practitioners displayed greater proficiency in the application of universal precautions and NSSI prevention, they were also less likely to report injuries, often due to discomfiture. Risk profiles were consistent across different practice settings and affiliations, regardless of experience level. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study reveals less experienced orthopaedic surgeons face higher risks of NSSIs, possibly due to inadequate education or awareness. More experienced practitioners encounter distinct risks, likely owing to long-term exposure and traditional practices. There is an immediate need to raise awareness of the potential risks of NSSIs, enhanced education, appropriate training, collaboration with the hospital risk management team and developing a culture of transparent reporting to mitigate these risks. The emphasis should be on reducing the incidence and fostering open reporting of NSSIs to protect clinicians and promote health safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Adolescence is a high-risk period for obesity, and it is crucial and urgent to implement obesity control among adolescents. However, existing interventions commonly face challenges in sustainability and scalability. Asset assessment to identify and leverage existing community assets and strengths is essential to facilitate and maintain the implementation of these programs. Objective To assess assets for obesity control among middle school students, and to identify the advantages and deficiencies in the current policy, physical, social, and information environments, along with suggestions for improvements. Methods From 2023 to January 2024, purposive sampling method was adopted, face-to-face one-by-one interviews were conducted with 11 staff members involved in obesity control for middle school students from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Education Bureau, and three middle schools in a major city in East China. Additionally, eight parents and their children from each of the three schools were invited to participate in focus group discussions, with 6 groups and 8 participants per group. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the interview data. Results This study found that the advantages in obesity control for middle school students primarily included policies and conditions ensured for obesity surveillance, nutritional school lunch and physical activity, along with media for health communication. The main deficiencies were the lack of specific policies for efficient obesity control, insufficient physical and social assets to support healthy eating and physical activity, and the quality and intensity of information assets supporting to facilitate changes in knowledge, attitude, and behaviors. In response to these challenges, participants suggested the implementation of both rigid regulations and flexible incentives, improvement of asset accessibility, encouragement of multi-stakeholder cooperation, and strengthening of health communication. Integrating existing assets and suggestions for improvement has formed an asset assessment checklist, corresponding to 10 assets from the policy environment, 8 from the physical environment, 20 from the social environment, and 12 from the information environment. Conclusion Several assets exist for obesity control among middle school students and identifies areas for improvement. Subsequent efforts in obesity control for middle school students should be made on promoting intervention strategies to better align with the context based on the asset assessment checklist to diagnose the current status of assets, thus enhancing the efficacy and sustainability of the program.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess the socio-cognitive factors determining adherence to standard precautions by nursing professionals in care practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study, carried out with 9,039 nursing professionals in Brazil, using an electronic form containing participant sociodemographic, training and work variables, and the Brazilian version of the Standard Precautions Questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used using the statistical software R. Results: participants recognize standard precautions as effective measures to reduce infections and report intention to perform them. Training regarding standard precautions was evidenced as a facilitator of adherence (4.72; SD: 0.73), and problems related to materials (3.78; SD: 1.45) were a hindrance. Conclusions: among the determining factors, facilitating organization presented the highest score, followed by intention to perform. Facilitating and hindering factor identification makes it possible to develop intervention strategies to strengthen patient safety and reduce occupational risks among professionals.

Copyright of Revista Prevenção de Infecção e Saúde is the property of Revista Prevencao de Infeccao e Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of an educational intervention on the knowledge of nursing professionals regarding standard precautions. Methods: This is an almost experimental study conducted with 100 nursing professionals. Data collection was performed using a sociodemographic characterization instrument and the Standard Precautions Knowledge Questionnaire. The educational intervention was based on five moments, where the approach to questions with less than 70% accuracy was intensified. Results: There was a significant difference between the scores of healthcare professionals before (16.20 ± 1.51) and after (16.90 ± 1.31) the educational intervention (W=3.336; p < 0.05). Regarding knowledge about hand hygiene after glove use, an increase in knowledge from 83% to 93% was obtained. Conclusions: A positive effect on the professionals’ knowledge was recorded, demonstrating advances regarding the strengthening of already acquired knowledge and the understanding of new knowledge.

Introduction: During the covid-19 pandemic, safety protocols were implemented that contributed to the protection of patients and nursing professionals. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge about the sequence of dressing and undressing by nursing professionals who worked in assistance during the covid-19 pandemic and to verify the association between this knowledge and sociodemographic and performance characteristics of nursing professionals. Method: Cross-sectional study, carried out from November 2020 to December 2021 with nursing professionals working in care in the five regions of Brazil. The questionnaire was developed considering the Technical Note GVIMS/GGTES/ANVISA No. 04/2020. It has 10 questions, ranging from 0 to 10 points. The cutoff point = 75 points and < 74 points was established to indicate sufficient knowledge and insufficient knowledge. Data collection was performed using Google forms®, using different social networks. Results: Of the 493 nursing professionals, 157 were aged between 30 and 39 years, 374 were female, and 358 worked as nurses. In terms of knowledge about the dressing and undressing sequence, 370 had sufficient knowledge and 123 had insufficient knowledge. There was no association between knowledge about dressing and undressing with sociodemographic characteristics and professional performance. Conclusion: Nursing professionals demonstrated adequate knowledge about dressing and undressing and there was no association between knowledge and characterization of the participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Wearing white coat is a recognizable symbol among dental students. It is associated with dignity and respect. However, students are often spotted wearing white coat/apron in public places, a trait that needs to be explored/rectified. Therefore, the aim was to determine student's perception regarding the usage of white coat/aprons. Materials and Methods: A 10-item closed-ended questionnaire was distributed among clinical students of a dental institute. The questionnaire elicited their understanding of wearing white coat in hospital/college premises, reasons for wearing it after college hours/outside premises, maintenance of white apron, and their willingness to substitute with scrubs. The data were analyzed for frequency distribution. Results: About 65% wore white coat as personal protective equipment within college premises. About 40% commuted to college wearing white coat. More than 91% wore white coat outside college premises during and immediately after college hours. More than 71% kept their belongings in apron pockets. Reasons such as "To lazy to remove white coat" and "For a different feeling" were common responses for wearing white coat outside premises. Eleven percent cited "ease of clothing" as another reason. Majority of study participants preferred white coat over scrubs during college hours. Conclusion: The study provides insight of students understanding of white coat. There is a clear lack of awareness regarding when, where, and how to use a white coat. Institutions have an important role in promoting and disseminating the importance of using white coat. In addition, there is a need for standard white coat handling and maintenance policy to be drafted and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact precautions are widely used to prevent the transmission of carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) in hospital wards. However, evidence for their effectiveness in natural hospital environments is limited. To determine which contact precautions, healthcare worker (HCW)–patient interactions, and patient and ward characteristics are associated with greater risk of CRO infection or colonization. CRO clinical and surveillance cultures from two high-acuity wards were assessed through probabilistic modelling to characterize a susceptible patient's risk of CRO infection or colonization during a ward stay. User- and time-stamped electronic health records were used to build HCW-mediated contact networks between patients. Probabilistic models were adjusted for patient (e.g. antibiotic administration) and ward (e.g. hand hygiene compliance, environmental cleaning) characteristics. The effects of risk factors were assessed by adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% Bayesian credible intervals (CrI). The degree of interaction with CRO-positive patients, stratified by whether CRO-positive patients were on contact precautions. The prevalence of CROs and number of new carriers (i.e. incident CRO aquisition). Among 2193 ward visits, 126 (5.8%) patients became colonized or infected with CROs. Susceptible patients had 4.8 daily interactions with CRO-positive individuals on contact precautions (vs 1.9 interactions with those not on contact precautions). The use of contact precautions for CRO-positive patients was associated with a reduced rate (7.4 vs 93.5 per 1000 patient-days at risk) and odds (aOR 0.03, 95% CrI 0.01–0.17) of CRO acquisition among susceptible patients, resulting in an estimated absolute risk reduction of 9.0% (95% CrI 7.6–9.2%). Also, carbapenem administration to susceptible patients was associated with increased odds of CRO acquisition (aOR 2.38, 95% CrI 1.70–3.29). In this population-based cohort study, the use of contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with CROs was associated with lower risk of CRO acquisition among susceptible patients, even after adjusting for antibiotic exposure. Further studies that include organism genotyping are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dentists are at an increased risk of encountering cross-infections because of working in close proximity with oral mucosa and saliva making use of high-speed rotary instruments during treatment generating large amount of aerosols and splatter which in turn increases the probability of nosocomial spread of infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dentists after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted using Google Forms wherein a well structured questionnaire composed of a total of 25 closed ended questions was distributed among practicing dentists through online mode. Step wise linear regression analysis was done to determine the influence of independent variables on the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of the participants. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: On analyzing the results, multiple linear regression analysis revealed no significant difference in the knowledge scores among the participants, while good attitude and practice scores were significantly associated with higher qualification of the participants. Another noteworthy finding in the study was the significant correlation observed between the various components of the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among the participants (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded from the findings of the present survey that dentists were found to have good knowledge scores about the COVID-19 pandemic. They should, however, pay more emphasis on practicing tele triaging and proper screening and should follow various guidelines and advisories issued from time to time by the competent authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief Background There are differences in the understanding and knowledge about HIV/hepatitis in healthcare professionals and the primary aim of the current survey is to evaluate about the knowledge on Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and HIV among dental professionals and paramedical staffs and correlate the level of awareness to the attitude they behold toward the disease. Materials and Methods Asymptomatic patients aged between 18-40 years who can understand and are willing to follow all study procedures are included in the study and a structured questionnaire was administered through convenience sampling to dental professionals, paramedical staffs and dental students of all departments in Swami devi Dayal dental college and hospital, Panchkula. The results of questionnaires were calculated and analyzed via the software SPSS version 26.0. Results Results of the current study revealed that dental professionals, paramedical staffs and dental students of all departments in Swami Devi Dayal dental college and hospital, Panchkula had showed positive response towards the questionnaire survey conducted to know the rate of awareness of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV diseases. Summary and Conclusions A solid education and awareness of the preventative measures used in response to a needle stick injury can help healthcare personnel avoid many bloodborne diseases by preventing needle sticks. Therefore, it is essential that medical workers are informed of Hepatitis B, C, and HIV in order to prevent potentially fatal situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Wearing white coat is a recognizable symbol among dental students. It is associated with dignity and respect. However, students are often spotted wearing white coat/apron in public places, a trait that needs to be explored/rectified. Therefore, the aim was to determine student's perception regarding the usage of white coat/aprons. Materials and Methods: A 10-item closed-ended questionnaire was distributed among clinical students of a dental institute. The questionnaire elicited their understanding of wearing white coat in hospital/college premises, reasons for wearing it after college hours/outside premises, maintenance of white apron, and their willingness to substitute with scrubs. The data were analyzed for frequency distribution. Results: About 65% wore white coat as personal protective equipment within college premises. About 40% commuted to college wearing white coat. More than 91% wore white coat outside college premises during and immediately after college hours. More than 71% kept their belongings in apron pockets. Reasons such as “To lazy to remove white coat” and “For a different feeling” were common responses for wearing white coat outside premises. Eleven percent cited “ease of clothing” as another reason. Majority of study participants preferred white coat over scrubs during college hours. Conclusion: The study provides insight of students understanding of white coat. There is a clear lack of awareness regarding when, where, and how to use a white coat. Institutions have an important role in promoting and disseminating the importance of using white coat. In addition, there is a need for standard white coat handling and maintenance policy to be drafted and implemented.

Tindakan pengendalian infeksi merupakan upaya untuk mencegah terjadinya penularan infeksi terhadap pasien maupun tenaga medis khususnya perawat. Insidens kejadian infeksi (phlebitis) di Rumah Sakit cenderung meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan tindakan pengendalian infeksi pada perawat dalam upaya pencegahan risiko healthcare associated infections (HAIs) di ruang rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Kota Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 66 perawat yang ditentukan dengan purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat menggunakan uji chi square dan uji regresi logistic biner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor yang dominan dengan tindakan pengendalian infeksi pada perawat adalah ketersediaan sarana dalam mempengaruhi pelaksanaan universal precaution, terlihat dari nilai koefisien B (3.462) dan odds ratio (31.896) yang paling besar diantara variabel lainnya. Perlu adanya untuk mengelola faktor tersebut agar tidak terjadi bertambahnya angka kejadian HAIs dan penurunan mutu pelayanan di Rumah Sakit di Kota Semarang.

Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are first-line strategies with a dual goal: to protect health care workers from occupational contamination while providing care to infected patients and to prevent/reduce health care-associated infections (HAIs). This study aimed at (1) identifying the instruments currently available for measuring healthcare professionals' compliance with standard precautions; (2) evaluating their measurement properties; and (3) providing sound evidence for instrument selection for use by researchers, teachers, staff trainers, and clinical tutors. Methods: We carried out a systematic review to examine the psychometric properties of standard precautions self-assessment instruments in conformity with the COSMIN guidelines. The search was conducted on the databases PubMed, CINAHL, and APA PsycInfo. Results: Thirteen instruments were identified. These were classified into four categories of tools assessing: compliance with universal precautions, adherence to standard precautions, compliance with hand hygiene, and adherence to transmission-based guidelines and precautions. The psychometric properties of instruments and methodological approaches of the included studies were often not satisfactory. Only four instruments were classified as high-quality measurements. Conclusions: The available instruments that measure healthcare professionals' compliance with standard precautions are of low-moderate quality. It is necessary that future research completes the validation processes undertaken for long-established and newly developed instruments, using higher-quality methods and estimating all psychometric properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the adherence to standard precautions by nursing professionals in a public university hospital, and to identify associated factors. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study with the nursing staff of a public university hospital. The participants provided sociodemographic and immunization data, training data on standard precautions and occupational accident history, and responded to the questionnaire on adherence to standard precautions (QASP). Descriptive data analysis and Pearson's Chi-square test (X²) were performed, followed by Fisher's exact test to verify the association between the adherence to standard precautions (total score = 76 points) and the sample characterization variables. Additionally, binary logistic regression indicated the odds ratio (OR) of the sample characterization variables for adherence to standard precautions. A p value = 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The average score for adherence to standard precautions, through QASP, by nursing professionals evaluated was 70.5 points. Association between the adherence to standard precautions and the professionals' sample characterization variables was not identified. However, it was observed that experienced professionals (≥15 years of experience in the institution) were more likely to adhere to standard precautions (OR 0.062; IC95% [0.006-0.663]; p = 0.021). Conclusions: In general, the adherence to standard precautions by nursing professionals working in health service in this study can be considered inadequate, highlighting major weaknesses in hand hygiene practices, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), recapping of used needles, and conduct after suffering occupational accidents. Experienced professionals were more likely to adhere to standard precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard precautions may prevent patient health care associated infections and provider occupational exposures but are not often used by health care workers. A positive patient safety climate might contribute to improved adherence. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among patient safety climate, standard precaution adherence, and health care worker exposures and HAIs. This multi-site, cross-sectional study included survey data from nurses on patient safety climate, observational data on adherence, and existing health care worker exposure and health care associated infections data. Data were aggregated to hospital unit level for correlational and multivariable regression analyses. A total of 5,285 standard precaution observations and 452 surveys were collected across 43 hospital units. Observed adherence to all categories of standard precautions was 64.4%; there were significant differences by provider role. Multivariable models identified key predictors explaining sizeable variance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (41%), catheter associated urinary tract infections (23%), mucotaneous exposures (43%) and needlestick and sharps injuries (38%). This study produced findings not previously published thus advancing the state of the science in patient and occupational health safety. These include identifying modifiable features of the safety climate and key organizational characteristics associated better outcomes. In this novel study we identified that a positive patient safety climate and adherence to standard precautions predict key HAI and occupational health outcomes. • Cutting edge infection prevention and occupational health science with practice and policy potential. • Novel, multi-site study that includes surveys, direct observations and outcomes data. • Largest known project includes 5,285 standard precaution observations and 452 surveys across 43 hospital units. • Among major findings, sizeable variance in MRSA, CAUTI, mucotaneous and needlestick injuries explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Research in Dental Sciences is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It aimed to identify adherence to standard precautions by nursing professionals working in assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a pilot study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 169 nursing professionals. As for adherence to standard precautions, 157 (92.9%) participants claim to perform hand hygiene between care intervals. Regarding the use of gloves, most responded that they always wear them. The procedure that had the lowest adherence to standard precautions was intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (93/55%). The chi-square test (X²) indicated that there was no association with educational level, nature of the work institution, nor length of work as a nursing professional. It was concluded that adherence to standard precautions was below the recommended ideal.

Abstract Background Delivery of effective health care is hampered by stigma, the social processes that attach negative judgement and response to some attributes, conditions, practices and identities. Experiencing or anticipating stigma can lead to a range of practical impacts, including avoidance of health care. While we are concerned about the stigma that is attached to HIV, this commentary makes the argument that the health system is burdened by stigma of many origins. Main body Reducing stigma is a key issue in improving quality of health care. Our focus on HIV is about providing better care in a non-judgemental, respectful and dignified manner which enhances the health and well-being of individuals as well as delivering benefit to society at large through better population health outcomes. However, the same could be said for the numerous possible attributes, conditions, practices and identities that attract stigma. It is unrealistic to expect health systems to respond to siloed appeals for change and action. A unifying logic is needed to propel concerns about stigma to the front of the queue for action by health systems. Conclusion This commentary suggests the need for a universal precautions approach to stigma in health care, that focuses on recognising that all people may experience stigma and discrimination targeted at one or more aspects of their identities, attributes, practices and health conditions. Drawing on health system precepts of equity, access and quality of care, we argue that a universal precautions approach to reducing stigma of all origins can effect everyday aspects of policy, procedure and practice to improve outcomes for individuals and for population health.

Introduction: The level of preventive measures against hospital-acquired infections depends on the practice of universal precautions by the nurses. This study aimed to assess the awareness of universal health precautions among nurses. Methods: It’s a cross-sectional study done among nursing staff in various specialties in a tertiary care hospital. Systematic random sampling was done and 200 nurses were tested with a study tool of a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of 20 questions. Results: Out of 200 respondents 44.5% were aged 26-30 years, 88.5% were females, 66.5% were from urban and 86% had Bachelor of Science in nursing degrees. The practice was assessed and the mean score was 16.71 range (12-24). The maximum score was for ages 31-35 years, Male, Married, Urban, Master of Science in Nursing, Inpatients Nursing staff, Surgical departments, the experience of more than 5 years. Conclusion: This study concludes with clues that there are gaps in formal teaching for nursing students and practice. For the reduction of infection, we require repeated implementation and oversight of universal precaution measures along with formal teaching, and further research and intervention are needed.

Objective: To improve the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic leiomyoma. Methods: 22 cases of parasitic leiomyoma admitted between September 2010 and August 2021 in the Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Capital Medical University were analyzed retrospectively, including their pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Results: The average age of onset of the 22 patients was (42.9±6.9) years (31-54 years). 17 patients (77.3%) were considered iatrogenic parasitic leiomyoma and 5 patients (22.7%) were spontaneous parasitic leiomyoma with no surgical history. 18 patients (81.8%) had no obvious clinical symptoms, 3 patients (13.6%) had urinary frequency and 1 patient (4.5%) had a painless mass with progressive enlargement at the original laparoscopic Trocar scar in the left lower abdomen. All 22 patients underwent surgical resection of parasitic tumors. Parasitic leiomyoma nodules ranging in size from 0.5 to 10.0 cm, implanted in the mesentery, intestinal surface, pelvic peritoneum, fallopian tube mesentery, omentum, Douglas pouch, ovary, and laparoscopic Trocar port. All patients were confirmed as leiomyomas by paraffin section pathology or immunohistochemistry. All patients had no recurrence of parasitic leiomyoma at 2-132 months postoperative follow-up. Conclusions: Parasitic leiomyoma is usually found in women of childbearing age, and most of them are considered iatrogenic parasitic leiomyoma after myomectomy. This disease lacks specific clinical symptoms and imaging, and the diagnosis mainly depends on surgical exploration and postoperative pathology. Surgery is the main treatment. Measures should be taken to prevent the parasitic leiomyoma at the time of uterine leiomyoma surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections are still a significant concern for healthcare workers (HCWs). This is because the risk of exposure to blood and body fluids is high during their work. Infection control is a challenge for every healthcare setting. Universal precautions are essential in infection control. They protect healthcare providers and prevent the spread of infection from patient to patient as well. Aim: To determine the level of knowledge and practice of universal precautions among healthcare workers. Materials and methods: The study used a descriptive research design. Ethical clearance was obtained from an institutional ethics committee, permission was obtained from the concerned authority and informed consent was taken from the study participants. Using a nonprobability convenient sampling technique100 study participants were selected. Data was collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and structured self-reported practice checklist. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The majority (75%) of the study participants belong to the age group of 22-26, the majority (70%) were females, and the majority (32%) were nurses. The mean knowledge score was 19.11±2.63. The majority (62%) of the study participants had good knowledge and 38% had excellent knowledge regarding universal precautions. The mean practice score was 66.02±6.14. All the study participants showed having good practice of universal precautions. The study found a positive correlation between knowledge and practice (r=0.29) of healthcare workers. Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of the healthcare workers had good knowledge and all had good practices towards universal precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe nursing students' knowledge and compliance with standard precautions. Methods: This is a descriptive and quantitative study with 161 nursing students. Data were collected between September and October 2020, through an electronic form and processed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program, through descriptive analyses. Results: The mean scores of knowledge and compliance with standard precautions showed satisfactory levels, i.e., higher than half of the possible score. Students recognized that these measures extend beyond care for patients diagnosed with infection or who are in the incubation period of the infectious process. However, they limit their objective to the health team protection, neglecting patient protection. Hand hygiene, as well as the use of gloves in procedures involving contact with potentially contaminated biological material, was the most adopted measure by students. It was observed that compliance with protective measures is higher in the final periods of graduation. Conclusion: We identified weaknesses in students' knowledge regarding the basic notions that guide and support the adoption of security measures. It is essential to have a nursing curriculum that, throughout the academic cycles, continuously incorporates the prevention and control of infections related to health care in its scope of discussions. This care will be reflected not only in the quality of the care provided, but also in the maintenance of students' health – future workers in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Quasi experimental approach was used for this study. Objectives are to assess the level of knowledge regarding universal precautions & the prevention of blood borne infections, effectiveness of structured teaching programme, association between the pretest level of knowledge among final year B.Sc.Nursing students with selected demographic variables. The study was carried out Rajeev College of Nursing, Hassan. The samples comprised of 60 final year B.Sc.Nursing students. Sample was selected by using random sampling techniques. A total of 60 final year B.Sc.Nursing students selected for the study by using structured knowledge questionnaire, the selected samples were given pre test questionnaire followed by Structured teaching programme was given to all students for 45 minutes. Post test was conducted by using knowledge questionnaire after 15 days of Structured Teaching programme for same students. The result of study shows that the post test mean score 20.94 (SD=8.17) was more than the pre test mean score 15.42 (SD=3.35), the obtained mean difference between pre and post test score is 5.52 (SD=4.82), the obtained 't' value is 13.3. So it is significant at the level of 0.05. It was inferred that final year B.Sc.Nursing students knowledge was increased regarding universal precautions and prevention of blood borne infections after structured teaching programme increase in post test score. Therefore structured teaching programme is effective in improving knowledge regarding universal precautions and prevention of blood borne infections among final years B.Sc.Nursing students, also there was significant in income and occupation of parents with the level of knowledge and selected demographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disease. The clinical symptoms of IBS mainly include abdominal pain and abnormal bowel movements. Clinically, IBS is divided into four types, which are caused by environmental and host factors, but the exact pathogenesis is unclear. Clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of IBS are rather tricky. In contrast to functional diarrhea and constipation, the most notable symptom for diagnosing IBS is abdominal pain. The treatments for IBS include non-drug treatment and/or drug treatment. In general, the non-drug treatment is delivered in accordance with the patient's physiology and psychology, including professional guidance, dietary intervention, and psychological counseling. And drug treatment is implemented depending on the specific condition of the patient. Recent studies have shown that the intestinal flora is also involved in the incidence and progression of IBS, and the use of probiotics and intestinal microbiota transplantation may be effective treatments for IBS. This article reviews the latest developments in pathogenesis, treatments, prevention strategies, and possible future research directions regarding IBS.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare is the property of Chinese Journal of Clinical Healthcare and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an infection control education (ICE) program based on digital story-telling for new graduate nurses. Methods: From June 2 to July 30, 2022, a total of 58 new graduate nurses (30 and 28 nurses in the experimental and control group, respectively) at a tertiary general hospital in D city were enrolled. The effects were evaluated using a nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design. The effects of the program were evaluated in terms of awareness of standard precautions, performance of standard precautions, and grit. Results: Statistically significant differences between the two groups were found in the awareness of standard precautions (t=-2.18, p=.034) and the performance of standard precautions (t=-3.27, p=.002). Grit was also significantly higher in the experimental group (t=-4.17, p<.001). Conclusion: The development and application of the ICE program effectively improved the awareness of standard precautions, the performance of standard precautions, and grit among new nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For the prevention of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) acquisition in the intensive care unit (ICU), the effectiveness of universal contact precautions (UCP) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) bathing is controversial., Methods: With the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of UCP and CHG on CRE acquisition, this study was conducted in an ICU at a university-affiliated hospital in Seoul. Beginning in April 2017, all patients admitted to the ICU underwent weekly CRE screening and surveillance tests, and beginning in January 2018, UCP and CHG bathing were implemented for all patients. The pre-intervention period spanned from April to December 2017; the post-intervention period spanned from January 2018 to December 2019. The pre- and post-intervention CRE acquisition rates were subsequently compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests, and independent risk factors for CRE acquisition were analysed using Cox proportional hazard modelling., Results: Of 1,747 patients, 35 acquired CRE during their ICU stay. The CRE acquisition rate was 1.94 and 1.45 per 1,000 patient-days before and after the intervention, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.357). The incidence rate of multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) colonisation decreased from 19.33 to 13.57 per 1,000 patient-days, with Poisson regression analysis showing a relative risk of 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.738-0.945, p = 0.004). Additionally, multivariable Cox regression revealed that CRE acquisition was significantly associated with carbapenem exposure (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.555, 95% CI 1.208-5.405, p = 0.013) and the presence of more than four patients colonised with CRE during their ICU stay (aHR 2.639, 95% CI 1.157-5.243, p = 0.019). However, UCP and CHG bathing were not significantly associated with CRE acquisition (aHR 0.657, 95% CI 0.301-1.433; p = 0.291)., Conclusions: UCP and CHG bathing did not affect the CRE acquisition rate in the ICU of a low-prevalence area. A multimodal strategy including antibiotic stewardship is necessary for controlling the nosocomial spread of MDROs., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Soonchunhyang Seoul University Hospital (IRB No. 2023-09-017), which waived the need for informed consent owing to the retrospective study design. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy increases the risk of infection in patients with cancer by inducing bone marrow suppression and mucosal injury. Febrile neutropenia (FN) is the most important clinical adverse event in patients with cancer receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy. To prevent FN, standard precautions including hand and respiratory hygiene are generally recommended, but the exact effect of non-pharmacologic intervention has not been clearly proven in the clinical setting. We aimed to compare the incidence of FN between the pre-coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) era vs. the post-COVID-19 era., Methods: We retrospectively enrolled patients with breast cancer who received an adriamycin and cyclophosphamide (AC) regimen containing adjuvant chemotherapy at Jeju National University Hospital. We compared the incidence of FN between the pre- and post-COVID-19 period and analyzed characteristics of the event and other clinical risk factors., Results: In total, 149 patients were enrolled, including 94 who received AC chemotherapy in the pre-COVID-19 era and 55 who received it in the post-COVID-19 era. Sixteen patients (10.7%) experienced FN. Fourteen (14.9%) and 2 events (3.6%) occurred in pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 eras, respectively. The post-COVID-19 era was the only risk factor for FN (P = 0.032)., Conclusion: We found an association between FN occurrence and the COVID-19 outbreak, providing indirect evidence of the importance of non-pharmacological measures to reduce FN risk in patients with breast cancer. Further research is required to confirm the standard precautions for FN prevention in patients with cancer., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2024, the Korean Surgical Society.)

Competing Interests: Les auteurs déclarent n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts.

Background: Delivery of effective health care is hampered by stigma, the social processes that attach negative judgement and response to some attributes, conditions, practices and identities. Experiencing or anticipating stigma can lead to a range of practical impacts, including avoidance of health care. While we are concerned about the stigma that is attached to HIV, this commentary makes the argument that the health system is burdened by stigma of many origins. Main body: Reducing stigma is a key issue in improving quality of health care. Our focus on HIV is about providing better care in a non-judgemental, respectful and dignified manner which enhances the health and well-being of individuals as well as delivering benefit to society at large through better population health outcomes. However, the same could be said for the numerous possible attributes, conditions, practices and identities that attract stigma. It is unrealistic to expect health systems to respond to siloed appeals for change and action. A unifying logic is needed to propel concerns about stigma to the front of the queue for action by health systems. Conclusion: This commentary suggests the need for a universal precautions approach to stigma in health care, that focuses on recognising that all people may experience stigma and discrimination targeted at one or more aspects of their identities, attributes, practices and health conditions. Drawing on health system precepts of equity, access and quality of care, we argue that a universal precautions approach to reducing stigma of all origins can effect everyday aspects of policy, procedure and practice to improve outcomes for individuals and for population health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are serious occupational health problem related to accidental exposure of health care workers (HCWs) while involved in patient care services. The percutaneous exposure to potentially contaminated blood and body fluids with blood borne pathogens are responsible for significant prevalence of Hepatitis B, C & HIV infections amongst HCWs. Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in hospital settings over a period of one year. 178 HCWs were selected for study using systematic random sampling after proportional allocation for each professional category in the hospital. Collected data was processed on SPSS ver 24. The association between needle stick and associated factors were measured using the odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. The statistical significance was made at a p-value of less than 0.05. Results Total of 62 incidences of sustaining a needle stick injury in a year was recorded amongst 178 HCWs. In this study, statistically significant results with p value less than 0.05 was obtained with association with variables like gender [AOR=1.36 (0.64 - 2.68)], experience in years as HCWs [AOR=1.23 (0.32 - 2.12)], profession [AOR=0.063 (0.001- 0.43)], observance of universal precautions as wearing gloves [AOR=0.33 (0.169 - 0.631)] or any training on PEP or universal precautions [AOR=2.29 (1.320 - 4.696)]. Conclusion: NSIs have the potential to affect the health system both directly and indirectly. To lessen the dangers and impacts of NSIs stringent training should coordinate the endeavors toward preparing of health care workers, utilization of wellbeing designed gadgets, and diminishing patient burden per health care workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Healthcare organizations around the world have embraced simulation to prepare healthcare professionals to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this pandemic implies additional educational challenges in rapidly designing simulation activities, while remaining compliant with health and safety measures to prevent the spread of the virus. The effect of simulation-based education in this context remains to be evaluated. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the features and evaluate the effect of simulation activities on the preparedness of healthcare professionals and students to safely deliver care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Databases were searched up to November 2020 using index terms and keywords related to healthcare professions, simulation, and COVID-19. All learning outcomes were considered according to the Kirkpatrick model adapted by Barr et al. (2020). Reference selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed in pairs and independently. Results were synthesized using meta-analytical methods and narrative summaries. Results: 22 studies were included, 21 of which were single-group studies and 14 of those included pretest/posttest assessments. Simulation activities were mostly implemented in clinical settings using manikins for training on the use of personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, identification and management of COVID-19 patients, and work processes and patient flow. Large improvements in learning outcomes after simulation activities were reported in all studies. Discussion and conclusion: Results should be interpreted cautiously due to significant threats to the internal validity of studies and the absence of control groups. However, these findings are coherent with the overall evidence on the positive effect of simulation-based education. Future studies should include control groups if feasible.

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the knowledge, level of awareness, and the attitude of the dental professionals towards the pandemic disease (COVID-19). Materials and Methods: This questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 295 dental professionals residing in Tamil Nadu through an online portal. The questionnaire consisted of four sections that addressed the demographic data, knowledge, awareness, and outlook of the COVID-19 disease by dental professionals. All the received responses were tabulated and the results were represented graphically. Result: The result of the study showed significant awareness among dental professionals towards COVID-19. The dental professionals needed more attention towards the precautions to be followed during this pandemic as personal protection and a safe environment are essential for a secure practice. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the role of oral health professionals in the prevention of the transmission of coronavirus among the public along with the management of dental emergencies with appropriate personal protective measures. This study also enforced the need to enrich the knowledge about infection, transmission, prevention, and control towards COVID-19. This may act as a source of information for the future pandemic crisis.

Background: Due to the nature of their academic field and clinical training, students of nursing, midwifery, and surgical technology are exposed to the risk of damages due to sharp instruments, blood, and body fluids. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of students of nursing, midwifery, and surgical technology about standard precautions and self-protection in the clinical settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Nursing and Midwifery School of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 2018. A total of 300 students were selected through nonprobability quota sampling. A four-part questionnaire was used to collect the data on the students' characteristics, and their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding the special safety percussions. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and SPSS software version 16. Results: No significant connection was found between the students' knowledge, attitudes, and practice and their demographic characteristics. Most students had a moderate level of knowledge about self-protection in the clinical setting. None of the students had good knowledge and compliance with safety principles. A significant correlation was found between knowledge and attitudes (P = 0.01, r = 0.14) and between attitudes and practice (P = 0.00, r = 0.29). No significant correlation was found between the students' knowledge and practice (P = 0.52, r = 0.037). Conclusions: Acquisition of a moderate level of knowledge, attitudes, and practice indicates that the students were familiar with the concepts examined; nonetheless, this level may not suffice for appropriate and safe practice in the clinical setting.

Background: Standard precautions are a basic strategy to prevent occupational exposure in prehospital emergency staff. The Health Belief Model (HBM)-based education can be used to promote and educate health behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the HBM-based education on infection control standard precautions in prehospital emergency technicians. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 84 prehospital emergency staff of Hamadan who were randomly assigned to two groups: Experimental (n: 42) and control (n: 42) using a cluster method. The data were collected by a researcher-developed questionnaire. Before education, the questionnaires were completed by both groups, and then three educational sessions were held for the experimental group within one month. Two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire and the data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: Before education, there was no significant difference in the mean scores on HBM constructs and performance between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) after educational intervention showed there was a significant difference in the mean scores of all constructs and performance between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: HBM-based educational intervention could affect the scores of the model's constructs and improve the use of standard precautions in emergency medical technicians. In-service training is recommended to be developed for the staff based on HBM.

COVID-19 is highly transmissible and spreads rapidly in the population. This increases the occupational risk for health care workers. In otolaryngology clinic practice, patients with upper respiratory tract infection symptoms are common. Also, routine head and neck examinations such as oral cavity examination, nasal/nasopharyngeal examination, or video laryngostroboscopic evaluation are highly risky because of the aerosol formation. To emphasize this issue, two leading otolaryngology organizations in Turkey; 'Voice Speech and Swallowing Disorders Society', and 'Professional Voice Society' gathered a task force. This task force aimed to prepare a consensus report that would provide practical recommendations of the safety measurements during routine clinical care of laryngology patients. To fulfill this, universal aim, on the 2nd and 9th of May 2020, two web-based meetings were conducted by 20 expert physicians. This eighteen items list was prepared as an output.

Previous studies suggest that the implementation of universal precaution (UP) plays a role in reducing HIV stigma. In this study we investigate the efficacy of a stigma reduction intervention on UP compliance and explore whether UP compliance could potentially influence HIV stigma reduction in medical settings. A randomized controlled intervention trial was conducted in two provinces of China with 1760 healthcare service providers recruited from 40 county-level hospitals. Longitudinal analyses included data collection at baseline, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. Using a hierarchical modeling approach, we estimated the intervention effect for each provider's UP compliance and its potential mediating role on HIV stigma with the bootstrapping method. A significant intervention effect on UP compliance was observed at both the 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments. The intervention effect on provider avoidance intent was partially mediated by the provider's own UP compliance at the two follow-up points. This study provides evidence that UP compliance should be part of HIV stigma reduction programs, especially in resource-restrained countries. Findings suggest that a protected work environment may be necessary but not sufficient to address HIV stigma in medical settings.

Introduction: Rise of major Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) can be mitigated by inculcating good infection control practices which can only be possible by proper and timely educational training of healthcare workers. Aim: To reinforce infection prevention and control knowledge and practices of nursing staff through proper training program- To conduct the training in multiple sessions, to assess the immediate outcome of training program by conducting Pre and Post test (in written format only) Materials and Methods: This study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Davangere, Karnataka over a period of 2 years. Healthcare workers including 144 nurses and 12 doctors underwent training in four sessions where knowledge on how to identify, audit and conduct surveillance of major healthcare associated infections, management of needlestick injuries were imparted through interactive lectures and video demonstrations followed by hands on hand hygiene, proper use and disposal of personal protective equipments. Pre and Post test were given to know their basal knowledge and effect of our training intervention. Data was collected, analyzed and tabulated. Results: Out of four sessions covering a total of 144 nurses, 84 were trained before the onset of COVID-19 and remaining 60 were trained in the latter half of 2021, when the lockdown was relaxed in our region. The mean total Knowledge score in pre test and post test was 5.93 ± 1.336 and 7.95 ± 1.040. The mean difference was -2.021 and it was statistically significant by paired test. (p - 0.001). The mean total practice pretest and post test score was 3.57 ± 1.48 and 4.56 ± 1.114. Paired t test showed significant mean difference between the pretest and post test score. (p - 0.001). Conclusion: Our training intervention was effective in increasing their awareness on proper infection prevention and control practices. Repeated training and retraining of healthcare care workers have to be carried out to prevent and control healthcare associated infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess compliance with standard precautions by health professionals in two hospitals. Method: This is a descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, conducted in two hospitals in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The sample is composed of health professionals who work in health care. Study developed in the period between February 2019 and February 2020. In order to collect data, the we used: 1- Individual and professional information form; 2- Brazilian Portuguese version of the Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis tests. Results: The study was attended by 366 (100.0%) health professionals. The overall score of compliance with standard precautions was 13.4 (66.8%), ranging from 4 to 20. As for the average of the scores between the institutions, the professionals from hospital 1 had an average of 12.6 and those from hospital 2 showed a compliance of 13.6. Conclusions: Compliance with standard precautions among health professionals did not happen in its entirety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus has spread across the world. The COVID-19 pandemic could have a considerable psychological effect. We aimed to explore the role of media on the level of perceived infectability and germ aversion toward coronavirus infection of the public at early stage of the pandemic. Methods: In this study, 708 individuals who live in different geographical locations of the Duhok Governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan were included between March 16 and 25, 2020. Results: The mean age of the participants was 27.40 (18--74 years). The participants reported that traditional news services have a relaxing role regarding the coronavirus pandemic (58.3%) in contrast to a stressing role of social media (64.7%). The mean values of vulnerability, perceived infectability, and germ aversions to COVID-19 infection were 4.74, 3.99, and 5.49 of 7.0, respectively. Participants who considered social media to have a stressing role were more likely to be bothered when someone sneezes without covering their mouths (4.45 vs. 4.04; P = 0.044). In addition, they were more likely to think that they catch an infectious disease (3.89 vs. 3.51; P = 0.016), and have a less strong immune system to protect them from most illnesses (2.85 vs. 2.40; P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: This study showed that social media has a stressing role to the public regarding COVID-19 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dentists are at an increased risk of encountering cross-infections because of working in close proximity with oral mucosa and saliva making use of high-speed rotary instruments during treatment generating large amount of aerosols and splatter which in turn increases the probability of nosocomial spread of infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dentists after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted using Google Forms wherein a well-structured questionnaire composed of a total of 25 closed-ended questions was distributed among practicing dentists through online mode. Step-wise linear regression analysis was done to determine the influence of independent variables on the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores of the participants. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: On analyzing the results, multiple linear regression analysis revealed no significant difference in the knowledge scores among the participants, while good attitude and practice scores were significantly associated with higher qualification of the participants. Another noteworthy finding in the study was the significant correlation observed between the various components of the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among the participants (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded from the findings of the present survey that dentists were found to have good knowledge scores about the COVID-19 pandemic. They should, however, pay more emphasis on practicing tele-triaging and proper screening and should follow various guidelines and advisories issued from time to time by the competent authorities.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, with many nurses being infected, understanding compliance with standard precautions (SP) among nurses in Kazakhstan is crucial for improving infection prevention and control and preparedness for future emergencies. The study aimed to assess Kazakh nurses' SP compliance amid the COVID-19 pandemic and examine the factors associated with their compliance., Methods: Quantitative, cross-sectional design. This research surveyed 241 clinical nurses in Astana, Kazakhstan using a standardized tool from December 2021 to April 2022., Results: This study found 76.0% SP compliance among the nurses. The highest compliance was observed in the dimension "Decontamination of spills and used articles" (86.0% compliance rate), followed by "Use of protective devices" (83.5% compliance rate), "Prevention of cross-infection from person to person" (72.7% compliance rate), "Disposal of sharps" (65.4% compliance rate), and "Disposal of waste" (56.0% compliance rate). Nurses' age and educational qualification influences the nurses' SP compliance., Discussion: While the nurses' compliance rate in this study was moderate, specific areas warrant more attention, such as their compliance with proper waste and sharps disposal., Conclusions: This study highlighted the experiences of nurses in Kazakhstan on their compliance with SP during the pandemic., (Copyright © 2024 Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pubic symphysis separation is a rare complication after delivery, and severe obstetric traumatic pubic symphysis separation is even more rare. A case of perineal laceration caused by separation of pubic symphysis after vaginal delivery was retrospectively analyzed. The patient had severe laceration and avulsion of perineum, which reached to the right fornix, up to the pubic symphysis and anterior pelvic wall, the lower part of pubic symphysis was empty, and the separation of pubic symphysis was 78.37 mm. The patient could not change her body position. Considering the perineal laceration caused by severe obstetric traumatic pubic symphysis separation, the patients should be treated with reduction and internal fixation of pubic symphysis + vaginal examination + perineal laceration repair + cystoscopy under general anesthesia. The patients can be helped out of bed at 6 weeks postpartum. For severe obstetric traumatic pubic symphysis separation, reduction and internal fixation can quickly restore the anatomical of pelvis structure and promote rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Standard precautions are a basic strategy to prevent occupational exposure in prehospital emergency staff. The Health Belief Model (HBM)-based education can be used to promote and educate health behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the HBM-based education on infection control standard precautions in prehospital emergency technicians. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 84 prehospital emergency staff of Hamadan who were randomly assigned to two groups: Experimental (n: 42) and control (n: 42) using a cluster method. The data were collected by a researcher-developed questionnaire. Before education, the questionnaires were completed by both groups, and then three educational sessions were held for the experimental group within one month. Two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire and the data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: Before education, there was no significant difference in the mean scores on HBM constructs and performance between the two groups (p > 0.05). The results of the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) after educational intervention showed there was a significant difference in the mean scores of all constructs and performance between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: HBM-based educational intervention could affect the scores of the model's constructs and improve the use of standard precautions in emergency medical technicians. In-service training is recommended to be developed for the staff based on HBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]