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1. Olfactory outcomes in Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome

Author

Françoise, Lazarini, Annie, Lannuzel, André, Cabié, Vincent, Michel, Yoann, Madec, Hugo, Chaumont, Isabelle, Calmont, Mathilde, Favrat, Xavier, Montagutelli, Emmanuel, Roze, Pierre-Marie, Lledo, Marie-Noëlle, Ungeheuer, Perception et Mémoire / Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles-Guyane (CIC - Antilles Guyane), Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe] -CHU de Fort de France-Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon [Cayenne, Guyane Française], Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CHU Pointe-à-Pitre/Abymes [Guadeloupe], CHU de la Martinique [Fort de France], Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier]-Université de Montpellier (UM), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Génétique de la souris - Mouse Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), This study was funded and sponsored by CHU of Martinique (Zikasmell ancillary study of the CARBO cohort) and supported by the French Ministry of Health (Exceptional Support for Research and Innovation and Clinical Research Hospital Program, PHRC 2009 NCT01099852), REACTing (INSERM) and Institut Pasteur (GPF 2015 Microbes & Brain 'INFECSMELL')., Zikasmell working group: Françoise Lazarini, Annie Lannuzel, André Cabié, Isabelle Calmont, Sylvie Abel, Ornella Cabras, Athéna Marquise, Mathilde Pircher, Aïssatou Signate, Christelle Celeste, Hugo Chaumont, Angela Lackmy, Guillaume Lepage, Quentin Lobjois, Aimée Petit, Benoît Tressières, Natacha Teissier, Emmanuel Roze, Tan-Phuc Buivan, Laurine Conquet, Hélène Laude, Pierre-Marie Lledo, Yoann Madec, Estelle Mottez, Fabien Taieb, Marie-Noëlle Ungeheuer., Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière = Brain and Spine Institute (ICM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pathogénèse et contrôle des infections chroniques (PCCI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier (CHU Montpellier ), Etablissement français du don du sang [Montpellier], Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), and Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)

Subjects
olfactory threshold, Zika Virus Infection, hyposmia, COVID-19, Zika Virus, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Olfaction, Smell, Mice, Guillain Barré Syndrome, Zika, Neurology, Animals, Humans, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neurology (clinical)
Abstract

International audience; Background: Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Yet, little is known about the consequence of ZIKV infection on olfaction in humans. Methods: Just right before the COVID-19 outbreak, we prospectively investigated the olfacto-ry capacities of 19 patients with ZIKV-associated GBS from the French West Indies and com-pared them to 9 controls from the same population, with a GBS of similar severity but inde-pendent of Zika infection. To provide further evidence that ZIKV infection induces smell altera-tion, we investigated the consequences of ZIKV infection on olfactory abilities using a mouse model.Results: Patients with GBS-Zika+ had a poorer olfactory function than GBS-non-Zika, even one to two years after the acute phase. The proportion of patients with hyposmia was signifi-cantly higher in GBS-Zika+ than in GBS-non-Zika group (68.4% versus 22.2%, P=0.042). These deficits were characterized by lower threshold and identification scores and were inde-pendent from GBS severity. Additionally, ZIKV infection was found to impair olfaction in immu-nodeficient mice infected with ZIKV. High viral load was observed in their olfactory system and downstream brain structures. ZIKV promoted both cellular damages in the olfactory neuroepi-thelium and protracted inflammation of the olfactory bulb, likely accounting for smell alteration. Conclusions: Patients with ZIKV-related GBS had a poorer long-term olfactory function than patients with GBS-non-Zika and ZIKV-infected mice are hyposmic. These observations sug-gest that ZIKV belongs to the list of viruses affecting the olfactory system. Clinical evaluation of the olfactory system should be considered for ZIKV-infected patients.

Published
2022

2. Impact of booster vaccination on the control of COVID-19 Delta wave in the context of waning immunity: application to France in the winter 2021/22

Author

Paolo Bosetti, Cécile Tran Kiem, Alessio Andronico, Juliette Paireau, Daniel Levy-Bruhl, Lise Alter, Arnaud Fontanet, Simon Cauchemez, Modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses - Mathematical modelling of Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université (SU), Santé publique France - French National Public Health Agency [Saint-Maurice, France], Haute Autorité de Santé [Saint-Denis La Plaine] (HAS), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), We acknowledge financial support from the Investissement d’Avenir program, the Laboratoire d’Excellence Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases program (grant ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), HAS, Santé Publique France, the EMERGEN project (ANRS0151), the INCEPTION project (PIA/ANR-16-CONV-0005), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant 101003589 (RECOVER) and 874735 (VEO), AXA and Groupama., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016), European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), European Project: 874735,H2020-SC1-2019-Single-Stage-RTD,VEO(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), European Project: 874735,VEO, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)

Subjects
0303 health sciences, COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Epidemiology, Vaccination, Immunization, Secondary, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, 3. Good health, modelling, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Virology, Humans, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, France, Seasons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Rapid Communication, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract

Europe has experienced a large COVID-19 wave caused by the Delta variant in winter 2021/22. Using mathematical models applied to Metropolitan France, we find that boosters administered to ≥ 65, ≥ 50 or ≥ 18 year-olds may reduce the hospitalisation peak by 25%, 36% and 43% respectively, with a delay of 5 months between second and third dose. A 10% reduction in transmission rates might further reduce it by 41%, indicating that even small increases in protective behaviours may be critical to mitigate the wave.

Published
2022

3. Conditionality of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in European countries

Author

Nastassia Tvardik, Nina Gobat, Sarah Tonkin-Crine, Leonardo W Heyerdahl, Tamara Giles-Vernick, Marta Wanat, Sibyl Anthierens, Benedetta Lana, Muriel Vray, Herman Goossens, Anthropologie et écologie de l’émergence des maladies - Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), University of Oxford, University of Antwerp (UA), This project is part of the output from RECOVER (Rapid European COVID-19 Emergency Research Response), which has received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101003589, European Project: 101003589, H2020-SC1-PHE-CORONAVIRUS-2020,RECOVER(2020), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), and University of Oxford [Oxford]

Subjects
Vaccine safety, Mixed methods, Honesty, MESH: COVID-19, Socioeconomics, media_common, MESH: Aged, Vaccines, MESH: Middle Aged, Vaccination, Middle Aged, Europe, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, Molecular Medicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, COVID-19 Vaccines, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Adolescent, Short Communication, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), media_common.quotation_subject, Herd immunity, Competence (law), Young Adult, MESH: Cross-Sectional Studies, Political science, medicine, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, Vaccine hesitancy, Aged, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, SARS-CoV-2, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, MESH: Adult, Conditionality, MESH: Vaccination, MESH: Vaccines, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Human medicine, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology
Abstract

The COVID-19 vaccine rollout in recent months offers a powerful preventive measure that may help control SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nevertheless, long-standing public hesitation around vaccines has heightened public health concerns that vaccine coverage may not achieve desired public health impacts.This cross-sectional survey was conducted online in December 2020 among 7000 respondents (aged 18 to 65) in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Ukraine. The survey included open text boxes for fuller explanation of responses. Projected COVID-19 vaccine coverage varied and may not be sufficiently high among certain populations to achieve herd immunity. Overall, 56.9% would accept a COVID-19 vaccine, 19.0% would not, and 24.1% did not know or preferred not to say. By country, between 44% (France) and 66% (Italy) of respondents would accept a COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents expressed conditionality in open responses, voicing concerns about vaccine safety and mistrust of authorities. Public health campaigns must tackle these safety concerns.HighlightsMixed-method survey studied expected COVID vaccine uptake in 7 European countries.Projected COVID vaccine acceptance by country ranged from 44% to 66%.Explicit COVID vaccine acceptance or rejection was conditional.Study finds concerns about vaccine safety and authorities’ competence and honesty.Vaccine communications should address safety anxieties and target specific groups.

Published
2022

4. Cotrimoxazole versus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in HIV-infected pregnant women in Bangui, Central African Republic: a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Aude Boulay, Samuel Gondje, Marie Yvette Batoumbou Ketta, Mirdad Kazanji, Alexandre Manirakiza, Laura Tondeur, Valérie Briand, Lenaig Le-Fouler, Ghislain Géraud Banthas Bata, Muriel Vray, Abdoulaye Sépou, Eugène Serdouma, Jean Methode Moyen, Olga Sakanga, Jean Pierre Lombart, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes - Emerging Diseases Epidemiology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM), Ministry of Health [Bangui], Hôpital de l'Amitié [Bangui], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Bordeaux population health (BPH), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie et de Développement (ISPED)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fondation de France, Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Pasteur-Cnam Risques infectieux et émergents (PACRI), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, 030231 tropical medicine, Maternity hospitals, HIV Infections, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, Antimalarials, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Pregnancy, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Internal medicine, Hiv infected, Sulfadoxine, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination, parasitic diseases, medicine, Clinical endpoint, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Adverse effect, business.industry, Pregnant women, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, 3. Good health, Malaria, Placental infection, Central African Republic, Drug Combinations, Infectious Diseases, Pyrimethamine, Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic, [SDV.SP.PHARMA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences/Pharmacology, Parasitology, Female, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, medicine.drug, Prophylaxis HIV
Abstract

International audience; OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the MACOMBA (Maternity and Control of Malaria-HIV co-infection in Bangui) trial was to show that cotrimoxazole (CTX) is more effective than Sulphadoxine-Pyremethamine-IPTp (IPTp-SP) to prevent placental malaria infection (primary endpoint) among HIV-positive pregnant women with a CD4+ count ≥350 cells/mm(3) in Bangui, CAR.METHODS: MACOMBA is a multicenter, open-label randomized trial conducted in four maternity hospitals in Bangui. Between 2013 and 2017, 193 women were randomized and 112 (59 and 53 in CTX and IPTp-SP arms, respectively) were assessed for placental infection defined by microscopic parasitemia or PCR.RESULTS: Thirteen women had a placental infection: 5 in the CTX arm (1 by microscopic placental parasitemia and 4 by PCR) and 8 by PCR in the SP-IPTp (8.5% vs 15.1%, p = 0.28). The percentage of newborns with low birthweight (< 2500 g) did not differ statistically between the two arms. Self-reported compliance to CTX prophylaxis was good. There was a low overall rate of adverse events in both arms.CONCLUSION: Although our results do not allow us to conclude that CTX is more effective, drug safety and good compliance among women with this treatment favour its widespread use among HIV-infected pregnant women, as currently recommended by WHO.

Published
2021

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