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One of the crucial issues in developing nations is diminishing the yield gaps. Therefore, accurate yield gap estimation has many real-world uses for increasing crop production. Utilizing comparative performance analysis (CPA) techniques, the yield gap of wheat fields was evaluated in this study. In Varamin, Tehran Province, Iran, data on 104 wheat fields were collected between 2018 and 2020 and every aspect of wheat field management has been documented. The CPA model determines the yield gap’s contributing factors and potential yield. The results of data analysis revealed that the production ranged from 2600 to 7600 kg ha−1. The CPA method predicted a potential yield of 9316 kg ha−1 and found a yield gap of 3748 kg ha−1; this amount was 40.23% of the potential yield. Leaf chlorophyll (29%), irrigation at stem extension (9%), LAI (7.7%), soil salinity (8.2%), field area (16.3%), phosphorus consumption (6%), nitrogen utilized at the stage of tillering (16%), and HI (7.8%) all contributed to the yield gap in the CPA. It has been said that the computed yield in CPA is a potential yield that can be reached. CPA is a cheap and straightforward tool that could identify yield gaps and their causes in a district without the need for costly experiments. Therefore, developing nations with significant efficiency and yield gaps can use these techniques effectively.

Xerophilic subshrubs exhibit multiple functional types and frequently show hydrological niche segregation. In the poorly studied Irano-Turanian gypsum deserts, knowledge of the ecohydrological strategies of different plant species is essential to understand community complexity in these vulnerable ecosystems. We studied the ecohydrological strategies of five co-existing subshrub members of Caryophyllales, ascertaining if their rooting architecture, gypsum affinity or photosynthetic pathway determined their water uptake, and if gypsum crystallisation water could be a relevant water source for plants in different seasons. We conducted soil and xylem sampling for isotope analyses in spring and summer and extracted water by cryogenic vacuum distillation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions were determined and compared with visual representation and Bayesian Mixing Models to determine species ecohydrological strategies. Species – season interactions were related to differences in xylem sap isotopic composition. Three basic strategies relying on contrasting the use of free topsoil moisture and deep soil water could be detected and were in part explained by rooting architecture. Plant gypsum affinity and photosynthetic pathways did not have a significant effect on the water sources used by the plants. Ecohydrological niche segregation was explained partly by rooting architecture and species-specific traits. Gypsum crystallisation water was not used in summer by the studied species.

[Background] Xerophilic subshrubs exhibit multiple functional types and frequently show hydrological niche segregation. In the poorly studied Irano-Turanian gypsum deserts, knowledge of the ecohydrological strategies of different plant species is essential to understand community complexity in these vulnerable ecosystems., [Aim] We studied the ecohydrological strategies of five co-existing subshrub members of Caryophyllales, ascertaining if their rooting architecture, gypsum affinity or photosynthetic pathway determined their water uptake, and if gypsum crystallisation water could be a relevant water source for plants in different seasons., [Methods] We conducted soil and xylem sampling for isotope analyses in spring and summer and extracted water by cryogenic vacuum distillation. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions were determined and compared with visual representation and Bayesian Mixing Models to determine species ecohydrological strategies., [Results] Species – season interactions were related to differences in xylem sap isotopic composition. Three basic strategies relying on contrasting the use of free topsoil moisture and deep soil water could be detected and were in part explained by rooting architecture. Plant gypsum affinity and photosynthetic pathways did not have a significant effect on the water sources used by the plants., [Conclusions] Ecohydrological niche segregation was explained partly by rooting architecture and species-specific traits. Gypsum crystallisation water was not used in summer by the studied species.

In this paper, we construct, using computations withMagma, a ternary code C from a primitive permutation representation of degree 15 of the group PSL2(9) by Key-Moori Method 1. The code C is an optimal code invariant under the group S6. We consider the action of the automorphism group S6 on C and its dual. By taking the support of any codeword ? of weight l and orbiting it under S6, 1-(15, l, kl) designs are obtained, where kl = l|?S6 |/15. For any codeword, the structure of the stabilizer in S6 is determined and primitivity of S6 on each design is examined. It is shown that the complement of one of these designs is actually a new design D with parameters 2-(15, 7, 36). Moreover, Aut(D) ? S6.

Xanthomonas arboricola comprises a number of economically important fruit tree pathogens classified within different pathovars. Dozens of nonpathogenic and taxonomically unvalidated strains are also designated as X. arboricola, leading to a complicated taxonomic status in the species. In this study, we have evaluated the whole-genome resources of all available Xanthomonas spp. strains designated as X. arboricola in the public databases to refine the members of the species based on DNA similarity indexes and core genome-based phylogeny. Our results show that, of the nine validly described pathovars within X. arboricola, pathotype strains of seven pathovars are taxonomically genuine, belonging to the core clade of the species regardless of their pathogenicity on the host of isolation (thus the validity of pathovar status). However, strains of X. arboricola pv. guizotiae and X. arboricola pv. populi do not belong to X. arboricola because of the low DNA similarities between the type strain of the species and the pathotype strains of these two pathovars. Thus, we propose to elevate the two pathovars to the rank of a species as X. guizotiae sp. nov. with the type strain CFBP 7408T and X. populina sp. nov. with the type strain CFBP 3123T. In addition, other mislabeled strains of X. arboricola were scattered within Xanthomonas spp. that belong to previously described species or represent novel species that await formal description.

Salt marshes are unique habitats between sea or saline lakes and land that need to be conserved from the effects of global change. Understanding the variation in functional structure of plant community along environmental gradients is critical to predict the response of plant communities to ongoing environmental changes. We evaluated the changes in the functional structure of halophytic communities along soil gradients including salinity, in Iranian salt marshes; Lake Urmia, Lake Meyghan, Musa estuary, and Nayband Bay (Iran). We established 48 plots from 16 sites in four salt marshes and sampled 10 leaves per species to measure leaf functional traits. Five soil samples were sampled from each plot and 30 variables were analyzed. We examined the changes in the functional structure of plant communities (i.e., functional diversity [FD] and community weighted mean [CWM]) along local soil gradients using linear mixed effect models. Our results showed that FD and CWM of leaf thickness tended to increase with salinity, while those indices related to leaf shape decreased following soil potassium content. Our results suggest that the variations in functional structure of plant communities along local soil gradients reveal the effect of different ecological processes (e.g., niche differentiation related to the habitat heterogeneity) that drive the assembly of halophytic plant communities in SW Asian salt marshes.

One of the current major trends in the media industry is customer value co-creation. User participation can significantly affect news media organisations. This study examines the impact of value co-creation on the loyalty, satisfaction, and behavioural tendencies of media consumers, using a survey of users of My Fars news platform. The conceptual model of this study is developed and tested by using survey data from 283 users of the news campaign in Fars News and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) is employed to simultaneously test the hypothesized relationships. The results show that user participation in value co-creation significantly affects their satisfaction, loyalty, and behavioural tendencies., Una de las principales tendencias actuales en la industria de los medios de comunicación es la cocreación de valor para el cliente. La participación de los usuarios puede afectar significativamente a las organizaciones de medios informativos. Este estudio examina el impacto de la co-creación de valor en la lealtad, la satisfacción y las tendencias de comportamiento de los consumidores de medios de comunicación, utilizando una encuesta de los usuarios de la plataforma de noticias My Fars. El modelo conceptual de este estudio se desarrolla y prueba mediante el uso de datos de encuestas de 283 usuarios de la campaña de noticias en Fars News y se emplea el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (MES o SEM, por sus siglas en inglés) para probar simultáneamente las relaciones hipotetizadas. Los resultados muestran que la participación de los usuarios en la co-creación de valor afecta significativamente su satisfacción, lealtad y tendencias de comportamiento.

Social media plays important role in many aspects of organizational life, and have become increasingly important in recruitment decisions. The purpose of this study is to understand the key issues in the use of digital footprint in recruitment, by using theme analysis as the research method, 10 managers of human resource department at Iranian banks who were responsible for recruiting of employees were interviewed. Nine themes emerged from the analysis: (a) Digital footprint usage enhances the complexity of employment processes, (b) The use of digital footprint in employment processes leads to the optimization and acquiring visions with regard to job applicants, (c) The impact and significant positive role of social media on maintaining employees, (d) Connecting networks available on social media lead to detection of reciprocal opportunities and bridging among job applicants and employers, (e) The role and desired implication of social media in post-employment processes, (f) The need for updating the knowledge of HR managers with respect to the continuous changes in environmental conditions , (g) The necessity of offering an opportunity to job applicants in high level posts within an organization to explain the negative results of information collected from applicant’s digital footprint on cyber space, (h) The need for measuring the accuracy of information collected from social media, (i) The necessity of educating, culture-building and creating the essential infrastructures for social media use in the society and among employees. The results of this study provide insight to effects of digital footprints on recruitment decisions, reduction of disciplinary actions and firing of employees, Los medios sociales desempeñan un papel importante en muchos aspectos de la vida organizacional y se han vuelto cada vez más importantes en las decisiones de reclutamiento de personal. El propósito de este estudio es comprender los asuntis clave en el uso de la huella en Internet en el proceso de reclutamiento, mediante el análisis del tema como método de investigación, se entrevistaron 10 gerentes del departamento de recursos humanos de bancos iraníes que fueron responsables del reclutamiento de empleados. Nueve temas surgieron del análisis: (a) el uso de la huella en Internet aumenta la complejidad de los procesos de empleo; (b) el uso de la huella en Internet en los procesos de empleo conduce a la optimización y la adquisición de visiones con respecto a los solicitantes de empleo; (c) el impacto y el importante papel positivo de las redes sociales en el mantenimiento de los empleados; (d) la conexión de las redes disponibles en las redes sociales conduce a la detección de oportunidades recíprocas y a la construcción de puentes entre los solicitantes de empleo y los empleadores; (e) la función y la implicación deseada de las redes sociales en los procesos posteriores al empleo; (f) la necesidad de actualizar el conocimiento de los gerentes de recursos humanos con respecto a los cambios continuos en las condiciones ambientales; (g) la necesidad de ofrecer una oportunidad a los solicitantes de empleo en puestos de alto nivel dentro de una organización para explicar los resultados negativos de la información recopilada a través de la huella en Internet del solicitante en el ciberespacio; (h) la necesidad de medir la precisión de la información recopilada de las redes sociales; (i) la necesidad de educar, construir cultura y crear las infraestructuras esenciales para el uso de las redes sociales en la sociedad y entre los empleados. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información sobre los efectos de las huellas en Internet en las decisiones de reclutamiento

This article uses the game theory, more specifically multiple prisoner’s dilemma game, to analyze why Iranians refused to give up on receiving public subsidies in April 2014, in spite of frequent requests of the government. Sample of study consists of two main groups: the ones who were not dependent on government subsidy but were applying for it; and the ones who did not depend either but had fraudulently pretended to depend on government subsidy. some suggestions are presented such as to define chicken game and not prisoner’s dilemma game as the main game., Este artículo utiliza la teoría de juegos, más específicamente el juego múltiple del dilema del prisionero, para analizar por qué los iraníes se negaron a renunciar a recibir subsidios públicos en abril de 2014, a pesar de las frecuentes solicitudes del gobierno. La muestra de estudio consta de dos grupos principales: los que no dependían del subsidio del gobierno, pero que lo solicitaban; y los que tampoco dependían, pero habían fingido fraudulentamente depender del subsidio del gobierno. Se presentan algunas sugerencias, tales como definir el juego de la gallina y no el juego del dilema del prisionero como juego principal.

The modern agricultural industry relies extremely on pollination, especially pollination of the major horticultural crops. Reducing bee colonies causes recognition of factors determining activity of bee colony and helps beekeepers to better understand why bee colonies are destroyed sometimes and how they should concern about beehives to breed them in proper way for producing better honey. This research aimed at identifying factors affecting empowerment of beekeepers of Alborz province. The researcher used factor analysis to determine effective factors. Population of the research was beekeepers of Alborz province in which from among them 250 individuals were selected as the sample of the study using Morgan table. Results of factor analysis showed that about 62.846% of total changes occurred in four factors including queen bee, modern packaging, population of hives, and sub-products of honey bee and organic honey production determines the empowerment of beekeeping that was studied in this research.

Investors need to assess and analyze the financial statement, to make the logical decision. Using financial ratios is one of the most common methods. The main purpose of this research is to predict the financial crisis, using ratios of liquidity. Four models, Support vector machine, neural network back propagation, Decision trees and Adaptive Neuro–Fuzzy Inference System has been compared.Furthermore, the ratios of liquidity considered in a period of 89_93. The research method is qualitative and quantitative and type of casual comparative. The result indicates that the accuracy of the neural network, Decision tree, and Adaptive Neuro–Fuzzy Inference System showed that there is a significant differently 0/000 and 0/005 years this is more than support vector machine result. Therefore the result of support vector machine showed that there is a significant differently 0/001 in years. This has been shown that neural network in 2 years before the bankruptcy has the ability to predict a right thing. Therefore, the results have been shown that all four models were statistically significant. Consequently, there are no significant differences. All models have the precision to predict the financial crisis., Инвесторам необходимо оценить и проанализировать финансовую отчетность, принять логическое решение. Использование финансовых показателей является одним из самых распространенных методов. Основная цель этого исследования – прогнозировать финансовый кризис, используя соотношение ликвидности. Четыре модели: векторные машины поддержки, обратное распространение нейронных сетей, дерево решений и адаптивная нейро–нечеткая система вывода. Кроме того, коэффициенты ликвидности рассмотрены в период 2011–2015 гг. Метод исследования является качественным и количественным, а также тип случайной сравнительной. Результат показывает точность нейронной сети, дерево решений, и система Adaptive Neuro–Fuzzy Inference показала, что значительно отличается от 0/000 и 0/005 лет, это больше, чем поддержка векторной машины. Поэтому результат поддержки векторной машины показал, что существует значительно по–разному 0/001 лет. Это показало, что нейронная сеть за 2 года до банкротства имеет возможность прогнозировать правильно. Поэтому результаты показали, что все четыре модели были статистически значимыми. Итак, существенных различий нет. Все модели имеют точность прогнозирования финансового кризиса., Інвесторам необхідно оцінити та проаналізувати фінансову звітність, прийняти логічне рішення. Використання фінансових показників є одним з найпоширеніших методів. Основна мета цього дослідження – прогнозувати фінансову кризу, використовуючи співвідношення ліквідності. Чотири моделі: векторні машини підтримки, зворотне розповсюдження нейронних мереж, дерево рішень та адаптивна система нейро–нечіткого висновку. Крім того, коефіцієнти ліквідності розглянуті в період 2011–2015 рр. Метод дослідження є якісним та кількісним, а також тип випадкової порівняльної. Результат показує точність нейронної мережі, дерево рішень, і система Adaptive Neuro–Fuzzy Inference показала, що значно відрізняється від 0/000 і 0/005 років, це більше, ніж підтримка векторної машини. Тому результат підтримки векторної машини показав, що існує значно по–різному 0/001 років. Це показало, що нейронна мережа за 2 роки до банкрутства має можливість прогнозувати правильну річ. Тому результати показали, що всі чотири моделі були статистично значущими. Отже, істотних відмінностей немає. Всі моделі мають точність прогнозування фінансової кризи.

Interchangeable use of some terms that imply on different concepts and constructs has been a challenge for the students and novice researchers. In particular, terms such as framework, model, pattern and the verbs such as design, identify, present, propose have been used in several cases in the different meaning and cause confusion for the researchers. This paper is a conceptual article that clarifies the use of such technical terms in qualitative researches in the area of media entrepreneurship. Simply, it defines framework as the limit and boundaries of a never studied phenomenon that includes factors and elements; model as a depiction of relationship among the factors and elements that predicts how the phenomenon works, and pattern as a previously successfully examined model that can be benchmarked by the future researchers. Then the proper verbs for these technical terms have been suggested. The findings are applicable in the media entrepreneurship and similar areas of qualitative researches, including creative industries., El uso intercambiable de algunos términos que implican conceptos y construcciones diferentes ha sido un desafío para los estudiantes e investigadores principiantes. En particular, términos como "marco", "modelo" y "patrón" y los verbos como "diseñar", "identificar", "presentar" y "proponer" han sido utilizados en varios casos en sus diferentes significados y causan confusión para los investigadores. Este texto es un artículo conceptual que aclara el uso de dichos términos técnicos en investigaciones cualitativas en el área del emprendimiento de medios. De manera simple, define el marco como el límite y los límites de un fenómeno nunca estudiado que incluye factores y elementos; el modelo como una representación de la relación entre los factores y elementos que predice cómo funciona el fenómeno, y el patrón como un modelo previamente examinado con éxito que puede ser evaluado por los futuros investigadores. Luego se han sugerido los verbos apropiados para estos términos técnicos. Los hallazgos son aplicables en los medios de comunicación empresarial y áreas similares de investigaciones cualitativas, incluidas las industrias creativas.

This study attempts to investigate the role of knowledge management (KM) in commercial companies. To this end, the literature was reviewed and relevant components were extracted to conceptualize KM and organizational performance, (OP) and the relationship between KM and OP was presented in a theoretical framework. Secondly, to assess the proposed model, a questionnaire was given to 200 participants in five commercial companies, chosen through multi-stage stratified sampling. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and Lisrel 8.8. The results revealed that the model enjoyed an acceptable degree of fit. The obtained coefficient (0.41) showed a direct impact of KM indices on OP, indicating the significant and positive relationship between KM and OP dimensions such as financial performance, quality of goods and services, staff members’ performance, innovation, and customers’ level of satisfaction.

In the age of Web 3.0 and abundance of user generated content, large media organizations are faced with the challenge of creativity. Their internal sources of creativity are limited and they face with many innovative ideas that are presented in social media freely and widely. For this reason, use of external sources of innovation is a key challenge for large media organizations, and particularly for public service media. This research addresses the challenge of IRIB, the Iranian public service broadcast, to acquire external sources of innovation. Theoretical framework of this research has been taken from the theory of efficient media markets, that proposes large organizations have advantage in resources, small enterprises on innovation, and facilitators on contracting. A series of interviews with selected IRIB managers conducted, and analysis of these data showed IRIB has no systematic approach to benefit from users’ innovation to address the problem of scarcity of creativity. Some practical suggestions have been provided for IRIB in particular, while several of them might be generalizable to some other large media firms. The findings of this research contributes to corporate media entrepreneurship and how it is fostered by Web 3.0 and social media, En la era de la Web 3.0 y la abundancia de contenido generado por los usuario, las grandes organizaciones de medios se enfrentan al desafío de la creatividad. Sus fuentes internas de creatividad son limitadas y se enfrentan con muchas ideas innovadoras que se presentan en las redes sociales de manera libre y amplia. Por esta razón, el uso de fuentes externas de innovación es un desafío clave para las grandes organizaciones de medios de comunicación, y en particular para los medios de comunicación públicos. Esta investigación aborda el desafío de IRIB, la empresa pública transmisiones de radiotelevisión iraní, de adquirir fuentes externas de innovación. El marco teórico de esta investigación se sido tomado de la teoría de los mercados de medios de comunicación eficientes, que propone que las grandes organizaciones tengan ventajas en los recursos; las pequeñas empresas, en la innovación y los facilitadores, en la contratación. Se realizó una serie de entrevistas con gerentes seleccionados de IRIB, y el análisis de estos datos mostró que IRIB no tiene un enfoque sistemático para beneficiarse de la innovación de los usuarios para abordar el problema de la escasez de creatividad. Se han proporcionado algunas sugerencias prácticas para IRIB en particular, mientras que varias de ellas podrían ser generalizables a otras grandes empresas de medios. Los hallazgos de esta investigación contribuyen al emprendimiento corporativo de medios de comunicación y cómo se fomenta en la Web 3.0 y las redes sociales.

The present paper addresses the need for a quantitative model for media entrepreneurship. In a framework of social media entrepreneurship that is presented by khajeheian (2013), 23 factors are introduced and categorized in five groups. Four groups of enterprise, resources, strategy and product are controllable and infrastructure is the uncontrollable group. In the current research, these groups are considered as variables and factors are used as measures. In a survey 305 Iranian students responded a questionnaire. SEM and MLP-ANN used for analysis. Results show that resources are on the highest rank, strategy and infrastructure are placed as 2nd and 3rd and enterprise and product placed at the lowest rank. This model can be used as a foundation for developing more quantitative researches in the subject of media entrepreneurship., El presente documento aborda la necesidad de un modelo cuantitativo para el emprendimiento de medios. En el marco del emprendimiento en redes sociales presentado por Khajeheian (2013), se introducen y categorizan 23 factores en cinco grupos. Cuatro grupos de empresa, recursos, estrategia y producto son los controlables y la infraestructura es el grupo incontrolable. En la investigación actual, estos grupos se consideran como variables y los factores se utilizan como medidas. En una encuesta, 305 estudiantes iraníes respondieron un cuestionario. Las metodologías SEM (modelo de ecuaciones estructurales) y MLP-ANN (red neuronal artificial basada en el perceptrón multicapa) utilizados para el análisis. Los resultados muestran que los recursos están en la posición más alto, la estrategia y la infraestructura se ubican en el segundo y tercer lugar, y la empresa y el producto en el más bajo. Este modelo se puede utilizar como base para desarrollar más investigaciones cuantitativas en el tema del emprendimiento de medios.

This is an annotated checklist of all the recognized and named taxa of freshwater fishes in Iran. It documents recent changes and controversies in the nomenclature and includes primary synonyms updated from the Jouladeh-Roudbar et al. (2015b) checklist. We provide an updated comprehensive listing of taxonomy, diagnostic and meristic characters, names, and conservation status, including detailed distribution maps. We strive to record the most recent justified taxonomic assignment in a hierarchical framework, providing annotations, including alternative possible arrangements, for some proposed changes. We provide common English and Persian names, and detail distributional data for all taxa, listing occurrence by basins, including indications of native, endemic, and translocated populations. We used the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria for classifying species at high risk of global extinction. This checklist consists of 274 recognized species in 100 genera, 33 families, 20 orders and 3 classes. We also report and confirm for the first time the presence of seven species from Iran’s basins: Aphanius kruppi, Capoeta kaput, Luciobarbus conocephalus, Oxynoemacheilus veyselorum, O. gyndes, O. hanae and Squalius latus. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Iran comprise 264 species in 97 genera, 33 families, 20 orders and 3 classes. The 241 endemic and native fish species can be divided into the following conservation statuses: 1 Extinct in the Wild (EW), 17 Critically Endangered (CR), 12 Endangered (EN), 15 Vulnerable (VU), 9 Near Threatened (NT), 148 Least Concern (LC) and 39 Data Deficient (DD). Forty-four fish species (18.3% of the 241 species listed) are officially regarded as globally Threatened (Critically Endangered [CR], Endangered [EN], or Vulnerable [VU]). These numbers and percentages of Threatened species have increased since the last checklist.

[Background] Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections and some noninfectious clinical complications., [Objective] To provide a detailed evaluation of respiratory presentations and complications in a cohort of Iranian patients with CVID., [Methods] A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 245 CVID patients who were recorded in the Iranian primary immunodeficiency disorders registry network. Respiratory manifestations were evaluated by reviewing clinical hospital records, immunologic findings, pulmonary function tests (PFT), and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans., [Results] Most of the patients (n = 208, 85.2%) had experienced at least 1 episode of acute respiratory manifestation, and pneumonia was observed in 31.6 % (n = 77) of cases as a first disease manifestation. During the follow-up, pneumonia, sinusitis, and otitis media were documented in 166 (68.6%), 125 (51.2%), and 103 (42.6%) cases, respectively. Abnormal PFT measurements were documented in 53.8% of patients. Among these patients, 21.5% showed restrictive changes, whereas 18.4% of patients showed an obstructive pattern. Bronchiectasis was the most frequent radiological finding, confirmed in 27.2% of patients. Patients with bronchiectasis were older at the time of immunodeficiency diagnosis (P < .001) and had longer diagnosis delay (P < .001) when compared with patients without bronchiectasis., [Conclusion] This study highlights the importance of monitoring the respiratory tract system even in asymptomatic patients. Pulmonary function tests and CT scans are the most commonly used techniques aiming to identify these patients early, aiming to reduce the rate of long-term respiratory complications.

Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P- and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

These days we find a growing tendency of comparative studies inUrdu and Persian Literature; thus there are a number of poets in Urdu and Persian who can be subjected to comparative studies. Poetry of Sohrab Sepehri and Majeed Amjad has a lot in common, such as love for nature that can be seen in the poetic works of both the poets. If Sohrab Sepehri closely relates himself to the city of Kashan and it's natural landscape, Majeed Amjad too is fond of rural beauty. Both the poets have an unsurpassable affection for the nature and it's relative phenomena. Both the poets are fond of natural environment and show a certain degree of dislike for  mechanical age. In this study we'll be discussing the importance of naturalism in the poetry of the said poets.

In this study, attempts have been made to study the effects of RE on the tensile behavior of a low carbon Nb-microalloyed steel which confronts yield point phenomenon during its tensile test. The results of the tensile tests and microstructural examinations presented in this research showed that the upper and lower yield points increase by the RE addition which was mainly attributed to the indirect effects of RE on the Nb-precipitation manner and refinement of the microstructure. The results also demonstrated that the flow behavior (oscillation in stress level) during the Lüders strain zone is considerably different for the base and RE-added steels. It was found that the RE-added steel undergoes a uniform propagation of the Lüders bands while the base steel showed a distinct non-uninform Lüders strain with rough fluctuations of stress level within this area. This could be due to the uniformity in distribution of nanoprecipitates and solute, e.g. C, atoms in the RE-added steels. Moreover, It was observed that the Lüders strain increases in the presence of RE which could be probably attributed to the finer ferrite grains and the change in nanoprecipitation behavior caused by RE addition. A significant increase in total elongation of the RE-added steel was also observed.

In this paper, an analytical model is derived for computation of the capillary force between AFM tip and sample surface. Several tip geometries are considered with the both symmetric and asymmetric liquid/solid interfaces. To investigate the validity and efficiency of the derived models, we have performed numerical analysis and the effect of various physical parameters including air humidity, the distance between AFM tip and sample surface, AFM tip geometry and contact angles on the meniscus force are investigated. Finally, the derived model for AFM blunt tip is compared with the experimental measurement and the accuracy and precision of the presented approach is summarized. Based on the analytic mathematical models presented in this paper, the analysis of realistic physical situations and the study of chemistry influence of different substrates on the capillary force have been possible.In this paper, an analytical model is derived for computation of the capillary force between AFM tip and sample surface. Several tip geometries are considered with the both symmetric and asymmetric liquid/solid interfaces. To investigate the validity and efficiency of the derived models, we have performed numerical analysis and the effect of various physical parameters including air humidity, the distance between AFM tip and sample surface, AFM tip geometry and contact angles on the meniscus force are investigated. Finally, the derived model for AFM blunt tip is compared with the experimental measurement and the accuracy and precision of the presented approach is summarized. Based on the analytic mathematical models presented in this paper, the analysis of realistic physical situations and the study of chemistry influence of different substrates on the capillary force have been possible.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of internal audit on the performance of the Melli bank branches of Zahedan. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this research includes all 322 employees in Zahedan City in 2017, that by using random sampling, 135 people were selected as the sample and internal audit inventory questionnaire and organizational performance questionnaire Hersey and Goldsmith were performed on them. This research is a causal and comparative study and the data collection tool is a questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient of independent t-distribution and the research hypotheses were analyzed. Findings indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between employee audit, employees' ability and personnel discipline, customer satisfaction, customer satisfaction, organizational behavior, and individual development of employees. Improvement in internal accounting also improves organizational performance.

One can refer to some of the principles governing over institution of principal prosecution such as legality of prosecution (Article 2 of criminal procedure code approved in 2013), presumption of innocence (Article 4 of aforesaid code), arraignment (op. cit. Article 5), principle of contingency of criminal prosecution (op. cit. Articles 22 and 80), principle of requisite for receiving of security from culprit (Article 217 of aforesaid code), principle of acceleration in prosecution (op. cit., Article 3), principle of summon prior to detainment (Aforementioned code, Articles 168 and 203), and blackmail etc. each of which has devoted to one of the important topics. Observance of all governing principles may be helpful and efficient in facilitation, prosecution, and addressing of rights for citizens and therefore they may create coordination among prosecution institution of Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) with world standards. The criminal procedure code approved in 2013 has created new order in relations among criminal justice system and their relations between them with limits of powers for their legislations by approval and entry into executive field of courts. The public prosecutor is one of the persons who possess special importance for which some wider range is visible in limits of powers and legislations of this position compared to this code (approved in 1999) with some modern inventions e.g. right of supervision and teachings for public prosecutor in provincial capital and other affiliated public prosecutors and this is assumed as a turning point per se. In addition to chairmanship in public prosecutor’s office and his tasks in investigation and prosecution, the public prosecutor has other duties such as order to commencement of execution of primary investigations to interrogator, supervision over administrators, and teaching of them and so forth so we will discuss about them in this survey.

The launch of privatization programs in Iran is about implementing IMF and international economic adjustment policies during the construction phase. For a successful privatization, at least the privilege and efficiency of the private sector from the government should not be less, otherwise the main objective of privatization, which is the same as increasing efficiency, will not be realized. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that play a key role in the process of assigning basic goods from the public sector to the private sector. In this research, 10 variables have been considered for the mentioned factors. A questionnaire was compiled of 20 questions to identify the impact of these factors. The questionnaires were distributed among 120 public sector and private sector managers across the country. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by SPSS software. Findings of this study indicate that factors such as "investment security", "empowerment of the private sector" and "competitive environment" can have a significant impact on the success of the assignment.

The effects of rare earth elements (RE) addition on the pearlite microstructure in low-carbon microalloyed steels have been investigated under two heat treatment conditions: (1) a normalizing treatment (as a conventional heat treatment used industrially to obtain the final mechanical properties of such steels), and (2) an isothermal treatment at 650 °C. This research reports the following effects due to the addition of RE: (i) refinement of the nodule and colony size of pearlite along with the ferrite grain size in the normalized condition, without a significant change in the volume fraction of pearlite. This microstructural refinement observed at room temperature is a consequence of the refinement of cast and austenitic microstructures formed during cooling in the presence of RE; (ii) the interlamellar spacing of pearlite isothermally transformed at 650 °C, as observed by SEM and TEM, is effectively reduced in the RE-added steel. This is likely due to two different effects combined: (i) direct influence of RE on atom carbon diffusion; and (ii) pearlite growth being boundary diffusion controlled by RE partitioning.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.)on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus cyanophylla, Neophaeomoniella corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neophaeomoniella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus pilularis, Pseudoplagiostoma corymbiicola on Corymbia citriodora, Teratosphaeria gracilis on Eucalyptus gracilis, Zasmidium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Brazil, Calonectria hemileiae on pustules of Hemileia vastatrix formed on leaves of Coffea arabica, Calvatia caatinguensis on soil, Cercospora solani-betacei on Solanum betaceum, Clathrus natalensis on soil, Diaporthe poincianellae on Poincianella pyramidalis, Geastrum piquiriunense on soil, Geosmithia carolliae on wing of Carollia perspicillata, Henningsia resupinata on wood, Penicillium guaibinense from soil, Periconia caespitosa from leaf litter, Pseudocercospora styracina on Styrax sp., Simplicillium filiforme as endophyte from Citrullus lanatus, Thozetella pindobacuensis on leaf litter, Xenosonderhenia coussapoae on Coussapoa floccosa., Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina ontreebranch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense ontreetrunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixedforest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens onsoilinmixedforest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris fromsoil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) fromsoil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha . Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis., South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.)on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov .), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica fromunidentifiedvine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.)fromsoil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from officeair. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba onsoil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Angola, Gnomoniopsis angolensis and Pseudopithomyces angolensis on unknown host plants. Australia, Dothiora corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora, Neoeucasphaeria eucalypti (incl. Neoeucasphaeria gen. nov.)on Eucalyptus sp., Fumagopsis stellae on Eucalyptus sp., Fusculina eucalyptorum (incl. Fusculinaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus socialis, Harknessia corymbiicola on Corymbia maculata, Neocelosporium eucalypti (incl. Neocelosporium gen. nov., Neocelosporiaceae fam. nov. and Neocelosporiales ord. no, Canary Islands (Spain), Orbilia amarilla on Euphorbia canariensis. Cape Verde Islands, Xylodon jacobaeus on Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Chile, Colletotrichum arboricola on Fuchsia magellanica. Costa Rica, Lasiosphaeria miniovina ontreebranch. Ecuador, Ganoderma chocoense ontreetrunk. France, Neofitzroyomyces nerii (incl. Neofitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Nerium oleander. Ghana, Castanediella tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Falcocladium africanum on Eucalyptus brassiana, Rachicladosporium corymbiae on Corymbia citriodora. Hungary, Entoloma silvae-frondosae in Carpinus betulus-Pinus sylvestris mixedforest. Iran, Pseudopyricularia persiana on Cyperus sp. Italy, Inocybe roseascens onsoilinmixedforest. Laos, Ophiocordyceps houaynhangensis on Coleoptera larva. Malaysia, Monilochaetes melastomae on Melastoma sp. Mexico, Absidia terrestris fromsoil. Netherlands, Acaulium pannemaniae, Conioscypha boutwelliae, Fusicolla septimanifiniscientiae, Gibellulopsis simonii, Lasionectria hilhorstii, Lectera nordwiniana, Leptodiscella rintelii, Parasarocladium debruynii and Sarocladium dejongiae (incl. Sarocladiaceae fam. nov.) fromsoil. New Zealand, Gnomoniopsis rosae on Rosa sp. and Neodevriesia metrosideri on Metrosideros sp. Puerto Rico, Neodevriesia coccolobae on Coccoloba uvifera, Neodevriesia tabebuiae and Alfaria tabebuiae on Tabebuia chrysantha., Russia, Amanita paludosa on bogged soil in mixed deciduous forest, Entoloma tiliae in forest of Tilia × europaea, Kwoniella endophytica on Pyrus communis. South Africa, Coniella diospyri on Diospyros mespiliformis, Neomelanconiella combreti (incl. Neomelanconiellaceae fam. nov. and Neomelanconiella gen. nov.)on Combretum sp., Polyphialoseptoria natalensis on unidentified plant host, Pseudorobillarda bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus, Thelonectria pelargonii on Pelargonium sp. Spain, Vermiculariopsiella lauracearum and Anungitopsis lauri on Laurus novocanariensis, Geosmithia xerotolerans from a darkened wall of a house, Pseudopenidiella gallaica on leaf litter. Thailand, Corynespora thailandica on wood, Lareunionomyces loeiensis on leaf litter, Neocochlearomyces chromolaenae (incl. Neocochlearomyces gen. nov.) on Chromolaena odorata, Neomyrmecridium septatum (incl. Neomyrmecridium gen. nov .), Pararamichloridium caricicola on Carex sp., Xenodactylaria thailandica (incl. Xenodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Xenodactylaria gen. nov.), Neomyrmecridium asiaticum and Cymostachys thailandica fromunidentifiedvine. USA, Carolinigaster bonitoi (incl. Carolinigaster gen. nov.)fromsoil, Penicillium fortuitum from house dust, Phaeotheca shathenatiana (incl. Phaeothecaceae fam. nov.) from twig and cone litter, Pythium wohlseniorum from stream water, Superstratomyces tardicrescens from human eye, Talaromyces iowaense from officeair. Vietnam, Fistulinella olivaceoalba onsoil. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

Reviewing the concepts of space and tourism industry, tourism is in an old, deep, unbreakable bound with spatial and physical dimensions. In this way, the lack of systematic and scientific ranking process in spatial locating of rural tourism spots and also improper distribution of infrastructures are the critical deficiencies in this field. The research intends to introduce the hidden potentials and unique capabilities of Khur and Biabanak County, Iran. And prioritize their tourism spots. So tourism planners would be able to recognize proper space distribution. First, the weights of each criterion were calculated by a pairwise comparison questionnaire of AHP method, and MAPPAC technique was used for ranking. AHP was done in Expert Choice software and MAPPAC in MS Excel. Results showed that villages such as Bayaze, Jandagh, Mehrejan, Garmeh, and Iraj which are also older have a higher rank.

Phosphorus is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and development. Chemical Pi fertilizer is used to provide the phosphorus for the plants, but it is mostly fixed in the soil into insoluble form and become unavailable to the plants. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria have lots of application in agriculture as biological fertilizer. Consumption of biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers can lead to environmental pollution reduction and crop production enhancement using sustainable farming. In this study, a phosphatase-producing bacterium was isolated from agricultural soil in Kerman. Screening of phosphate solubilizing bacteria was performed on the PVK medium, based on clear area diameter. The best bacterium (AG41) was identified based on 16s rDNA gene. The optimum condition for production of phosphatase was also determined and it was purified and characterized. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree results show that AG41 is closely related to Bacillus subtilis, with 98% homology. Phosphatase activity was determined by end point method. The best carbon, nitrogen and phosphate sources for enzyme production were 1.0% glucose, 0.5% ammonium sulfate and (0.25%) sodium phytate +(0.25%) tricalcium phosphate, respectively. Bacterial phosphatase was partially purified using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by dialysis. Results showed that the optimum temperature for the purified enzyme activity was 40oC and it was stable at temperatures below 60°C. This enzyme was stable between pH 3.0-7.0, and the optimal pH activity was found to 5.0. These results indicated that this strain can be a notable candidate for using as biofertilizers.

Introduction: Entrepreneurs are creative, innovative, risk taking, dynamic, flexible, and brave, opportunity recognizer, and leadership potentiality, and network builder, independent and self-reliant people. Entrepreneurship is a key factor on (1) Economical Growth and Development of countries (2) Providing employment and job opportunity (3) Enhancing productivity and production capabilities (4) Contributing to the high levels of creativity and innovation and (5) Creating wealth and providing educate welfare. All new ideas and knowledge should be converted to profitable and useful products and services. And education for creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship should start from very early stages of childhood. This research is about role of education in Entrepreneurship development. This research is consisted of a main hypothesis based on There is a meaningful relation between education and Entrepreneurship development. Method and materials: This research has been done based on researching the key words Entrepreneurship, Education, Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurship Process, Entrepreneurship Typology, Education Strategy and Virtual Organization. It also includes the researcher’s manual attempt in journals and related materials. Conclusion:This research is a descriptive research. Based on the results of research, entrepreneurs needs be determined by Education Process., finally, has been observed that there is an average and upwardbetween, Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurship development Process.

Financial markets are divided into two groups: Money market and Capital market. In money market securities with short-term maturities (less than one year) to short-term financing and in capital market securities with longer maturities (usually more than one year) for financing of middle term and long term assets of companies are traded. Capital market can be divided into two groups: primary market and the secondary market, the first is a place for the exchange of newly published securities. And second type is a place for the exchange of securities that are published before. Measurable potential loss of an investment is called risk. Stock Exchange as one of the main pillars of the country’s capital market is able to mobilize and turn upside down the stagnant saving of the country and pushing them into production, accelerate the move toward economic growth and development. In these research challenges of money and capital market and their impact on exchange risk has been investigated. Based on the hypothesis results of the research there is a significant relationship between money and capital market challenges and exchange risk.

A study was designed to investigate the possible positive prebiotic effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on growth and reduction of anxiety behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). The experimental diets were supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 g MOS kg−1 and were fed to juvenile fish (0.47 ± 0.017 g) in triplicates for six weeks. Significant differences were found in the final body weight, body weight intake, percent body weight intake, and specific growth rate among treatments. The regression analyses showed that the optimum MOS level was 4–4.1 g MOS kg−1 diet. Fish fed 4 g MOS kg−1 feed showed higher survival than the other treatments. Also, using the novel tank test, fish fed with 4 g MOS kg−1 diet showed lower anxiety by swimming in the upper portion of the tank. The other behavior parameters remained unaffected by the prebiotic. The results indicated the beneficial effect of the prebiotic MOS on growth and partly on welfare of zebrafish juveniles.

Iranian agricultural research system needs institutional supporting based on designing and implementing strengthening mechanisms. Systemically, integrating the information and communication technologies in agricultural research system of Iran seems as an appropriate strengthening mechanism. However, appropriate application of information and communication technologies and related systems such as national agricultural research information system require systemic and strategic planning based on identification and recognition of associated system-wide organizational implications. Regarding to this comment, this paper explains the implications of integrating information and communication technologies in the Iranian agricultural research system. To this aim, a survey research used based on qualitative interviewing with a selected sample, consisted of agricultural researchers and agricultural faculty members. After designing interview protocol and gathering information by interviewing with selected sample, conceptual analyzing procedure used in order to prepare and present useful mechanisms related to integrating information and communication technologies in the Iranian agricultural research system. Findings of research explained some guidelines, expected outcomes, challenges and barriers of institutionalized integration of ICTs in the Iranian agricultural research system. Also, phases of integrating ICTs in the Iranian agricultural research system were mapped in form of a process diagram.

Computational operations are considered as a time-consuming and important operation in ALU. These circuits play major role in computational operation in processing unit. This paper presents new computational Ternary Current Mode Circuits including comparator, multiplexer, decoder, and exclusive OR by means of Carbon NanoTube Field Effect Transistors. The new designs rely on three major parts: 1) the input currents which are converted to voltage; 2) threshold detectors; and 3) the output current flow paths to generate the outputs. The designs have been simulated based on 32nm CNFTET using Synopsys Hspice simulator.

The genus Capoeta in Iran is highly diversified with 14 species and is one of the most important freshwater fauna components of the country. Central Iran is a region with high number of endemism in other freshwater fish species, though the present species was recognized as C. aculeata (Valenciennes, 1844), widely distributed within Kavir and Namak basins. However previous phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies found that populations of Nam River, a tributary of the Hableh River in central Iran are different from the other species. In this study, the mentioned population is described as a new species based on morphologic and genetic characters.

The present study compares John Fowles’ The French Lieutenant’s Woman and A. S. Byatt’s Possession in light of their approach towards the role of the relics of the past in historiography. These historiographic metafictions differ in the former’s denial of the possibility of possession of the past because of the totally contaminated nature of the traces and the latter’s ambivalence with regard to the influence of relics on the historian’s historical explantion. The theories of Hayden White and Linda Hutcheon and the studies of Alun Munslow are employed to elaborate on the differences between the speculations of the novels with regard to the notion of evidence in historiography.

Wild almond Amygdalus scoparia is a very fruitful tree that is spread over an extensive region of Iran. Considering its high quality oil, the development of clean extraction processes based on the use of compressed fluids is encouraged. In this study, the main factors involved in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) of wild almond have been optimized by using two different experimental designs and considering the oil extraction yield as a response variable; effects of time, temperature, pressure, and use of co-solvents were studied for SFE while effects of time, temperature and type of solvent were evaluated for PLE. Results showed that the maximum oil yield using supercritical carbon dioxide was 42 %, obtained under the following conditions: extraction temperature, 40 °C; extraction pressure, 40 MPa; and 10 % ethanol as co-solvent. The optimum extraction yield for PLE was 55 %, which was achieved using ethanol as solvent at 150 °C for 20 min. Lipidomic analysis revealed that the amount of oleic acid in the oil extracted by SFE was higher than those obtained by using other classical procedures. In addition, triacylglycerols constituted more than 98 % of the extracted oils.

The seeds of wild almond, Amygdalus scoparia, contain a relatively high quantity of oil. In the current study, aqueous enzymatic extraction of the oil from Iranian wild almond was investigated using a protease and a cellulase to assist the extraction process. The effects of temperature, incubation time and pH on the oil recovery were evaluated using Box-Behnken design from response surface methodology (RSM). A 77.3 % recovery was predicted for oil using aqueous enzymatic extraction procedure at the optimized conditions of RSM (pH 5.76; 50 °C/5 h) when both enzymes were used at 1.0 % level (v/w). In practice, when both enzymes were used, a maximum of 77.8 % oil recovery was achieved at pH 5; 50 °C/4 h. Fatty acid profile, refractive index and saponification value of the aqueous enzymatic extracted oil in the current study were similar to those of the oil extracted with hexane. However, acid value, unsaponifiable matter and p-anisidine value were higher when compared to those with hexane extracted oil. Peroxide value of the aqueous enzymatic oil was lower than that of oil extracted by hexane. Aqueous enzymatic extraction can be suggested as an environmentally-friendly method to obtain oil from wild almond.