Search

Microcapsules are being used in textile substrates increasingly more frequently, availing a wide spectrum of possibilities that are relevant to future research trends. Biofunctional Textiles is a new field that should be carefully studied, especially when dealing with microencapsulated essential oils. In the final step, when the active principle is delivered, there are some possibilities to quantify and simulate its doses on the skin or in the environment. At that stage, there is a phenomenon that can help to better control the delivery and the reservoir effect of the textile substrate. Depending on the chemical characteristics of the molecule to be delivered, as well as the structure and chemical nature of the fabric where it has been applied, there is physicochemical retention exerted by fibers that strongly controls the final rate of principle active delivery to the external part of the textile substrate. The study of this type of effect in two different substrates (cotton and polyester) will be described here regarding two different essential oils microencapsulated and applied to the substrates using padding technology. The experimental results of the final drug delivery demonstrate this reservoir effect in both essential oils, Postprint (published version)

A hydrophobic and lipophilic cotton fabric based on mussel-inspired chemistry was developed to improve surface durability. The surface morphology and wettability of the modified fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, and contact angle measurement. The water contact angle and surface wettability analysis showed that the modified cotton fabric had a water contact angle of 154.9°, and the modified cotton fabric could be driven by gravity to separate the mixture of oil and water and had good separation efficiency for different types of oil and water mixtures, which was equal to or greater than 97% on average. In addition, the oil/water separation flux could be controlled by adjusting the pore size of the modified fabric, The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Science and Technology Project of Keqiao District, Shaoxing City (Grant No. 2022JBGS111), and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Shaoxing University (Grant No. 2019LGGH1004), Postprint (author's final draft)

With the new environmental-friendly developments surrounding the industry and society, the use of new materials as carriers is becoming more important. In the case of essential oils and organic chemical substances, the role that cyclodextrins play is very important. The use of the Guest-host structures in the cone structure of ß-Cyclodextrins is very frequent in Pharmacy and Biochemical systems related to biomedical applications. In this work, we present a mini-review work suggesting possibilities of the application of the cyclodextrins characteristics to be used in the textile industry to achieve antibacterial, antimicrobial, or simply, aromatic properties longed in time, Postprint (published version)

The increased environmental presence of micro-/nanoplastics (MNPLs) and the potential health risks associated with their exposure classify them as environmental pollutants with special environmental and health concerns. Consequently, there is an urgent need to investigate the potential risks associated with secondary MNPLs. In this context, using “true-to-life” MNPLs, resulting from the laboratory degradation of plastic goods, may be a sound approach. These non-commercial secondary MNPLs must be labeled to track their presence/journeys inside cells or organisms. Because the cell internalization of MNPLs is commonly analyzed using fluorescence techniques, the use of fluorescent dyes may be a sound method to label them. Five different compounds comprising two chemical dyes (Nile Red and Rhodamine-B), one optical brightener (Opticol), and two industrial dyes (Amarillo Luminoso and iDye PolyPink) were tested to determine their potential for such applications. Using commercial standards of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPLs) with an average size of 170 nm, different characteristics of the selected dyes such as the absence of impact on cell viability, specificity for plastic staining, no leaching, and lack of interference with other fluorochromes were analyzed. Based on the overall data obtained in the wide battery of assays performed, iDye PolyPink exhibited the most advantages, with respect to the other compounds, and was selected to effectively label “true-to-life” MNPLs. These advantages were confirmed using a proposed protocol, and labeling titanium-doped PETNPLs (obtained from the degradation of milk PET plastic bottles), as an example of “true-to-life” secondary NPLs. These results confirmed the usefulness of iDye PolyPink for labeling MNPLs and detecting cell internalization, A. Villacorta was supported by PhD fellowships from the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID), from the CONICYT PFCHA/DOCTORADO BECAS CHILE/2020–72210237. L. Vela was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship from the Fundación Carolina. M. Morataya-Reyes hold a Ph.D. FI fellowship from the Generalitat de Catalunya. A. Hernández was granted an ICREA ACADEMIA award. I.H. Valido was supported by “Ayudas Margarita Salas para la formación de jóvenes doctores”, Ministerio de Universidades (Spain). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No. 965196. This work was also partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [PID2020-116789, RB-C43], and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2021-SGR-00731 and 2021-SGR-00723), Postprint (published version)

An efficient hydrophobic and lipophilic cotton fabric was designed for oil/water separation. ZIF-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8) nanocrystals were synthesized and subsequently uniformly mixed with a GO (graphene oxide) dispersion, and then the cotton fabric was immersed in a pre-crosslinked PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) solution and the mixture of ZIF-8 and GO to form rough and dense surface morphology and to achieve hydrophobic modification. Its surface morphologies, chemical structures, contact angles, and oil/water separation performances were characterized. The ability of prepared fabric with a separation efficiency was better than 95 % on average for various types of oil/water mixtures demonstrated the hydrophobic/oleophilic property, meanwhile, demonstrated a noteworthy degree of durability. It holds significant practical implications for the development of environmentally friendly and highly efficient materials for oil/water separation, The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Shaoxing University (Grant No. 2019LGGH1004), and the Research Start-up Foundation of Changzhou University (Grant No. ZMF24020048), Postprint (author's final draft)

This study presents fibers based on methacrylic acid–methyl methacrylate (Eudragit L100) as Cu(II) adsorbents, resulting in antimicrobial complexes. Eudragit L100, an anionic copolymer synthesized by radical polymerization, was electrospun in dimethylformamide (DMF) and ethanol (EtOH). The electrospinning process was optimized through a 22 -factorial design, with independent variables (copolymer concentration and EtOH/DMF volume ratio) and three repetitions at the central point. The smallest average fiber diameter (259 ± 53 nm) was obtained at 14% w/v Eudragit L100 and 80/20 EtOH/DMF volume ratio. The fibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The pseudo-second-order mechanism explained the kinetic adsorption toward Cu(II). The fibers exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (qe) of 43.70 mg/g. The DSC analysis confirmed the Cu(II) absorption, indicating complexation between metallic ions and copolymer networks. The complexed fibers showed a lower degree of swelling than the noncomplexed fibers. The complexed fibers exhibited bacteriostatic activity against Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. This study successfully optimized the electrospinning process to produce thin fibers based on Eudragit L100 for potential applications as adsorbents for Cu(II) ions in aqueous media and for controlling bacterial growth, This research was funded by “National Council for Scientific and Technological Development– CNPq” for financial support (grant 305579/2023-1). “This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001”. The authors thank the State University of Maringá (Complex Research Center— COMCAP) and Federal University of Technology (the multiuser laboratories at Apucarana and Londrina) for the performed analysis, Postprint (published version)

The article deals with the study of the performance of cotton fabrics coated with DOPO-HQ and Zr-based Metal-Organic Frameworks when exposed to fire. Cotton fibers are inherently flammable and exhibit low thermal stability, significant efforts have been made to develop additives or coatings that can improve the properties of cotton when exposed to fire and high temperatures FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure of the cotton fabrics both before and after the coating, while scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface morphology of the cotton and its combustion residues. In our experiments, we used flammability tests and thermogravimetric methods to understand the burning behavior of the coated fibers, as well as their thermal stability. The cotton fabrics coated with DOPO- HQ and Zr MOFs exhibited shorter combustion times, had better thermal degradation properties, promoted the creation of heat-insulating layers and exhibited improved smoke suppression behavior. The eco-friendly development of fire protection for cotton fabrics could substantially reduce fire hazards and extend evacuation time, The authors thank Marina Textil. Inc. (Spain) for research grant support and for supplying survey materials, Postprint (published version)

In accordance with the Circular Economy Package of the European directive, the Spanish government compels manufacturers of plastic bags to include into their products a minimum of 70% of polyethylene (PE) waste. Following this mandate can be challenging and requires a deep knowledge of the alterations produced by the recycling in the main components of a plastic bag film: lineal low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), the LLDPE recycled post-industry, generated as waste from an industrial process (rLLDPE) and the PE recycled from post-consumer use (rPE), that has been picked up, cleaned, and reprocessed. This study provides insight in the macro and microstructural changes produced by several cycles of recycling in these materials. Specimens in the form of film for supermarket bags formed with these polymers have been subjected to several recycling sequences. The process closely mimics industrial processes. Four cycles have been applied to the samples. The evolution of mechanical properties, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear and impact tests, shows an obvious decrease due to degradation that is not an impediment for practical use after the four cycles of recycling according to the main specifications defined by the producer. Colorimetric measurements reveal no significant variations in the color of the films. The results of the FTIR and TGA analysis show degradation phenomena and changes in crystallinity in branching and the apparition of crosslinking that are in consonance with the mechanical data. There is also a difference between both types of recycled PE. In general, rLLDPE is more affected by the recycling than rPE. According to our findings, the limiting property would be the tearing. By comparing these values with bags available in the market, manufactured from 70–80% recycled material, we can infer that while two reprocessing cycles can lead to good results, a maximum of four cycles of recycling is advisable, The manuscript is part of grant PID2021-126165OB-I00 founded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe by the European Union. ​We are significantly grateful for the work carried out by S. Fernández Ayala and E. Molina Salazar in the laboratories of the company Sphere Spain, Postprint (published version)

With the continuous development of the industry, oil spill accidents occur frequently. Oil/water separation materials are considered to be a major choice for the treatment of oily wastewater due to their flexible operation and low cost. Cotton fabrics are low-cost and environmentally friendly, which are used as substrates to prepare oil/water separation materials with quite competitive in the market. A large number of oil/water separation cotton fabrics with excellent properties have been frequently reported in recent decades. On the other hand, since the service life of these oil/water separation cotton fabrics is closely related to the thin layer covered on the surface, so in order to improve the practical applicability, substances such as dopamine and plant polyphenols that improve the adhesion of the thin layer to the surface of the material are introduced into the preparation process of these materials. On this basis, the research progress of super-hydrophobic cotton fabrics, super-hydrophilic/underwater super-oleophobic cotton fabrics, super durable oil/water separation cotton fabrics and intelligent response to oil/water separation fabric in recent years are reviewed, as well as their applications in the field of oil/water separation, The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Science and Technology Project of Keqiao District, Shaoxing City (Grant No. 2022JBGS111), and the International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Shaoxing University (Grant No. 2019LGGH1004), Postprint (author's final draft)

We investigated the performance of cotton fabrics coated with DOPO-HQ and Zr-based Metal–organic Frameworks when exposed to fire. The chemical structure of the cotton fabrics before and after the coating was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, and the surface morphology of cotton and their combustion residues was probed via scanning electron microscopy. In our experiments, we used flammability tests and thermogravimetric methods to understand the burning behavior of the coated fibers, as well as their thermal stability. The cotton fabrics coated with DOPOHQ and Zr MOFs exhibited shorter combustion times, had better thermal degradation properties, promoted the creation of heat-insulating layers, and exhibited improved smoke suppression behavior, Postprint (published version)

The environmental degradation of the films used in packaging is a key factor in their commercial use. Industrial and academic research is aimed at obtaining materials that have degradation features that ensure their eco-sustainability but, at the same time, preserve their use properties during storage and distribution periods. This study analyzes the degradability behavior over time of commercial packaging that meets the requirements of the UNE 13432 standard and the prEN 17427 (2020) home composting certification requirements under standard storage conditions. The study attempts to provide insight into the durability of the films under standard storage conditions, verifying that this type of packaging has a useful life of more than 12 months and that after this storage period it still retains the usability properties for which it was conceived. The analyzed sample has been manufactured using a three-layer technology under some commercial formulations based on PBAT + STARCH + PLA and has been analyzed monthly for 12 consecutive months. The macroscopic monitoring of the degradation of the sample has been carried out through the evolution of the mechanical properties and the quantification of the color changes (very important in films) via colorimetry. The nature of the observed variations has been justified at the microstructural level from the data obtained in calorimetric analysis (DSC) and from the characterization using FTIR. The results indicate a loss of properties in the tensile, elongation and impact tests and a behavior of stability or improvement in the tear properties of the film. Analyzing the microstructural changes, it is observed that the degradation of a hydrolytic and thermo-oxidative type occurs in the amorphous part of the film. The conclusion of this study is that the proposed packaging, focused on domestic composting and stored under standard conditions, has a useful life of more than 12 months. This period should be sufficient to cover the stage, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Ethylene Propylene Diene rubber (EPDM), is present in many applications. However, its crosslinked structure makes difficult its recycling. The use of devulcanized EPDM, (dEPDM) as a component of elastomeric composites, is a real possibility to reuse EPDM scraps. In this study, three matrices (natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and EPDM rubber) have been tested including devulcanized EPDM as a recycled component. The EPDM previously was devulcanized using a thermomechanical process followed by microwave irradiation. The resulting devulcanized EPDM was blended with the matrixes and then the new compound was vulcanized again. The samples showed a general increase of their mechanical properties and their thermal stability specially marked for NR and SBR. Compositions including about 40 phr dEPDM within the EPDM matrix exhibited a difference in their general behavior that it was manifested by a general decrease in properties compared with lower amounts of dEPDM. In order to further understand this behavior, the samples were analyzed in terms of cross-link density, swelling degree, and scanning electron microscopy. The study of the microstructure of the samples indicated that microagglomerates of dEPDM are formed inside the samples. In case of NR or SBR the agglomerates were very linked to the matrix through the covalent bonds established in the crosslinking process. In the case of the EPDM matrix, the agglomerates presented less interfacial cross-links. The cross-linking takes place preferentially within the dEPDM microdomains and this results in a relative decrease in mechanical properties and thermal stability when compared to NR and SBR, Authors thank the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, project reference PID2021-126165OB-I00, corresponding to the 2021 call for Knowledge Generation Projects 2021, Postprint (published version)

In this work, ground tire rubber (GTR) was thermo-mechanically treated in the presence of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers. During preliminary investigation, the effects of different SBS copolymer grades, the variable content of SBS copolymer on the Mooney viscosity, and the thermal and mechanical properties of modified GTR were determined. Subsequently, GTR modified by SBS copolymer and cross-linking agents (sulfur-based system and dicumyl peroxide) was characterized by assessment of rheological, physico-mechanical, and morphological properties. Rheological investigations showed that linear SBS copolymer, with the highest melt flow rate among studied SBS grades, was the most promising modifier of GTR, considering processing behavior. It was also observed that an SBS improves the thermal stability of the modified GTR. However, it was found that higher content of SBS copolymer (above 30 wt%) does not bring any effective changes and, for economic reasons, is inefficient. The results showed that samples based on GTR modified by SBS and dicumyl peroxide have better processability and slightly higher mechanical properties compared to samples cross-linked by a sulfur-based system. This is due to the affinity of dicumyl peroxide to the co-cross-linking of GTR and SBS phases, The authors are grateful for the research foundation of project WPC 2/SUSDEV4REC/2021, supported by the National Centre for Research and Development (Poland), and project 2021YFE0105200, supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (China), Postprint (published version)

Surface treatments for textile substrates have received significant attention from researchers around the world. Ozone and plasma treatments trigger a series of surface alterations in textile substrates that can improve the anchoring of other molecules or particles on these substrates. This work aims to evaluate the effect of ozone and plasma treatments on the impregnation of polymeric microcapsules containing lavender oil in polyester fabrics (PES). Microcapsules with walls of chitosan and gum arabic were prepared by complex coacervation and impregnated in PES, plasma-treated PES, and ozone-treated PES by padding. The microcapsules were characterized for their size and morphology and the surface-treated PES was evaluated by FTIR, TGA, SEM, and lavender release. The microcapsules were spherical in shape, with smooth surfaces. The FTIR analyses of the textile substrates with microcapsules showed bands referring to the polymers of the microcapsules, but not to the lavender; this was most likely because the smooth surface of the outer wall did not retain the lavender. The mass loss and the degradation temperatures measured by TGA were similar for all the ozone-treated and plasma-treated polyester samples. In the SEM images, spherical microcapsules and the impregnation of the microcapsules of larger sizes were perceived. Through the lavender release, it was observed that the plasma and ozone treatments interfered both with the amount of lavender delivered and with the control of the delivery., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

During laundering, synthetic textiles (polyester, polyamide, etc.) can release small fiber debris with a length of <5 mm. These are a type of microplastics (MPs), usually referred to as microfibers (MFs), which are considered high-concern pollutants due to their continuous and cumulative entrance into the environment. Currently, as far as we know, there are no feasible alternatives to remove them. In this work, four new and sustainable filtering systems are proposed to retain the MFs emitted from domestic washing machines. The filters contain a replaceable cartridge partially filled with recycled low-density polyethylene pellets. The four designed filtering systems of different sizes were tested in a household washing machine determining the retention efficiency of the MFs after several washing cycles. It was found that all four assessed filter arrangements have a good performance for retaining MFs from the washers’ effluents. Filter F1 (diameter of 4 cm and a height of 30 cm) started retaining more than 50% of the MFs, at the 10th washing cycle, the retention climbed to 66%, while in the 20th washing cycle, its retention was greater than 80%. MF retention was higher for filter F2 (diameter of 6.3 cm and a height of 41 cm), achieving a performance greater than 90% in the 20th washing cycle. Filter F3 was arranged by turning the F1 model flow upside down and the retention efficiency is higher compared with filter F1 values, reaching a retention efficiency of almost 100% in the 15th washing cycle. Finally, filter F4 arrangement was developed using the existing washing machine filter, obtaining better performance than the F1 and F2 filters, reaching efficiencies higher than 90% at the 20th washing cycle. In summary, depending on the arrangement, the microfiber retention efficiency was estimated between 52% and 86% in the 1st washing cycle and up to 83% to 99% in the 20th. Additionally, all arrangements demonstrated that the cartridges may last for more than 30 washing, This research was funded by the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2018_DI_022), Postprint (published version)

As a consequence of massive production and consumption of rubbers, rubber blends, and rubber composites for myriad applications, elastomeric products have enormously accumulated and become an environmental threat. The disposal and burning of rubber wastes have been banned because of environmental and economic reasons. By contrast, a great deal of attention has been directed toward strategies enabling recycling and reuse of rubbers. Basically, conventional recycling methods suffer from several drawbacks such as the formation of dust, fumes, and toxic gases in the air, as well as contamination of underground water resources. Thus, green and sustainable formulations and processing methods nowadays are of priority and importance. Taking advantage of sustainable development horizons, scientific and technological aspects of waste rubber management such as processing techniques, properties of the resulting products, industrial applications, and compatibilization with other materials such as thermoplastics, thermosets, and rubbers are herein reviewed and discussed. A particular emphasis is placed on reactive extrusion as a highly flexible in situ compounding method enabling innovations and taking care of sustainability concerns. Finally, the current status of green rubber recycling and future opening doors ahead of this technology are highlighted, M.R. Saeb acknowledges the financial support provided by the Gdańsk University of Technology, the DEC-1/2021/IDUB/I.1Pt grant under the Platinum Establishing Top-Class Research Teams—Excellence Initiative—Research University’ program. X. Colom thanks the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, project reference PID2021-126165OB-I00, corresponding to the 2021 call for Knowledge Generation Projects 2021., Postprint (author's final draft)

Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) is one of the most used polymers in the world. It is an elastomer, which means that the existing cross-linking between the main chains of the polymer created during the vulcanization process makes its recycling difficult. In this paper, a possible solution to this issue is studied. The devulcanization of EPDM is achieved by a thermomechanical process followed by microwave irradiation. These combined treatments suppress the cross-linking, yielding a material (EPDMd) that can be successfully blended to form composites. A common elastomer, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), has been selected as the matrix. The new SBR/EPDMd composites can be useful as elastomeric dielectric materials and can contribute to the recycling of the discarded EPDM. To provide a better understanding of their microstructure and its relationship with their micro- and macroscopic behavior, samples containing 20 and 40% of EPDMd have been tested by thermogravimetric and dielectric analysis, focusing on variables such as the thermal properties of the blends, permittivity, electric modulus, conductivity, and activation energies. The results show interesting changes linked to the presence of EPDMd in the SBR matrix, such as the displacement of the ß dielectric relaxation toward higher frequencies. The correct integration between the two phases is confirmed by the absence of any Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars type relaxation in their dielectric behavior. The presence of additives in the EPDMd samples has an effect on the conductivity, mainly due to the conductive aluminum silicate present in the EPDMd, which acts toward increasing some key dielectric features like conductivity and permittivity and decreasing the insulation of the final SBR/EPDMd materials. The inclusion of EPDMd also affects the a relaxations (low frequencies) and suppresses the ß relaxations (high frequencies). The samples showed a non-Debye dielectric behavior. In short, a compact and well-integrated mat, The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the next research groups to this research: Greeli-Grup de Recerca d’Enginyeria Elèctrica i Instrumentació from URV University and Polquitex and DILAB-Laboratori de física dels materials dielèctrics from UPC University. The authors thank the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, project reference PID2021-126165OB-I00, corresponding to the 2021call for Knowledge Generation Projects 2021, Postprint (published version)

Integrated medication delivery systems in biofunctional textiles can aid in the battle against vector-borne illnesses. Instead of using DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-methylbenzamide), which has drawbacks such toxic responses and skin damage, you can utilize repellents made from plants and oils. However, according to some experts, there are instances where essential oils are useless because of issues with uncontrolled release. This study looked at how citronella oil (OC) complexed with -cyclodextrin (CD) controlled the behavior of cotton (COT) and polyester (PES) textiles. The findings show that coating cotton and polyester with -cyclodextrin complexes enables control over the essential oil's release mechanism from the fabric. Optical microscopy, SEM, and FTIR were used to evaluate the complexes created; UV spectroscopy was used to determine the yield of complex formation; and controlled release was carried out in vitro. Oil complexation with CD had a yield of 63.79%, and it was found that when applied to textiles, the release, which had previously been measured in seconds, had changed to hours. The findings indicate that complexes, when modified with chemical crosslinking agents, appear to offer a potential basis for immobilizing oils and regulating their release, Postprint (published version)

Introduction: For some medical treatments associated with cancer, the invasion of organs is required, which must be done in a totally controlled way to obtain the expected results in the treatment. Today, most medical treatments make use of invasive therapies to combat the affected cancer tissues. Acting in this way also destroys those tissues not affected by the generation of tumor centers that confront the cancer tumor center to be treated. Methods: To ensure the objective of the treatment, doses of the drug to be administered in a little controlled and free via are used that are ultimately ineffective due to the high degradation of the active compound due to its non-existent stabilization and protection after its passage through the body and consequently possible episodes of phagocytization, responsible for the reticuloendothelial system. It is well known the side effects that one of the most promising anti-cancer molecules, doxorubicin, shows. This is a problem for its use, and one of the possibilities to avoid these desired behaviors, microencapsulation could be a possible approach. Result: Microencapsulation of drugs allows the design of micro-level structures capable of containing the active agent with sufficient protection and stabilization to be able to reach the target site with the highest possible concentration of drug to be able to be gradually released in its entirety and produce the desired effect in the therapy in a controlled way according to a previously studied kinetic profile, which will allow a type of treatment in which the therapy will be noninvasive due to the high degree of targeting selectivity that the microcapsule allows. Conclusion: The use of the amine groups present in the chitosan polymer's structure to increase or modify the molecular interactions with doxorubicin is a very interesting aspect that will be treated here. These interactions help to make possible the control and protection of the active principle, as it is shown in the q, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

The concern for the amount of end-of-life tires generated each year has arisen from constant research directed to their valorisation. Herein we propose a new material, which is constituted by GTR with a binder, as acoustic and also as a thermal insulator for civil engineering. The insulator can also include the fibre mat present in the tire, seldomly considered as a recyclable sub-product. To provide insight into the insulating behaviour of these materials, four mathematical models have been tested and compared with the experimental results of thermal conductivity. The Lewis-Nielsen modelization presented good accuracy with deviations of less than 3%. A statistical analysis has also been conducted on the experimental data showing that the parameter with more effect on thermal conductivity is thickness (differences up to 43%) being particle size, less important (ca 6%). In acoustic properties, different effects can be observed depending on the frequency range, being the density the most relevant. From the mathematical, statistical and experimental analysis can be deduced that good insulation properties would be achieved in materials with: low density, porous; including mat and thick. The effect of these parameters causes variations of thermal conductivity from 0.189 to 0.117 W/m·K and in sound absorption coefficient from 0.06 to 0.6, Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Authors thank the financial support from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, project reference PID2021-126165OB-I00, corresponding to the 2021 call for Knowledge Generation Projects 2021, Postprint (published version)

The objective of this work was to functionalize with microcapsules of untreated and treated polyester fabrics with plasma and ozone. Plasma treatment was carried out using a corona discharge at 200 W, 400 w and 800 W with a constant gap between electrode and roll of 4 mm. For ozone treatment, polyester samples were exposed for 20, 30, and 45 min to ozone production by low-pressure mercury lamps. After plasma or ozone, lavender oil microcapsules were immobilized onto fabric by a conventional pad–dry–cure process, using citric acid as a crosslinking agent. The microcapsules were produced by complex coacervation between chitosan and arabic gum, with lavender oil in emulsion. The release showed that the ozone on the surface of PET (polyester) increased the affinity for the microcapsules, resulting in a greater adhesion of the microcapsules and, as consequence, more amount of oil to be liberated. On the other hand, the effect of the plasma treatment was related to physical etching, without a chemical change, and does not interfere with the affinity of the microcapsule, whose external layer is a polar polymer. The delay in the oil release from PET treated with plasma can also be related to the pore formation, which could retain the microcapsules and difficult the release of the oil. Ozone proved to be a good surface treatment to enhance the functionalization of the textile substrate, so that the oil release with time can be greatly improved., Postprint (published version)

During the industrial processing of almond fruits tons of almond skins are generated. Valorization of blanched almond skin wastes by recovering natural polyphenols using water, instead of organic solvents, for direct application of aqueous baths for dyeing of wool fabrics was studied in this work. The results shown that it was possible to recover polyphenols from almond skins and use them as a dye for wool fibres. Kinetic of extraction was modelled by using diffusion based Chrastil model and Peleg’s empirical model obtaining excellent fit in both cases (R2>0.96). The amount of polyphenol extracted was enough to achieve correct direct dyeing with excellent washing, rubbing and perspiration fastness although the obtained shades are dull. Nevertheless, it was possible to achieve a better coloration by using ion(II) sulphate as mordant resulting in dyeings with reasonable good washing and rubbing fastness, Postprint (author's final draft)

Essential Oils (EOs) are a substance composed of two phases. A liquid and volatile substance that has aromatic, antibacterial, antioxidant. The properties of EOs are not new to humanity. Indeed, these began to take a role from the first civilizations (Egyptian civilization). Where EOs used as preservatives and flavourings. Nowadays, the use of the EOs is the same. Avoid the growth of bacteria and viruses (theoretical) in food, the contact surface (chairs of the bus), tables, fabrics (clothes). During these last years, the industrial world took the relevance of the microencapsulation technique. This technique pretends to capture the EOs to reach two main objectives. First, contain all his active compounds into a microcapsule to prevent the degradation of the environment. Second, release control into the media, contact surface, or fabrics. Microencapsulation is a beneficial technology to improve fields of biomedicine and the food industry. Besides, the impregnation of these microcapsules on fabrics can develop a lot of new properties. Indeed, the antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The amount of these properties requires an accurate and meticulous methodology. The formation of the microcapsules is very complicated to explain from one point of view. Therefore, it is necessary to collect all the available data. Nevertheless, the research count with very sophisticated equipment, which can provide us with very accurate results. Nanosizer, Spectrophotometer, SEM. The meaning of this research is to make sure if it is possible to control either the diffusion of the EOs and his chemist properties (diameter and morphology). Simple coacervation of microcapsules of ß-cyclodextrin (B-CD) with lavender (L) is the technique that we will follow at the beginning of this research. These simple microcapsules will be impregnated in different fabrics: Polyester (PET), Cotton (COT), and Polyamide (PA). After his impregnation, we must wait until dry in the ambient and make the drug d, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Oregano essential oil was encapsulated in poly-¿-caprolactone nanoparticles by a nanoprecipitation method using glycerin as a moisturizer. Nanocapsule characterization was performed by measuring the particle size, colloidal stability and encapsulation efficiency using dynamic light scattering, UV–Vis spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles had a mean particle size of 235 nm with a monomodal distribution. In addition, a low polydispersity index was obtained, as well as a negative zeta potential of -36.3 mV and an encapsulation efficiency of 75.54%. Nanocapsules were applied to polyester textiles through bath exhaustion and foulard processing. Citric acid and a resin were applied as crosslinking agents to improve the nanocapsules’ adhesion to the fabric. The adsorption, desorption, moisture content and essential oil extraction were evaluated to determine the affinity between the nanocapsules and the polyester. The adsorption was higher when the citric acid and the resin were applied. When standard oregano nanocapsules were used, almost all of the impregnated nanoparticles were removed when washed with water. The moisture content was evaluated for treated and non-treated textiles. There was a significant increase in the moisture content of the treated polyester compared to the non-treated polyester, which indicates that the polyester hydrophilicity increased with an important absorption of the essential oil nanocapsules; this can improve fabric comfort and probably promote antibacterial properties, Postprint (published version)

We report on the synthesis of Cu(bdc) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) using discarded polyester fabrics as a raw material and on the evaluation of these MOFs as antibacterial coatings. Discarded PET (polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics, of diverse colors, went through ethanolysis to produce disodium terephthalate, which after further treatment with hydrochloric acid yielded high-purity terephthalic acid. We used a solvothermal method to convert this terephthalic acid and copper nitrate into a Cu(bdc) metal–organic framework. The resulting Cu(bdc) MOFs were used to coat pristine polyester fabrics and the antibacterial activity of the coated fabrics against Escherichia coli was evaluated using ASTM2149-13a method. We used 1H-NMR and FTIR spectroscopy to confirm the chemical transformation from discard PET fibers to terephtalic acid, and XRD, SEM, dynamic light scattering, and FTIR to confirm the synthesis of the Cu(bdc) MOF. This study demonstrates the potential use of recycled textiles as raw materials to produce value-added compounds and how this process may enable a more circular approach for the textile industry, This study received funding from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), and Fundação Araucária, Postprint (author's final draft)

The goal of this research was the development of cellulose-based biodegradable drug delivery systems solutions for cosmetic mask applications. Cellulose-based materials derived from natural renewable sources provide a sustainable alternative to nonwoven cosmetic masks derived from nondegradable fossil-based raw materials. An experimental design was executed to assemble the 3D cellulose fibres matrix and the water in oil emulsion comprising the active molecules from Mentha piperita L. Two types of biopolymeric additives were used, one derived from a nano/micro fibrillated cellulose pulp and another one including chitosan. A 3D computational simulation study was performed to enhance porosity and strength properties. The results indicated that the cosmetic face mask optimized prototypes, made from a biodegradable 3D matrix of cellulose fibres and active molecules, are suitable for dermic use, Postprint (published version)

Microplastics (MPs, size < 5 mm) are among the most environmentally challenging pollutants. Their continuous and cumulative inflow or generation in the environment is what makes them drastically problematic. These pollutants can come from a wide variety of sources; hence, they are potential vectors that pose extensive risks to environmental and human health. Microfibers (MFs) are one type of MPs. Among the most well-known types of MFs are those detached from textile articles from household laundering or industrial processes. Currently, there are many ways to retain the MFs detached from textile articles. However, as far we know, there are no methods of valorizing the retained MFs. As such, we propose a novel and sustainable treatment method to immobilize MFs in a polymeric matrix, turning them into a composite. To determine the mechanical properties of the expected composites, different proportions of polyester MFs were mixed with low-density polyethylene, which is the material proposed for the immobilization of MFs. The results show that the optimum manufacturing composition was 10% (v/v) polyester MFs in the polymeric matrix. This composition improved some of the tensile mechanical properties of the polymeric matrix. Once the composites are obtained, these can be used for different purposes, This research was funded by the Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca del Departament d’Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2018_DI_022), Postprint (published version)

According to the Circular Economy Package promoted by the European directive, plastic bags companies must use in their formulations a percentage of polyethylene waste (industrial and/or domestic) greater than 70%. Following that regulation requires an understanding of its consequences in the final product from an industrial point of view. This manuscript analyzes the thermal and morphological changes related to the tear resistance of linear-low density polyethylene (LLDPE) samples from industrial waste generated by the company Sphere Spain subjected to the degradation produced by the recycling cycles. The process is analogue to the industrial, starts from samples in pellets then a film by blow extrusion is obtained (odd steps) and posteriorly this film is recycled to pellets again (even steps). The results obtained show that the LLDPE samples develop two crystalline structures (CS1 and CS2) which evolve differently through the recycling cycles with a tendency to decrease in crystallinity due to degradation that is not the same for the process of obtaining film or recycling to pellet. The molecules with a more linear structure and a longer chain break and branch. The more branched structure increases and tends to crosslinking. This leads to a decrease in tear strength in the longitudinal direction, which is not so evident in the transversal direction. The samples could admit four recycling cycles with and acceptable tear resistance. The longitudinal tear strength value decreases by 40% for each film and 20% in the case of tearing in the transverse direction. The results obtained in this research work show that the regulations included in the cited circular economy package can be applied in the manufacture of consumer bags, helping also to reduce the dependence of manufacturers on fluctuations in delivery by collapses in shippin, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

El propósito del presente trabajo pasa por analizar la permitividad y el factor de pérdidas tanto del polietile-no de alta densidad (HD-PE), como del compuesto de matriz polimérica (HD-PE)reforzado con neumáticos fuera de uso (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR), con el fin de demostrar su viabilidad como material aislante eléc-trico (dieléctrico). Como es sabido, la incorporación de negro de humo en un polímero permite modificar su conductividad, y cómo el GTR lleva un porcentaje significativo de negro de humo, algunas de las pro-piedades eléctricas del nuevo compuesto cambiaran significativamente con respecto al polímero que es altamente aislante. El estudio se centrará, en un rango de frecuencias y temperaturas aptas para demostrar la viabilidad de este nuevo compuesto en usos indus-triales, enfocándolo principalmente en el análisis de la Permitividad, ya que es una propiedad clave para los condensadores. No obstante, también se caracterizará el comportamiento térmico y estructural, haciendo especial énfasis en el rango de trabajo del condensador (por debajo de los 100ºC). Finalmente, con el análisis estructural, se pretende contribuir al conocimiento de estos materiales compuestos provenientes de reciclaje, y así, aprovechar su potencial de reutilización, haciéndolos atractivos para las empresas interesadas en su relación rendimiento/precio., The purpose of this work is to analyze the permittivity and the loss factor of both high-density polyethylene (HD-PE), as well as the polymer matrix composite (HD-PE) reinforced with end-of-life tires (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR), in order to demonstrate its viability as electrical insulating material (dielectric). As is known, the incorporation of carbon black in a polymer allows its conductivity to be modified, and since the GTR carries a significant percentage of carbon black, some of the electrical properties of the new compound will change significantly with respect to the polymer that is highly insulating. The study will focus on a range of frequencies and temperatures suitable to demonstrate the viability of this new composite in industrial uses, focusing mainly on the analysis of Permitivity, since it is a key property for capacitors. However, the thermal and structural behavior will also be characterized, with special emphasis on the capacitor working range (below 100ºC). Finally, with the structural analysis, it is inten-ded to contribute to the knowledge of these composite materials from recycling, and thus, take advantage of their potential for reuse, making them attractive for companies interested in their performance/price ratio., El propòsit del present treball passa per analitzar la permitivitat i el factor de pèrdues tant del polietilè d'alta densitat (HD-PE), com del compost de matriu polimèrica (HD-PE) reforçat amb pneumàtics fora d'ús (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR ), amb la finalitat de demostrar la seva viabilitat com a material aïllant elèctric (dielèctric). Com és sabut, la incorporació de negre de fum en un polímer permet modificar la seva conductivitat, i com el GTR porta un percentatge sig-nificatiu de negre de fum, algunes de les propietats elèctriques del nou compost canvien significativament respecte del polímer, que és altament aïllant. L'estudi es centrarà, en un rang de freqüències i temperatures aptes per demostrar la viabilitat d'aquest nou compost en usos industrials, enfocant principalment en l'anàlisi de la Permitivitat, ja que és una propietat clau per als condensadors. No obstant això, també es caracteritzarà el comportament tèrmic i estructural, fent especial èmfasi en el rang de treball d’un condensador (per sota dels 100 º C). Finalment, amb l'anàlisi estructural, es pretén contribuir a el coneixement d'aquests materials compostos provinents de reciclatge, i així, aprofitar el seu potencial de reutilització, fent-los atractius per a les empreses interessades en la seva relació rendiment/preu., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

In last decades, there has been an interest in using biogenic wastes and by-products as fillers or reinforcements to produce polymer composites. Hence, new composites materials based on a blend of biogenic chicken feathers (CFs) and polypropylene (PP) are proposed in this work and compared, from the environmental point of view, with currently used materials as neat PP and PP reinforced with glass-fibres (PP-GF). A Cradle-to-Grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed in order to compare the environmental impact of these three materials when being used either for automotive or stationary applications. The mechanical properties of each material were taken into account to calculate the equivalent mass of each industrial application and the use phase and end of life (EoL) were included in the LCA study. The results showed that, for automotive applications and for all the materials studied (PP-GF, PP-CFs and PP) the use phase has a great contribution to the environmental impact categories considered, proving that the new developed material based on CFs (PP-CFs) would be appropriate for stationary applications but not for mobile applications as automotive ones. In addition, the EoL scenario considered, i.e. incineration with energy recovery, has proven to provide extra environmental credits, Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Project ref. MAT2015-65392-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER), Postprint (published version)

A pesar de tratarse de ámbitos, a priori muy distintos, las capacidades de modificación de las estructuras textiles mediante la aplicación de la Nanotecnología presentan unas posibilidades muy prometedoras. En este artículo, se va a realizar una descripción de diversos experimentos que se han realizado en algodón. Aún tratándose de una fibra natural, con características muy peculiares, la modificación que permite la aplicación de modificaciones a escala más pequeña, permite ofrecer diversas opciones como retardante de llama, hidrofobicidad controlada, o hacerla actuar como sustrato de tipo activo, Postprint (published version)

This article refers to the chemical recovery of cellulose from fabrics composed of Cotton (CO)/Polyester (PES) achieved using Ionic Liquids (ILs). Initially, the effect of ionic liquids on the surface of the textile is analyzed, determining the influencing factors related to the entry of IL inside the textile and the chemical mechanism that controls the system. This work considers the influence of the time, ratio, and temperature variables on the system, with the aim of defining which of them has a greater influence on the process. The ability of ionic liquids, specifically 1-Allyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride (AmimCl), to dissolve cellulose and subsequently regenerate the material through a simulation of the wet spinning process is evaluated. The responsible for the fiber’s inflation, water or DMSO, has also been another factor of study, analyzing the influence of each solvent and the interactions when in contact with the ionic liquid. Finally, the regenerated substance is characterized by its surface structure using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), its molecular structure by Infrared Spectroscopy Analysis (FTIR), and its thermal stability by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::9 - Indústria, Innovació i Infraestructura, Postprint (published version)

Enzymatic scouring of cotton has established itself (slowly) as a green alternative to alkaline scouring in the textile industry, mostly due to more environmentally friendly processing at lower pH and temperatures and its less aggressive action on the cotton fibers. However, among other limitations, enzyme costs have contributed to impeding its wide acceptance and use. For the first time, in this study, the recycling of the bioscouring bath was evaluated, unlike most current bioscouring that is performed using fresh enzyme solution. Bioscouring of raw knitted cotton fabric was carried out for 30 min with a commercial pectinase (BioPrep® 3000L) at 55 °C and pH 8.5. About 89% of the recovered pectate lyase-containing scouring bath was completed with 11% of fresh enzyme solution and reused in a new bioscouring process under the same conditions. Up to ten reuse cycles were possible maintaining the level of pectin removal and without significant loss in quality of subsequent dyeing. A detailed analysis of the pretreated fabrics is presented. Reusing the scouring bath, reducing the intensive consumption of input materials (enzyme, water, and chemicals) and wastewater generation can be possible, making bioscouring a more attractive and sustainable technique. The process demonstrated is promising and its industrial application is feasible, Postprint (published version)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for the development of fire barriers for flammable materials. Accordingly, zirconium-based metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF), branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI), and vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) were deposited to produce composites assembled on cellulosic fibers to investigate their barrier effects. The structure, morphology, and thermal properties of the cellulosic fibers were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and TGA. Compared with the untreated cotton sample, the temperature of the maximum rate of weight loss (Tmax) of C-Zr-MOF/BPEI/VTES increased from 479 to 523.3 °C and the maximum weight loss rate (Rmax) at Tmax decreased from 37.6 to 17.2 wt%/min. At 800 °C, the pristine cotton was burned out without residues whereas the residual char content of the C-Zr-MOF/BPEI/VTES sample was 7.2355 wt%. From the vertical burning tests, the results suggested that the C-Zr-MOF/BPEI/VTES sample had better barrier effects by reducing the flame-spread speed and generating more protective char layers., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline nanostructures formed by a metal interspersed by an organic binder. These metal-organic materials are examples of nanomaterials applied to textile material in search of new functionalized textiles. Cotton is a cellulosic fiber of great commercial importance, and has good absorption capacity and breathability; however, due to these characteristics, it is susceptible to the development of microorganisms on its surface. This work aims to analyze how the direct synthesis of HKUST-1 in cotton fabric modifies the chemical and physical properties. The material obtained was characterized by scanning electron microscopy to obtain its morphology, by spectrophotometry CIE L*a*b* to verify the color change, by a biological test to verify its resistance to microorganisms and, finally, by a unidirectional traction test to verify the change in its mechanical resistance. Thereby, it was possible to observe the formation of MOFs with the morphology of nanorods, and also, with regard to HKUST-1 in the cotton fabric, when applied, an elimination percentage higher than 99% was observed for both bacteria, E. coli and S. aureus. The presence of MOF was detected even after washing, however, the loss of 75% in the mechanical resistance of the material makes its potential for textile finishing unworkable., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Raw hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was subjected to alkaline delignification with the application of NaOH ranging from [0.125M] to [1M] for times from 5 to 480¿min. Lignin contents of the original and delignified samples were determined. The samples were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under a N2 atmosphere with temperatures ramped from 25 to 600¿°C at 10¿°C min-1. Lignosulfonates samples of low, medium and high molecular weight were subjected to the same TGA and showed that lignin decomposed over the entire temperature range. The contributions of lignin to the mass loss during thermal decomposition of hemp and kinetics of lignin content and the most relevant TGA results were determined. Regression models estimating the lignin content of the fibers based on TGA results were formulated. These models allow for the prediction of mean lignin content within ± 0.1% (based on dry weight of pulp) in the central range of the experimental field, info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/1PE/MAT2016-79352-R, Postprint (author's final draft)

In this work, GTR/thermoplastics blends (in ratio 50/50 and 75/25 wt.%) were prepared by melt-compounding in an internal mixer. During research, trans-polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC), and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), were used in their thermoplastic phase. Microstructure and processingperformance property interrelationships of the studied materials were investigated by: atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rubber process analyzer (RPA), Mooney viscometer, plastometer, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile tests and swelling behavior. In blends of thermoplastics with a high content of GTR (50 and 75 wt.%), the thermoplastic modifier type had a significant impact on the processing behavior and microstructure of blends. In terms of the physico-mechanical properties, the GTR/thermoplastics ratio affected elongation at break, hardness, and density, while its effect on tensile strength was negligible. DSC analysis showed that thermoplastics, as modifiers of GTR, should be considered as binders and not plasticizers, as reflected in the almost constant glass-transition temperature of the blends. RPA measurements indicated higher values of G* and ¿* for GTR-rich blends. SEM showed a rubber-like interfacial break, while AFM confirmed interfacial contact between GTR and thermoplastics, Postprint (published version)

Incorporation of residua into polymeric composites can be a successful approach to creating materials suitable for specific applications promoting a circular economy approach. Elastomeric (Ground Tire Rubber or GTR) and biogenic (chicken feathers or CFs) wastes were used to prepare polymeric composites in order to evaluate the tensile, acoustic and structural differences between both reinforcements. High-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) polymeric matrices were used. EVA matrix defines better compatibility with both reinforcement materials (GTR and CFs) than polyolefin matrices (HDPE and PP) as it has been corroborated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), termogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, composites reinforced with GTR showed better acoustic properties than composites reinforced with CFs, due to the morphology of the reinforcing particles, Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

The hydrophilicity of fibers is directly related to the comfort of a fabric and represents one of the most important aspects of a textile. Therefore, polyester (PES) modification has focused on an increase in moisture content and a subsequent improvement of the user’s experience. Based on the glycerol hygroscopic properties, the main objective has been the enhancement of the hydrophilicity of polyester by glycerol treatments. Furthermore, microwave irradiation and alkaline treatment have been applied, in order to increase glycerol adhesion. Treated PES samples were characterized by performing moisture content, negative ion, water diffusion and water vapor resistance analyses. The effect of different treatment conditions such as bath ratio (1/10 or 1/15), temperature (40, 60 or 100 ¿C), time (2 or 5 min) and microwave radiation intensity (300 or 500 W) was evaluated. The moisture content of treated PES results indicated that by decreasing the bath ratio and increasing the time and temperature the moisture gain can reach almost 14%, which can be easily related to increases in the weight of the fiber. The treatment with alkali was done and led to the highest moisture increase. Treatment with 500 W microwave irradiation led to higher glycerol retention after rinsing. Different experimental conditions were applied to the glycerol-treated PES fabrics, and a clear improvement in moisture content was obtained increasing the comfort. The results were compared with the ones obtained for cotton and wool, where the moisture is higher than non treated PES, Postprint (published version)

Polyester fibers (PES) are the most consumed textile fibers due to their low water absorption; non-ionic character and high crystallinity. However, due to their chemical structure, the chemical interactions between polyester, finishing products, and dyes are quite challenging. We report on the use of ozone to modify the surface of polyester fibers with the goal of improving the interaction of the modified surface with finishing compounds and dyes. We used C.I. Disperse Yellow 211 to dye ozone-treated polyester fabrics and evaluated the effects of ozone treatment using FTIR-ATR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM imaging, rubbing tests, and capillarity measurements. We evaluated the dyeing performance via color analysis, and determined the dyeing kinetics. Experimental results indicate that the modification of polyester fabrics with ozone is a feasible pre-treatment that improves dyeing efficiency allowing better solidity of color and a decrease in the amount of dye required, This research was funded by Golden Technology LTDA, Postprint (published version)

Postprint (author's final draft)

Waste from pneumatic wheels is one of the major environmental problems, and the scientific community is looking for methods to recycle this type of waste. In this paper, ground tire rubber particles (GTR) from disused tires have been mixed with samples of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and morphological tests have been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the dynamic electric analysis (DEA) dielectric characterization technique using impedance spectroscopy. From this experience, how GTR reinforcement influences polyethylene and what influence GTR particles have on the branched polyethylene has been detected. For pure LDPE samples, a Debye-type dielectric behavior is observed with an imperfect semicircle, which depends on the temperature, as it shows differences for the samples at 30 ¿C and 120 ¿C, unlike the HDPE samples, which do not show such a trend. The behavior in samples with Debye behavior is like an almost perfect dipole and is due to the crystalline behavior of polyethylene at high temperature and without any reinforcement. These have been obtained evidence that for branched PE (LPDE) the Maxwell Wagner Sillars (MWS) effect is highly remarkable and that this happens due to the intrachain polarization effect combined with MWS. This means that the permittivity and conductivity at LDPE/50%GTR are high than LDPE/70%GTR. However, it does not always occur that way with HDPE composites in which HDPE/70%GTR has the highest values of permittivity and conductivity, due to the presence of conductive fraction (Carbon Black-30%) in the GTR particles and their dielectric behavior, Postprint (published version)

Postprint (published version)

In this work, conventional sulfur and two types of organic peroxides (dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and di-(2-tert-butyl-peroxyisopropyl)-benzene (BIB)) curing systems were used to investigate the possibility for tailoring of the performance properties of GTR/NBR blends reinforced with a variable content of highly dispersive silica (0–30 phr). The curing characteristics, static mechanical and acoustical properties, swelling behavior, thermal stability, and microstructure of the prepared composites were investigated. The results show that regardless of the curing system used, increasing the content of highly dispersive silica resulted in the improvement of the mechanical properties of the studied materials. It was observed that sulfur-based systems are the best choice in terms of cross-linking efficiency determined based on torque increment and cross-link density parameters. However, further analysis of the physico-mechanical properties indicated that the cross-linking efficiency does not match the performance of specimens, and the materials obtained using organic peroxides show higher tensile properties. This is due to the improved physical interactions between the GTR/NBR matrix and highly dispersive silica when using peroxide systems. It was confirmed using the analysis of the Wolff activity coefficient, indicating the enhanced synergy, Postprint (published version)

The ease of cultivation, structure and properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), provide it a great potential for industrial applications; nevertheless, the unfavourable high content of lignin complicates its processing, especially in the textile area. An appropriate knowledge of the delignification process would lead to treat hemp fibres as cotton fibres. In this work, hemp has been treated chemically with an alkaline bath with sodium hydroxide [1M], liquor ratio 1/15, during different times at 110 °C. Then, the content of lignin of the treated fibres was determined with the methodology of Tappi T222 om-15 standard and subsequently, the samples were analysed by thermogravimetry (TGA). Through the correlation analysis, the relationship between lignin content, onset temperature of cellulose decomposition and loss of mass of the different decomposition steps were found. Finally, the kinetics of alkaline hemp delignification by using the residual lignin after chemical treatments, and the kinetics of the different decomposition steps was determined, Postprint (published version)

The recycling and disposal of disused tires is a topic of great concern to today’s companies, researchers, and society in general. In this sense, our research aims to recycle end-of-life tires (GTRs) through the separation of the fraction of vulcanized rubber from the other compounds in order to later grind this fraction and separate it into lower particle sizes. Finally, we aim to incorporate these GTR particles as a filler of an ethylene-polyethylene-diene monomer (EPDM). The obtained composites with EPDM and GTR are tested (5%, 10%, 20%) comparing these values with neat EPDM as a control sample. Thermal tests such as differential calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as well as dielectric tests (DEA) are performed in order to characterize these materials and check their viability as dielectric or semiconductor, for industrial use. It is checked how the presence of GTR increases functional properties such as conductivity/permittivity. The influence of temperature (40 to 120 °C) and addition of GTR particles in electrical properties has also been analyzed. The dielectric behavior of these composites is fully characterized, analyzing the different types of relaxation with increasing frequency (10 mHz to 3 MHz), using the electric modulus, and Argand diagrams among other measures. The influence of GTR and temperature in the dielectric and thermal behavior of these materials has been analyzed, where CB of GTR creates interfacial polarization phenomena in the dielectric behavior of the composite and increases the permittivity (real and imaginary) as well as the conductivity. Finally, with these obtained properties, the possible application of EPDM/GTR composites as industrial dielectrics has been studied, Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)