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Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vulcano is one of the seven volcanic islands composing the Aeolian Islands archipelago (Southern Italy), which also includes three other active volcanoes. The island was originally a stratovolcano like Stromboli; afterwards, its shape turned towards a complex structure composed of several volcanic landforms of different sizes. This is due to the great variability of the tectonic and volcanic phenomena, presently showing a volcano made by two calderas, a lava dome complex and two small active cones. The largest of them is the tuff cone of La Fossa, hosted in the middle of a 3‐km‐wide caldera structure (La Fossa caldera), whose borders are visible on the southern and western sides of the island. Its last eruption occurred in 1888–1890. At present, Vulcano is characterized by weak shallow seismicity and intense fumarolic activity mainly concentrated within the crater of the La Fossa cone and along its rims during a recent unrest phase started in 2021, and measured with a multiparametric monitoring network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakhstan witnessed the most substantial and powerful “political earthquake” in January 2022, in its thirty-year history as a Republic. Protests against the increase in the price of energy soon turned into violent riots, during which 225 people lost their lives. The causes of these events are certainly complex and profound. In order to eliminate part of the cause, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev first proposed and then implemented reforms that changed the constitutional and legal systems and, to a large extent, transformed the political system. In lieu of a super-presidential system, there have been endeavours to establish a presidential system featuring a robust parliament, which not only exercises legislative authority but also assumes a substantial oversight role. In addition, the method of electing people’s representatives in the assemblies was changed, a balance of power and responsibility was established, and better mechanisms for respecting human rights and freedoms were ensured. This paper describes and analyses both the reforms themselves and their reasons. At the same time, it challenges theses about the past and future character of the Kazakh political system. The theoretical framework is based on modern normative political concepts, including dialectical-critical discourse in the part of the research that refers to the views of individual authors on the history of Kazakhstani constitution-making. The methodological framework is based on the case study analysis. Conclusions support the thesis that reforms are oriented towards the long-term stabilisation of institutions and ensuring security.

Abstract Hydrothermal systems can generate phreatic and/or phreatomagmatic explosions with little warning. Understanding the temporal and spatial evolution of geophysical and geochemical signals at hydrothermal systems is crucial for detecting precursory signs to unrest and to inform on hazard. Thermal signatures of such systems are poorly defined because data records are often too short or discrete compared to activity timescales, which can be decadal. La Fossa system of Vulcano has been monitored since the 1980s and entered a period of unrest in 2021. We assessed the thermal signature of La Fossa using ground- and satellite-based data with various temporal and spatial scales. While continuously-recording stations provided continuous but point-based measurements, fumarole field vent surveys and infrared images obtained from satellite-flown sensors (ASTER and VIIRS) allowed lower temporal resolution but synoptic records to be built. By integrating this multi-resolution data set, precursory signs of unrest could retrospectively be detected from February to June 2021. Intensity of all unrest metrics increased during summer 2021, with an onset over a few days in September 2021. By September, seismic, CO2, SO2 and other geochemical metrics also indicated unrest, leading Civil Protection to raise the alert level to yellow on October 1. Heat flux, having been 4 MW in May 2019, increasing to 90 MW by September, and peaking at 120 MW in March 2022. We convolved our thermal data sets with all other monitoring data to validate a Vulcano Fossa Unrest Index (VFUI), framework of which can be potentially applied to any hydrothermal system. The VFUI highlighted four stages of unrest, none of which were clear in any single data set: background, precursory, onset and unrest. Onset was characterized by sudden release of fluids, likely caused by failure of sealed zones that had become pressurized during the precursory phase that began possibly as early as February 2021. Unrest has been ongoing for more than 18 months, and may continue for several more years. Our understanding of this system behavior has been due to hindsight, but demonstrates how multiparametric surveys can track and forecast unrest. Graphical Abstract

ABSTRACTPublic protest represents an important sanction on rulers and institutions. Protest is a quotidian phenomenon in South Africa; perhaps the defining element of post-apartheid political life. Geographic representations of protest abound – typically dot distribution maps – but these merely confirm that more protests occur where there are more people. Visualisations of protest per capita and protestors per capita (or ‘general propensity’), which are best rendered as choropleth maps, are well-placed to overcome this limitation. The South African Police Services' database of protest is the largest publicly-available single-country protest event database. Having used machine learning to classify 89,000 protest events, I locate each within one of the country's 234 municipalities, and depict these events using counts, count per capita, and the general propensity. This reveals a proportionally high number of rural protests, and that municipalities hosting major industries, along with provincial seats of government, present the highest propensity for protest.

Hydrothermal systems can generate phreatic and/or phreatomagmatic explosions with little warning. Understanding the temporal and spatial evolution of geophysical and geochemical signals at hydrothermal systems is crucial for detecting precursory signs to unrest and to inform on hazard. Thermal signatures of such systems are poorly defined because data records are often too short or discrete compared to activity timescales, which can be decadal. La Fossa system of Vulcano has been monitored since the 1980s and entered a period of unrest in 2021. We assessed the thermal signature of La Fossa using ground- and satellite-based data with various temporal and spatial scales. While continuously-recording stations provided continuous but point-based measurements, fumarole field vent surveys and infrared images obtained from satellite-flown sensors (ASTER and VIIRS) allowed lower temporal resolution but synoptic records to be built. By integrating this multi-resolution data set, precursory signs of unrest could retrospectively be detected from February to June 2021. Intensity of all unrest metrics increased during summer 2021, with an onset over a few days in September 2021. By September, seismic, CO2, SO2 and other geochemical metrics also indicated unrest, leading Civil Protection to raise the alert level to yellow on October 1. Heat flux, having been 4 MW in May 2019, increasing to 90 MW by September, and peaking at 120 MW in March 2022. We convolved our thermal data sets with all other monitoring data to validate a Vulcano Fossa Unrest Index (VFUI), framework of which can be potentially applied to any hydrothermal system. The VFUI highlighted four stages of unrest, none of which were clear in any single data set: background, precursory, onset and unrest. Onset was characterized by sudden release of fluids, likely caused by failure of sealed zones that had become pressurized during the precursory phase that began possibly as early as February 2021. Unrest has been ongoing for more than 18 months, and may continue for several more years. Our understanding of this system behavior has been due to hindsight, but demonstrates how multiparametric surveys can track and forecast unrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kazakhstan witnessed the most substantial and powerful "political earthquake" in January 2022, in its thirty-year history as a Republic. Protests against the increase in the price of energy soon turned into violent riots, during which 225 people lost their lives. The causes of these events are certainly complex and profound. In order to eliminate part of the cause, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev first proposed and then implemented reforms that changed the constitutional and legal systems and, to a large extent, transformed the political system. In lieu of a super-presidential system, there have been endeavours to establish a presidential system featuring a robust parliament, which not only exercises legislative authority but also assumes a substantial oversight role. In addition, the method of electing people's representatives in the assemblies was changed, a balance of power and responsibility was established, and better mechanisms for respecting human rights and freedoms were ensured. This paper describes and analyses both the reforms themselves and their reasons. At the same time, it challenges theses about the past and future character of the Kazakh political system. The theoretical framework is based on modern normative political concepts, including dialectical-critical discourse in the part of the research that refers to the views of individual authors on the history of Kazakhstani constitution-making. The methodological framework is based on the case study analysis. Conclusions support the thesis that reforms are oriented towards the long-term stabilisation of institutions and ensuring security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the events that took place in July 1887 in the Circassian aul of Khakurinokhabl during the implementation of the military reform in the Circassian aul societies of the Kuban region, which revealed the existence of a socio-political confrontation within the aul society. Great importance is attached to the study of specific events that took place in the Circassian aul societies of the Kuban region during the preparation of reforms that contribute to the complex process of strengthening the Russian influence and maintaining civil order in the Circassian aul societies.The author uses a wide range of sources on the history of the Adyghs (Circassians), which include archival materials, suggesting a comprehensive coverage of historical facts on this issue.The method of accumulation of factual material with subsequent analysis and obtaining the next, higher degree of generalization has been used. The principle of historicism plays an important role in the study of the problem, which has made it possible to consider the civil disturbances in the aul of Khakurinokhabl in dynamics from actual events in specific historical conditions in close connection with the administrative and socio-economic policy of the authorities to theoretical discussions about their causes and consequences.The article consistently describes the events that took place during the riots in the aul of Khakurinokhabl, which has made it possible to identify the role of individual characters and claimsagainst the aul authorities put forward by part of the aul society. The author reveals the activities of the head of the Maikop district of the Kuban region to maintain order in the aul of Khakurinokhabl.The author comes to the conclusion that in the course of the military reform in the Circassian aul communities of the Maikop district of the Kuban region, the Russian officials did not fully take into account the already existing historical experience of reforms among the Circassian population. Ignoring the interests of the most disadvantaged part of society by the old aul elites, pushed Circassian women, as guardians of the hearth and well-being of their families, to take active actions of protest together with men.

South Africa has recently experienced an increase in unrest within urban and rural communities, despite attempts from both government and business levels to engage communities through Community Engagement (CE) forums. This has had a negative impact on the operations of businesses in the mining industry in South Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore CE challenges in the South African mining sector. The study used qualitative research methods where semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussion, were conducted among different stakeholders who were selected purposefully. The data were thematically analysed using the Atlas.ti software programme. The following themes were identified: Anglo Social Way, CE approaches, CE structures, guiding policies, terms of references, and municipality framework. It was recommended that community members needed to be educated on how the mine interacts with the community, its activities, and their participation as well as eliminating community unrest in order to improve communication amongst all stakeholders.

AbstractThe article studies the economic background and reasons for the protest actions of the population on the example of major riots in the regions of Kazakhstan in early 2022. The theory of relative deprivation explains the occurrence of unrest by the growth of social tension in groups of the population who are dissatisfied with living conditions. According to the authors, the causes of the unrest were economic factors. There are many studies on political, inter-ethnic, inter-religious, and other factors of protest actions, but not enough research on the economic factors of urban unrest. The study aims to identify the economic causes of the outbreak of violence in the country’s regions. The research methodology was based on comparative statistical analysis and building a probit model based on panel data. We have established that the growth of the subsistence minimum, the increase in the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum, and, especially, the depth of poverty and the acuity of poverty are reasons for social tension, which, after the small trigger, turned into large-scale urban unrest. Moreover, neither income inequality nor rising unemployment was a significant factor in the protest actions. The results indicate the need for the authorities to monitor the socio-economic indicators of the regions and take measures to prevent their significant deterioration, especially the depth and acuity of poverty. A similar empirical approach can be applied to analyzing the economic causes of unrest in regions of other countries.

The article studies the economic background and reasons for the protest actions of the population on the example of major riots in the regions of Kazakhstan in early 2022. The theory of relative deprivation explains the occurrence of unrest by the growth of social tension in groups of the population who are dissatisfied with living conditions. According to the authors, the causes of the unrest were economic factors. There are many studies on political, inter-ethnic, inter-religious, and other factors of protest actions, but not enough research on the economic factors of urban unrest. The study aims to identify the economic causes of the outbreak of violence in the country's regions. The research methodology was based on comparative statistical analysis and building a probit model based on panel data. We have established that the growth of the subsistence minimum, the increase in the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence minimum, and, especially, the depth of poverty and the acuity of poverty are reasons for social tension, which, after the small trigger, turned into large-scale urban unrest. Moreover, neither income inequality nor rising unemployment was a significant factor in the protest actions. The results indicate the need for the authorities to monitor the socio-economic indicators of the regions and take measures to prevent their significant deterioration, especially the depth and acuity of poverty. A similar empirical approach can be applied to analyzing the economic causes of unrest in regions of other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanpınar, who likens happiness to a "fresh fruit", aims to emphasize that happiness is a temporary pleasure. Indeed, happiness is like a whole series of moments that are overshadowed by the pursuit and even attracted by it. While these moments sometimes express a material pleasure, they also tell a spiritual inner adventure. The novel, Huzur tells about peace in the shadow of a series of uncertainties/anxieties for twenty-four hours in total. Although the stories seem to describe peace in an ironic way, what is actually told is an expression of inner restlessness. There is no absolute bliss; there is only the preference for peace guided by anxiety and uncertainty. In the study; the fiction of the novel, the relationship of persons with each other, the period, the perspective of space, worries, fears and uncertainties of the characters, and the concept of peace will be examined through unrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unlike COVID 19 lockdown, very little is known about the impact of non-COVID 19 lockdown and two lockdowns (post abrogation of article 370 and post COVID 19) in series on health-care delivery system. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to look for the impact of two lockdowns, separately and in combination, on health-care delivery system. Materials and Methods: Data of patients visiting the pediatric outpatient department, pattern of hospital admissions and patient outcomes 1 month and 6 months before and after two lockdowns were recorded and compared within a lockdown and with each other. Results: Fall in Outpatient visits and its persistence even after 6 months was more pronounced for post COVID 19 Lockdown or lockdown 2 (–73%VS–43% and +195VS–61%). There was a statistically significant difference between admissions rates 1 month before and after lockdown 1 (post article 370 abrogation) as well as 1 month before and after lockdown 2 (P= 0.001; P< 0.0001). For the same time period, admission rates were significantly different for respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses during the two lockdowns (

The world's population is increasingly concentrated in cities. Research on urbanization's implications for peace and security has been hampered by a lack of comparable data on political mobilization and violence at the city level across space and through time, however. Urban Social Disorder 3.0 is a detailed event dataset covering 186 national capitals and major urban centers from 1960 to 2014. It includes 12 types of nonviolent and violent events, detailing the actors involved and their targets, start and end dates of each event, and the number of participants and deaths. We provide an overview of the main features of these data, and trends in urban social disorder across space and time. We demonstrate the utility of the dataset by analyzing the relationship between city size and the frequency of lethal disorder events. We find a positive relationship between city population and lethal urban social disorder, unlike previous studies. These new data raise promising avenues for future research on democratization; climate change and food security; and spillovers between different forms of mobilization and violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to identify vulnerabilities and exploitation means necessary to use destabilization to support a military, and ultimately political, objective in a potential conflict between China and the governments supporting a liberal rules-based order. Japanese efforts during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 showed destabilizing a regime as a credible way to support military objectives during a conflict and provided some key insights by which destabilization efforts function. Based on the historical case and contemporary analysis of China, this essay makes recommendations to decision makers in a conflict on how to best execute and support destabilization efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volcanoes of Galápagos, Ecuador, are among the most active in the world, with an average of five eruptions per decade. Monitoring and communication of their activity are essential for timely management of events. In this context, the Instituto Geofísico de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional carries out constant surveillance of Galápagos volcanoes using geophysical monitoring, remote sensing, and field campaigns with the support of the Dirección del Parque Nacional Galápagos. Collaborations with national emergency agencies and international scientists have been key to ensuring the protection of the population, economic activities, and endemic fauna of Galápagos. Since 2010, there have been numerous changes in the way volcanic unrest and eruptions are detected and communicated to decision-makers and the general public. This paper summarizes six eruptions and one period of unrest from different Galápagos volcanoes that occurred in the last decade to illustrate and discuss the evolution of surveillance and hazard communication.

This study aims to explore the most important events in the region and shed light on them through critical periods that constituted important turning points on the geopolitical curve of the Arab region. The study also aims to extrapolate the most critical geopolitical transformations of the Arab world, whether in the regional geopolitical dimension or its interactions with global external powers. The study concluded that many significant geopolitical shifts have taken place and are still occurring in the Arab region, paving the way for fundamental changes in the geopolitical situation of the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unlike COVID 19 lockdown, very little is known about the impact of non-COVID 19 lockdown and two lockdowns (post abrogation of article 370 and post COVID 19) in series on health-care delivery system. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to look for the impact of two lockdowns, separately and in combination, on health-care delivery system. Materials and Methods: Data of patients visiting the pediatric outpatient department, pattern of hospital admissions and patient outcomes 1 month and 6 months before and after two lockdowns were recorded and compared within a lockdown and with each other. Results: Fall in Outpatient visits and its persistence even after 6 months was more pronounced for post COVID 19 Lockdown or lockdown 2 (-73%VS-43% and +195VS-61%). There was a statistically significant difference between admissions rates 1 month before and after lockdown 1 (post article 370 abrogation) as well as 1 month before and after lockdown 2 (P= 0.001; P< 0.0001). For the same time period, admission rates were significantly different for respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses during the two lockdowns (<0.0001). Also, there was a significant difference between admissions rates 6 month before and after lockdown 1 and 6 months before and after lockdown 2 (P< 0.00001; P<=0.02). There was a significant difference between hospital admission rates 1 month after lockdown 1 and lockdown 2 (<0.0001). There was also significant difference between clinical spectrum of admitted patients 1 month and 6 months after the two lockdowns (<0.03-<0.0001). Conclusion: Both Lockdowns had a significant negative impact on healthcare delivery system. However, post COVID-19 lockdown had a much stronger impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public protest represents an important sanction on rulers and institutions. Protest is a quotidian phenomenon in South Africa; perhaps the defining element of post-apartheid political life. Geographic representations of protest abound – typically dot distribution maps – but these merely confirm that more protests occur where there are more people. Visualisations of protest per capita and protestors per capita (or ‘general propensity’), which are best rendered as choropleth maps, are well-placed to overcome this limitation. The South African Police Services’ database of protest is the largest publicly-available single-country protest event database. Having used machine learning to classify 89,000 protest events, I locate each within one of the country’s 234 municipalities, and depict these events using counts, count per capita, and the general propensity. This reveals a proportionally high number of rural protests, and that municipalities hosting major industries, along with provincial seats of government, present the highest propensity for protest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extant overarching legislative measures, new legislative measures, and other initiatives, crime and violence are still rife in South Africa. This contribution highlights the increase in crime statistics and elaborates on matters connected therewith, including shortcomings in the services dedicated to crime prevention and the country's protection. Recent developments within the broad domains of security services regarding legislation and case law handed down are discussed. Concerns like domestic and gender-based violence and new approaches to extant threats, like terrorism, are further canvassed in the contribution. Additionally, matters linked to security, unrest, and violence are examined. These issues include correctional services, developments linked to arms and ammunition, and national security and reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his ontology of the singular plural, Jean-Luc Nancy makes the claim that nothing preexists the event of being: no principle, arche, or prior substance. With such a statement, a thinking of the event emerges: not preceded by any principle or ground, and no longer referred to any prior substance, being is nothing but the event of itself. Thus preceded by nothing and grounded in no essence, the event of being can only come as a surprise. This essay explores Nancy's thinking of the event as surprise. Indeed, for Nancy, far from being an occasional accompaniment of an event, the surprise is a constitutive feature of the event. An event, he states, is surprising, or it is not an event. In the end, as Nancy puts it, thinking the event, the surprise of the event or the event as surprise, will amount to thinking being surprised, or "over-taken" (sur-prise) by the event, for the event always exceeds thinking while also each time happening to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isaiah Shembe founded the Nazareth Baptist Church (NBC) in 1910, and this new institution distinguished itself from mission Christianity not least through the markedly different moral economy. With the church headquarters at the outskirts of Durban (South Africa), the church catered to black Africans, dispossessed of their land and forced into the capitalist labor system. To them, Shembe preached a Protestant work ethic, while at the same time condemning involvement in city life and striving to acquire land and attain economic autonomy for his congregations. With female adherents running away from fathers and husbands, he started out as a 'thief of women', but soon gave religious support to the patriarchal authorities of chiefs, who granted the church land in native reserves in turn. Prohibiting members from joining labor unions, the church connected cities and mines with rural homelands and contributed to the stabilization of the migrant labor system. In addition, Shembe preached moral ethnicity, and hence partook in the creation of Zulu nationalism. The ambiguous moral economy of the NBC persisted during apartheid capitalism and post-apartheid neoliberalism. My essay focuses on preaching and the heterotopic character of the large gatherings of the NBC, and I will also connect church morals with the wider Zulu traditionalist milieu and, given the preoccupation of classic moral economy with riots and revolutions, conclude with some observations on the 2021 unrests in South Africa.

This paper explores the reasoning and implications of the unrest in Kazakhstan unleashed in January of 2022. This crisis was the most severe form of violence that Kazakhstan has endured since gaining independence. It distorted Kazakhstan’s image as a stable country. While the crisis was limited to the territory of Kazakhstan and developed mainly from domestic problems, it undeniably acquired an important international element. Kazakhstan’s appeal to the CSTO presented a drastic change in Kazakhstan’s foreign policy and ensued in the shift in the balance of power in the greater Eurasian region. Although Russia played a relatively subtle role on the ground, Russia’s involvement was set to link the political future of Kazakhstan to Russia for an unspecified amount of time. The study concludes that Kazakhstan is faced with the challenges of undertaking significant reforms to lower the possibility of further instabilities while remaining true to its multi-vector foreign policy agenda amid Russian intrusion.

The chemical composition of gases emitted by active volcanoes reflects both magma degassing and shallower processes, such as fluid-rock hydrothermal interaction and mixing with atmospheric-derived fluids. Untangling the magmatic fluid endmember within surface gas emission is therefore challenging, even with the use of well-known magma degassing tracers such as noble gases. Here, we investigate the deep magmatic fluid composition at the Nisyros caldera (Aegean Arc, Greece) by measuring nitrogen and noble gas abundances and isotopes in naturally degassing fumaroles. Gas samples were collected from 32 fumarolic vents at water-boiling temperature between 2018 and 2021. These fumaroles are admixtures of magmatic fluids typical of subduction zones, groundwater (or air saturated water, ASW), and air. The N 2 , He, and Ar composition of the magmatic endmember is calculated by reverse mixing modeling and shows N 2 /He = 31.8 ± 4.5, N 2 /Ar = 281.6, δ 15N = +7 ± 3 ‰, 3He/4He = 6.2 Ra (where Ra is air 3He/4He), and 40Ar/36Ar = 551.6 ± 19.8. Although N 2 /He is significantly low with respect to typical values for arc volcanoes (1,000–10,000), the contribution of subducted sediments to the Aegean Arc magma generation is reflected by the positive δ 15N values of Nisyros fumaroles. The low N 2 /He ratio indicates N 2 -depletion due to solubility-controlled differential degassing of an upper-crustal silicic (dacitic/rhyodacitic) melt in a high-crystallinity reservoir. We compare our 2018–2021 data with N 2 , He, and Ar values collected from the same fumaroles during a hydrothermal unrest following the seismic crisis in 1996–1997. Results show additions of both magmatic fluid and ASW during this unrest. In the same period, fumarolic vents display an increase in magmatic species relative to hydrothermal gas, such as CO 2 /CH 4 and He/CH 4 ratios, an increase of ∼50 °C in the equilibrium temperature of the hydrothermal system (up to 325 °C), and greater amounts of vapor separation. These variations reflect an episode of magmatic fluid expulsion during the seismic crisis. The excess of heat and mass supplied by the magmatic fluid injection is then dissipated through boiling of deeper and peripheral parts of the hydrothermal system. Reverse mixing modeling of fumarolic N 2 -He-Ar has therefore important ramifications not only to disentangle the magmatic signature from gases emitted during periods of dormancy, but also to trace episodes of magmatic outgassing and better understand the state of the upper crustal reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A challenge in monitoring long‐dormant volcanoes is to discover early signs of reawakening. Mineral springs on Taranaki volcano (2,518 m, New Zealand) have elevated carbonate concentrations, δ13CDIC ∼ −5‰ (VPDB) and He isotopes from 5.13 to 5.92 RA, indicating a magmatic volatile source. Stable isotopes demonstrate water recharge occurs near the volcano's summit. Volatile anions and silica are low in a cold (5oC) flank spring at 1,000 m a.s.l., yet elevated in warm springs (25–32oC) associated with travertine deposits at 250–300 m, suggesting a weak hydrothermal component along the flow path. Tritium dating of the cold spring water yields a mean residence time of 7.8 years. This short residence time and magmatic volatile signatures suggest magmatic CO2 persistently flushes Taranaki's upper edifice. Cold spring geochemistry thus reveals volcanic activity at this dormant volcano that otherwise lacks obvious geophysical signs of unrest. Plain Language Summary: Dormant volcanoes with no obvious signs of activity are difficult to monitor. We show that the earliest released gas from magma, carbon dioxide, emanates from cold springs on the flanks of the dormant Taranaki volcano. The spring water is ∼8 years old when emerging and there were at least 10 eruptions recorded over the last millennium, suggesting that degassing of magma is happening now beneath Taranaki. Increases in the CO2 degassing from these sites could precede an eruption by months to weeks. Warm springs on the outer flanks of the volcano also show signs of being influenced by volcanic processes, providing new sites for potential volcano monitoring. Key Points: All mineral springs on the flanks of Taranaki volcano (2,518 m) contain magmatic carbon and heliumTritium dating implies mean residence times of approximately 8 years to the Kōkōwai site, thus elevated carbon suggests present‐day degassingWarm mineral springs on the lower volcanic flanks at 250–300 m precipitate travertine, and are elevated in SiO2, S, and Cl [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the reasoning and implications of the unrest in Kazakhstan unleashed in January of 2022. This crisis was the most severe form of violence that Kazakhstan has endured since gaining independence. It distorted Kazakhstan's image as a stable country. While the crisis was limited to the territory of Kazakhstan and developed mainly from domestic problems, it undeniably acquired an important international element. Kazakhstan's appeal to the CSTO presented a drastic change in Kazakhstan's foreign policy and ensued in the shift in the balance of power in the greater Eurasian region. Although Russia played a relatively subtle role on the ground, Russia's involvement was set to link the political future of Kazakhstan to Russia for an unspecified amount of time. The study concludes that Kazakhstan is faced with the challenges of undertaking significant reforms to lower the possibility of further instabilities while remaining true to its multi-vector foreign policy agenda amid Russian intrusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A challenge in monitoring long‐dormant volcanoes is to discover early signs of reawakening. Mineral springs on Taranaki volcano (2,518 m, New Zealand) have elevated carbonate concentrations, δ13CDIC ∼ −5‰ (VPDB) and He isotopes from 5.13 to 5.92 RA, indicating a magmatic volatile source. Stable isotopes demonstrate water recharge occurs near the volcano's summit. Volatile anions and silica are low in a cold (5oC) flank spring at 1,000 m a.s.l., yet elevated in warm springs (25–32oC) associated with travertine deposits at 250–300 m, suggesting a weak hydrothermal component along the flow path. Tritium dating of the cold spring water yields a mean residence time of 7.8 years. This short residence time and magmatic volatile signatures suggest magmatic CO2 persistently flushes Taranaki's upper edifice. Cold spring geochemistry thus reveals volcanic activity at this dormant volcano that otherwise lacks obvious geophysical signs of unrest.

Enigmatic large‐scale (>150 km wide) ground deformation in southern Bolivia has been ongoing for more than 50 year. Concurrent changes in gravity recorded between 2010 and 2018 imply minor changes in subsurface density in the absence of significant mass changes. Numerical modeling of the gravity changes and concurrent InSAR LOS displacements gives annual bulk density changes of 0.002 kg m−3 in the Altiplano‐Puna Magma Body (APMB) and −0.03 kg m−3 in a vertical bulge‐column ensemble beneath Uturuncu volcano. We propose that the transcrustal migration of fluids from the APMB to shallower crustal levels by compressible flow is the source of ground deformation. Localized ground subsidence south of Uturuncu can be best explained by a density decrease of 20 ± 5 kg m−3 between 2011 and 2013 in a hydrothermal reservoir. Our findings contribute to the growing recognition of transcrustal fluid migration as a source of volcanic unrest. Plain Language Summary: Large‐scale (>80 km wide) anomalous ground uplift has been observed in the Altiplano‐Puna region of southern Bolivia for more than five decades, but there is no consensus on the underlying causes. While magma migration and emplacement at shallow depth or a combination of magma and fluid migration have been proposed, none of the previous studies considered changes in the gravity field. Here, we report on temporal and spatial changes in gravity observed between 2010 and 2018 which primarily indicate subsurface density changes as the cause of ground deformation during that period. Using computer modeing, we show that the ascent of fluids from a deep‐seated (∼20 km below the ground surface) magma reservoir through the overlying crust can explain both the deformation and gravity changes. This ascent occurs amid a decrease in confining pressure, leading to the expansion of the fluids within a volume best characterized by a column‐like geometry. Movement of magma is either negligible or absent. Localized ground subsidence can be explained by the release of the fluids to the surface. Key Points: We report gravity changes between 2010 and 2018 from the Altiplano‐Puna deformation anomalyNumerical modeling highlights minor density changes in the subsurface magmatic plumbing system2010–2018 deformation best explained by transcrustal migration of compressible magmatic fluids [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the implementation of peace-oriented policies and projects/activities to reduce unrest and violence in Thailand's southern border regions. This study incorporated both quantitative and qualitative research methods. To perform quantitative research, the opinions of 960 persons in the southern border provinces were surveyed. In-depth interviews with 36 religious' leaders, local leaders/government officers, and female leaders in the southern border regions of Thailand were used to conduct qualitative study. The collection of data was undertaken in the provinces of Yala, Pattani, Narathiwat, and Songkhla. The evaluation of government-implemented policies/activities/projects to minimize violence and unrest in the southern border regions of Thailand, based on five criteria of the evaluation framework, including relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, outcome, and sustainability. The results demonstrated that the implementation of peace-related policies, programs, and activities in the southern border provinces from 2016 to 2019 was successful. Unrest decreased in the southern border provinces of the region. People in the neighborhood gain a small amount of trust in the authorities, but they still cannot be trusted. Therefore, there remained uneasiness and suspicion towards government officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guilds between authority and opposition. This paper compares the legal status of guilds in two German towns of the late Middle Ages: Frankfurt am Main and Hamburg. Both cities represented commercial hubs, Frankfurt with its privilege to hold fairs, Hamburg as a port town and member of the Hanse. Both cities also witnessed unrest and public protest by guilds during the second half of the 14th century. This article argues that those conflicts erupted over the guilds' attempts to formalise their legal status by having their statutes written and acknowledged by the city council. The council eventually pre-empted those attempts. This happened through a process of bargaining that can be subdivided into three different stages: production of written demands or statutes, destabilisation, escalation. Putting something into writing created a qualitative distinction to orality in a society that was predominantly communicating orally and in presence. Thus, the latter was still the mode of political communication, mainly by swearing an oath, that could settle these conflicts. Where this process failed, the conflict could erupt into open violence, which in turn could only be settled by outside intervention – as in the case of Frankfurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, the record of earthquakes with the use of devices began in 1900. On September 20, 2020, an earthquake of Mw 5.1 happened near Obruk village of Niğde-Bor province (Central Anatolia, Turkey) and a swarm consisting of ${>}$100 aftershocks continued for one month. This swarm happened in an area where no seismic activity had been recorded before, according to the earthquake catalog covering the period 1900–2020. The area concerned is known for its monogenetic volcano sequences and is located immediately south of the active Hasandağ volcano of the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, Turkey. In this paper, we reported a volcano-structural interpretation of the seismic events, and evaluate the volcanic unrest possibilities related to the seismic activity on and around Hasandağ.

After achieving independence, North-East India has been a spectator of a series of popular movements on the question of eco-political and cultural harmony. The growing fragmentation, division, divergence and discord among various ethnic communities residing in the region have resulted in disquieting developments of ethnic unrest, conflict, violence and even political secession in different parts of northeast India. A few years ago, Assam witnessed the invidious “Anti-foreigner Movement” led byAll Assam Students Union (AASU) which have created violence and destabilized the political process of Assam and also destroyed the social harmony and national unity. Before Assam could recover well from the clutches of the “Anti foreigner Movement”, it faced another serious challenge from the Bodos. The Bodos, under the leadership of All Bodo Students‟ Union (ABSU) launched a movement for a separate homeland namely „Bodoland‟. A section of Bodo militant outfits - National DemocraticFront of Bodoland (NDFB) and Bodo Liberation Tigers (BLT) have raised secessionist demands and the creation of sovereign state of Bodoland. This had led to the subversive activities by militant organizations of the Bodos involving the fratricidal killings, bomb blasts, kidnapping, rail blockades and activities of sabotage affecting the neighbouring states like Bhutan, Bangladesh, besides, the entire country. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive study on the various aspects of the Bodoland Movement launched by the All Bodo Students Union (ABSU), during the 1980s demanding for the establishment of a separate Bodo state in the north bank of the Brahmaputra River. This paper extensively deals with the theoretical aspect of the Bodoland Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Psicología Iztacala is the property of Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This annual report addresses some statutory developments and case law concerning unrest, violence, crime statistics, violent protests, truth and reconciliation, security services, and arms and ammunition. There is a noted decrease in crime during the reporting period. This may be attributed to the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on the movement of people. It is questionable whether the decline in crime statistics will continue. Violent protests ascribed to the incarceration of former President Zuma erupted during this period. The Civilian Secretariat for Police Service’s Integrated Crime and Violence Prevention Strategy was published for comment. Family members of victims of gross human rights violations during apartheid still await the institution of criminal proceedings against the perpetrators. As espoused in a court decision, prisoners may not exercise conjugal rights while in a correctional facility. Several court cases dealt with the actions and activities of the security forces and their overreach during the lockdown period. Courts made scathing remarks in this regard. They also pronounced on the extension of licences for firearms and ammunition and allowed licence owners to apply for renewal where licences expired due to lax administration. The Firearms Control Amendment Bill, 2021, which gives effect to prior court decisions is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We aimed to perform three-dimensional imaging of the underlying geothermal system to a depth of 2 km using magnetotellurics (MT) at around the Yugama crater, the Kusatsu–Shirane Volcano, Japan, which is known to have frequent phreatic eruptions. We deployed 91 MT sites focusing around the peak area of 2 km × 2 km with typical spacings of 200 m. The full tensor impedances and the magnetic transfer functions were inverted, using an unstructured tetrahedral finite element code to include the topographic effect. The final model showed (1) low-permeability bell-shaped clay cap (C1) as the near-surface conductor, (2) brine reservoir as a deep conductor (C3) at a depth of 1.5 km from the surface, and (3) a vertical conductor (C2) connecting the deep conductor to the clay cap which implies an established fluid path. The columnar high-seismicity distribution to the east of the C2 conductor implies that the flushed vapor and magmatic gas was released from the brine reservoir by breaking the silica cap at the brittle–ductile transition. The past magnetization/demagnetization sources and the inflation source of the 2014 unrest are located just below the clay cap, consistent with the clay capped geothermal model underlain by brine reservoir. The resistivity model showed the architecture of the magmatic–hydrothermal system, which can explain the episodic volcanic unrest.

This article establishes the bioethical criteria that should be taken into account in the resolution of conflicts of environmental significance and proposes a procedure of justification and analysis. Its objective is to identify the gaps in knowledge about critical methodologies and urges for deliberative processes that favor plural and proactive participation. It poses as a thesis that in environmental problems it is necessary to understand the contingent nature of life. At the base of environmental problems there exists a controversial way to value biodiversity and the environment, and it is considered convenient to conceive of biodiversity and the environment as common goods, given that the welfare and survival of the population inhabiting the area are depends on them. It concludes by pointing out that the setting of bioethical criteria is a task to be developed and reveals the emergence of a field that unites new knowledge and practices around bioethics.

Military mutinies are critical to scholars' collective understanding of civil–military relations. This article introduces a new dataset that systematically codes mutinies across all regions and conducts an exploratory analysis of these new data. The primary contribution made here is the introduction of a new dataset that provides scholars with a sample of mutinies across region, space, and time. The new Military Mutinies and Defections Database (MMDD) codes events of military indiscipline from 1945 to 2017. This dataset uses geocoding techniques that will enable scholars to explore the spatial patterns and diffusion associated with mutinies. The second contribution is the preliminary exploration of these new data. Of note, I demonstrate that over one-third of all mutinies are violent, 6% of mutinies are associated with civilian deaths, and anocracies are more likely to experience mutinies than democratic or autocratic counterparts. MMDD provides investigators with an exciting new tool to explore dimensions of military disloyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Contemporanea is the property of Historia Contemporania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This exploratory contribution presents but one angle of the transfer of power in South Africa following the banning of the United Democratic Front (UDF) and the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). The Mass Democratic Movement (MDM) in South Africa played a short-lived but important role in political mobilisation before the transition from authoritarian rule to democracy through drawn-out negotiations (1991–1994). The MDM may be seen as the last phase of defiance against apartheid that forced the National Party (NP) to the negotiating table towards a new democratic order. This contribution argues that MDM activities reflected numerous strategies to achieve its objectives. Insights gained from transition theory that gained prominence as a theoretical tool during the late 1980s and early 1990s, and Maoist and other revolutionary theories explore the role of the MDM within the contemporary political context. Insights from transition theory in this article are used as a heuristic tool and not as political prescription in contrast to revolutionary theories that are built on programmes of sociopolitical action aimed at instating a new order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic violence is a worldwide problem, and there are over a billion women who have been exposed to violence from their husband or male partner. In Iraq, since the 2003 invasion, domestic violence has risen dramatically. In this study we aim to estimate the prevalence of domestic violence against women (and some associated factors) in Baghdad city. A sample of 735 women was collected from the attendants of the outpatients-Obstetrics/Gynaecology clinics of four randomly chosen health facilities located on either side of Baghdad city. A questionnaire form was developed to enquire about the occurrence of violence, its frequency, source, and reasons. The results showed that 81.2% of the women were exposed to violence (100% verbal/emotional and 39.18% physical), usually by the husband (41.4%) or brother (20.4%), mostly attributed to a stressful life of unrest (41.9%). Older and currently married women are significantly more exposed to domestic violence (p = 0.001 & 0.004, respectively). Consanguinity was associated with less violence (p = 0.0001) as was higher education (p = 0.001), employment (p = 0.044) and women's independence (p = 0.044). A stressful life of unrest was significantly associated with all types of violence (p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]