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This study presents a conceptual metaphor analysis of the Arab Israeli conflict in the discourse of the journalist Thomas Freidman during the time period of 2001 till 2010. The study utilizes Conceptual Metaphor Analysis and Frame analysis in analyzing the data. The research focuses on the rendering of the metaphors used to depict the conflict in the writer’s discourse. The principal tools used in the study are Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive Conceptual Metaphor theory (1980) and the Critical metaphor Analysis theory developed by Charteris-Black (2004). Additionally, Frame Analysis theory (Entman 1993) is also applied to provide a more comprehensive picture of the data. The analysis concluded that the representation of the conflict and the entities involved in it in Freidman’s discourse, utilized the Clash of Civilizations paradigm as developed by Samuel Huntington (1997) as a main frame to present the conflict as part of the War on Terror that was taking place at the time. Findings also showed the writer’s perspective to be leaning towards the positive rendering of the Western side of the conflict including Israel to the disadvantage of the Arab side. It is recommended that further research should focus on the representation of the conflict in the discourse of major Arab and Israeli writers so a more comprehensible picture of the images rendered by media on either side can be arrived at. Received: 23 January 2023 Accepted: 13 February 2023 Published: 10 March 2023

Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (VRNF) is one of the most common inherited disorders affecting the human nervous system. VRNF is transmitted as an autosomal dominant defect with high penetrance but variable expressivity. The disorder is characterized clinically by hyperpigmented patches of skin (cafe au lait macules, axillary freckles) and by multiple tumors of peripheral nerve, spinal nerve roots, and brain (neurofibromas, optic gliomas). These tumors can cause disfigurement, paralysis, blindness, and death. We have determined the chromosomal location of the VRNF gene by genetic linkage analysis using DNA markers. The VRNF gene is genetically linked to the locus encoding nerve growth factor receptor, located on the long arm of chromosome 17 in the region 17q12-->17q22. However, crossovers with the VRNF locus suggest that a mutation in the nerve growth factor receptor gene itself is unlikely to be the fundamental defect responsible for the VRNF phenotype.

A total of 63 families with Huntington disease (HD) were examined for linkage between HD and G8 (D4S10). The families included 57 Caucasian, four Black American, and two Japanese. The combined maximum lod score was 87.69 at [theta] = 0.04 (99% confidence interval 0.018-0.071). The maximum frequency of recombination was 0.03 in males and 0.05 in females. Fifty-seven families gave positive lod scores; five small families gave mildly negative lod scores. The maximum likelihood estimate of [alpha], the proportion of linked loci, was 1.0 with a lower 99% confidence interval of 0.88. These data suggest that there is only one HD locus, although a second rare locus cannot be ruled out.

Development of molecular tools for the analysis of the plant genetic contribution to rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis has provided major advances in our understanding of plant-microbe interactions, and several key symbiotic genes have been identified and characterized. In order to increase the efficiency of genetic analysis in the model legume Lotus japonicus, we present here a selection of improved genetic tools. The two genetic linkage maps previously developed from an interspecific cross between L. japonicus Gifu and L. filicaulis, and an intraspecific cross between the two ecotypes L. japonicus Gifu and L. japonicus MG-20, were aligned through a set of anchor markers. Regions of linkage groups, where genetic resolution is obtained preferentially using one or the other parental combination, are highlighted. Additional genetic resolution and stabilized mapping populations were obtained in recombinant inbred lines derived by a single seed descent from the two populations. For faster mapping of new loci, a selection of reliable markers spread over the chromosome arms provides a common framework for more efficient identification of new alleles and new symbiotic loci among uncharacterized mutant lines. Combining resources from the Lotus community, map positions of a large collection of symbiotic loci are provided together with alleles and closely linked molecular markers. Altogether, this establishes a common genetic resource for Lotus spp. A web-based version will enable this resource to be curated and updated regularly.

Contents: Background- Triana group, SRSS group. SRSS Framework. Underlying Technology- MANET, NS-2. SRSS Developments- Protolib, PAI. Cardiff P2P Interface- Triana and the GAP, P2PS Binding: discovery mechanisms and Rendezvous nodes. The Whole Picture. Scenarios and Conclusions., Presented at the NATO/RTO Workshop on Cross-Layer Issues in the Design of Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, held at Naval Research Lab, Washington, DC on 2-3 June 2004. See also ADM002082, RTO-TR-IST-030, Information Management over Disadvantaged Grids. The original document contains color images.

To identify the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of contemporary patients with valvular heart disease (VHD) in Europe, and to examine adherence to guidelines.

In this Paper we study the location behaviour of a foreign and a domestic footloose firm competing in output in the domestic product market. Both firms produce a homogenous good using a labour intensive technology. While the domestic country is unionized, the foreign country is not. Location equilibria are studied as a function of the foreign wage level, both under free trade and under an optimal domestic trade policy. We find that when foreign wage levels are relatively low, both firms agglomerate in the foreign market (North-South FDI) and the optimal government intervention by the North is a zero tariff on imports from the South. For intermediate wage levels abroad, both firms prefer to locate in their own market and the optimal domestic government intervention is a positive tariff on foreign imports. For relatively high foreign wage levels, the optimal tariff policy is such that both firms agglomerate in the domestic country (North-North FDI).

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Partial contents: Growth technology and characterization; Non-stoichiometric material applications; Transistors I-HEMTs; Transistors II-HBTs; Optoelectronics; Device technology. jg p3

RIVM rapport:De betrokkenheid van somatische genetische veranderingen in het meerstaps proces van kanker wordt steeds duidelijker. Het hier beschreven onderzoek is gericht op (1) de ontwikkeling cq. verfijning van technieken om onder in vivo omstandigheden in de rat verschillende types van genetische schade te detecteren en (2) het bepalen van de correlatie tussen kortdurende genetische en neoplastische effecten in ratten die eenmalig werden blootgesteld aan de methylerende carcinogene verbinding N-methyl-N-nitrosoureum (MNU). Als modelsysteem werd de granuloma pouch assay gebruikt. De granuloma pouch wordt geinduceerd door een subcutane injectie met steriele lucht. Dit heeft tot gevolg dat de subcutane fibroblasten worden aangezet tot celdeling en zo een goed doelwit weefsel vormen voor studies naar mutagene en carcinogene effecten. De meerwaarde van deze assay ten opzichte van bestaande testen is dus dat zowel kortdurende als chronische eindpunten tegelijkertijd in een en hetzelfde doelwit weefsel voor tumorvorming kwantitatief vergeleken kunnen worden. Een eenmalige intra-pouch blootstelling aan MNU resulteerde niet alleen in dosis-afhankelijke kortdurende effecten zoals DNA adducten, mutaties in het HPRT-gen en chromosoom afwijkingen maar eveneens in een relatie tussen de hoeveelheid tumoren (kwaadaardige mesenchymale tumoren) en de MNU dosis. Met behulp van de "restriction site mutation" techniek werden in andere weefsels van de rat genetische veranderingen door MNU aangetoond. Vergelijking tussen de kortdurende en chronische effecten wezen uit dat alle eindpunten door MNU werden geinduceerd binnen dezelfde doseringreeks. Bovendien vertoonde de kinetiek van de dosis-effect curves voor alle eindpunten een lineariteit., Based on the increasing knowledge on the involvement of genetic changes in the multi-stage process of carcinogenesis, the present studies were directed towards (i) the improvement of methodologies for detecting several types of genetic endpoints in the rat in vivo and (ii) the assessment of the degree of correlation between short-term genetic events and neoplastic effects in rats exposed once to the methylating carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). The basic experimental system employed was the granuloma pouch assay. The granuloma pouch is induced by a subcutaneous injection with sterile air, resulting in a transient proliferation of the subcutaneous skin fibroblasts. These fibroblasts are then suitable to investigate mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. The surplus value of this assay as compared to existing systems is that both short- and long-term endpoints can be compared simultaneously and quantitatively in one and the same target tissue for tumorigenesis. A single intra-pouch application of MNU resulted not only in a dose-dependent increase of DNA adducts, HPRT gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations but also in a correlation between tumorigenesis (predominantly malignant fibrohistiocytic tumours) and MNU dose. Applying the Restriction Site Mutation assay in other tissues of the rat, genetic alterations induced by MNU were observed. Comparison between short- and long-term effects revealed that all endpoints were readily induced by MNU in the same dose range and that the kinetics of the dose-effect curves were all compatible with linearity.

Fiber-based optical amplifiers such as the erbium-doped fiber amplifier(EDFA) and Raman fiber amplifier (RFA) offer the attraction of high gain, low coupling loss and polarization insensitivity. Hence their use in combination to form a nonregenerative repeater(NRR) deserves consideration. This paper provides a theoretical analysis and gain optimization for this form of NRR. This arrangement is found to provide higher gain than either an EDFA or a RFA repeater alone and offer the potential of extending the NRR span to over 300 km., This article is from 'OSA Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on Optical Amplifiers and their Applications Held in Snowmass Village, Colorado on 24-26 July 1991. Volume 13,' AD-A252 974, p284 thru p287.

An extensive study of the aerodynamics of a 100 kW scaled model of a cyclone combustor has been made, using a 2-colour Dantec fibre optic LDA system. This paper examines the axisymmetry found in a single inlet configuration cyclone combustor in terms of the mean components of axial and tangential velocities, the turbulent intensities and Reynolds shear stress. The overall mean flow was found to be highly axisymmetric, particularly under combustion condition. This is encouraging as it results in even burning of the fuel, and as such localised hot spots are avoided, giving better control over NO sub X emissions. (Author), This article is from 'International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics and Workshop on Computers in Flow Measurements (6th) Held in Lisbon, Portugal on July 20-23, 1992', AD-A258 510, p26.4.1-26.4.6.

In this report is embodied the result of an experimental investigation into the effect of thermal anneals on the thermoelectric properties of n-type silicon germanium-gallium phosphide material. The construction of apparatus for measuring the electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient and thermal diffusivity is described and their performance assessed. A variety of techniques are employed in an attempt to identify the mechanisms/agencies responsible for the reported enhanced thermoelectric properties of these materials after they have been subjected to high temperature thermal anneals. The results confirm that improvements in the electrical power factor of silicon germanium-gallium phosphide accompanies high temperature thermal annealing.

The formation of thin (5-100A) Platinum and Iridium silicide films on the clean Si (100) 2x1 surface has been studied using XPS. A detailed analysis of the Si 2p and Pt/lr 4f core-level photoemission lineshapes and intensities has allowed the determination of the phase formation sequence, and the resulting change in Schottky barrier height, with annealing. Progressively silicon rich silicides were formed with increasing temperature, at temperatures greater than 600 C. This process was limited by rapid surface segregation of silicon atoms from the substrate. Small changes in relative Schottky barrier height were observed for different silicide phases, with the monosilicide phases giving the lowest Schottky barriers.

The formation of thin (5-100A) Platinum and Iridium silicide films on the clean Si(100)2x1 surface has been studied using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. A detailed analysis of the Si 2p and Pt/Ir 4f core-level photoemission lineshapes and intensities has allowed the determination of the phase formation sequence, and the resulting change in Schottky barrier height, with annealing. Progressively silicon rich silicides were formed with increasing temperature, at temperatures >600 C this process was limited by rapid surface segregation of silicon atoms from the substrate. Small changes in relative Schottky barrier height were observed for different silicide phases, with the monosilicide phases giving the lowest Schottky barriers.

Lead telluride type semiconductors are used in the fabrication of thermoelectric modules. This report covers the programme to produce materials based upon lead telluride with improved figures of merit and hence greater thermoelectric conversion efficiency. One way of improving the figure of merit is by reducing the lattice thermal conductivity of the material. This can be achieved by increasing phonon grain boundary scattering. A realistic theoretical model has been developed for lead telluride and used to investigate the lattice thermal conductivity as a function of grain size and level of doping. In optimally doped material with a grain size of 1 micrometer, the reduction in lattice thermal conductivity was predicted to be 4-6 percent compared with equivalent single crystal. Thermal diffusivity measurements on small grained compacts supported this prediction. Phonon grain boundary scattering is enhanced in semiconductor alloys because of the presence of disorder scattering and the theoretical model was extended to take this factor into account. PbSnTe and PbGeTe were identified as alloys whose lattice thermal conductivity could be significantly decreased by a reduction in grain size and in optimally doped compacted material with a grain size of 0.5 micrometer the reduction compared to equivalent single crystal material was estimated to be 11 and 14 percent respectively., Errata Sheets included.

In this report a working theoretical model for the power factor (alpha squared sigma) of silicon germanium alloys is presented and the dependence of this parameter on carrier concentration and number of valleys explored. Although silicon-germanium alloys cannot be described as narrow band gap semiconductors, the high level of doping employed in thermoelectric applications necessitates the inclusion in the theoretical model of deviations from the usually assumed parabolic bands. The dependence of the Seebeck coefficient (alpha), electrical conductivity (sigma) and the power factor (alpha squared sigma) on carrier concentration and number of valleys N sub v are presented. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the reported results. A large number of equi-energetic valleys give rise to a higher power factor at room temperature, when intervalley scattering can be considered negligibly small. Higher doping levels are required in order to take advantage of the large number of valleys. Keywords: Semiconductors.

Silicon Germanium alloys are established thermoelectric materials for high temperature applications and have been successfully used in the fabrication of the thermocouples of radioisotope thermoelectric generators which provided the onboard electrical power to several US space vehicles. Recently, material development scientists have focused attention on possible improvements in the figure of merit of alloys based on silicon-germanium through an increase in a 2o (the so-called electrical figure of merit, or power factor). In the final report is embodied the results of a program of work to develop a realistic working theoretical model of the silicon germanium alloy systems and its use in identifying and investigating the parameters which determine the value of the electrical figure of merit.

It has been reported that grain boundary scattering has a significant effect in reducing the lattice thermal conductivity of silicon germanium alloys. This phenomenon does not appear to be accompanied by a deterioration in the other parameters which occur in the thermoelectric figure of merit. Consequently, small grain size silicon germanium alloys exhibit a higher figure of merit than comparable 'single crystal' or large grain size material. Although grain boundary scattering of phonons is particularly favoured in silicon germanium alloys because the large difference in atomic masses of the constituent atoms give rise to substantial alloy disorder scattering, this phenomenon will also be present in other thermoelectric semiconductor alloys.

This report although referred to as final, actually covers progress made during the period January to March 1984. The next step in this investigation was the development of a theoretical model which would enable a realistic estimate to be made of the absolute magnitude of the thermoelectric figure of merit Z of materials based upon lead telluride. In report No 4 we reported the results of a preliminary investigation into the effect of including a multivallied energy band structure in our model; this was an essential step as all established thermoelectric materials, including those based upon lead telluride possess such an energy band structure. In addition to possessing a multivallied energy band structure, materials based upon lead telluride have narrow energy band gaps. Narrow gap semiconductors in general possess non-parabolic energy surfaces and the difficulties encountered in obtaining a satisfactory agreement between theory and experimental data bas been resolved by including non-parabolicity in our theoretical model.

The objective of the investigation to date has been to obtain an estimate of the possible relative improvement in material performance due to phonon-grain boundary scattering. The theoretical model employed in the calculations is relatively insensitive to the choice of value taken for parameters such as effective mass and to the nature of the energy surfaces. As indicated in the previous report the immediate task is to develop a more realistic model and work is proceeding towards this objective.

Alloys of silicon and geranium are established semiconductor materials for use in high temperature thermoelectric conversion systems. The conversion efficiency of a thermoelectric device depends, among other things, upon the material properties of the thermoelements through the so-called figure of merit Z = (alpha squared) sigma/lambda where alpha is the Seebeck coefficient, Sigma the electrical conductivity and Lambda the total thermal conductivity. It has been predicted and demonstrated experimentally that the lattice thermal conductivity Lambda sub L of semiconductor alloys can be substantially reduced through the use of very small grain size compacted material.

Lead telluride type semiconductors are used in the fabrication of thermoelectric modules currently employed in a number of US military applications. This report covers a programme to produce materials based upon commercially available lead telluride type material (specifically identified as 3P) with improved figures of merit and hence greater thermoelectric conversion efficiency. One way of improving the figure of merit is by reducing the lattice thermal conductivity of the material in order to increase phonon-grain boundary scattering. A realistic model has been developed for PbSnTe and used to investigate the dependence of the lattice thermal conductivity on grain size and level doping. Thermal diffusivity measurements on small gain size compacted 3P material indicate that the reduction in lattice thermal conductivity is more than double that predicted by the theoretical model and is comparable to the reduction reported for silicon germanium alloys. The measured electric power factor values do not appear to decrease with a reduction in grain or size.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished