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Background: Tigers are protected under schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The current report highlights the detection of Hepatoozoon felis in a tiger cub. The infection is transmitted by ingestion of infected tick, infected prey and carrion. It is subclinical in adults; however, the cubs and immunocompromised adults may show clinical symptoms. Concurrent infection with bacterial or viral infections may be fatal to the infected animal. Methods: Hepatozoonosis was detected by blood smear examination using Giemsa staining. A PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA was used to confirm the infection. The amplicon was purified and sequenced using a sanger sequencer. The 18S ribosomal RNA fragment sequence was compared to the available sequences in NCBI database using the nucleotide BLAST Tool. Neighbour joining phylogenetic trees using the bootstrap method were constructed using MEGA X software. Result: The presence of an intermediate gamont stage in neutrophils was seen under high resolution. The 660 bp amplicon was purified, sequenced and analysed for identity using the nucleotide BLAST tool of NCBI. The sequence was found to be 99.32%, similar to Hepatozoon felis. The phylogenetic analysis by neighbour joining phylogenetic tree using the bootstrap method indicated similarity with other reported sequences of H. felis isolated from Asian Lions. The sequence, however, was very dissimilar to the previously reported H. felis isolated from Royal Bengal Tiger. Considering the potential threat Hepatozoonosis can have in the wild, the prevalence must be estimated in prey base, sympatric cat species and arthropod vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict leopards are often critically wounded and need care and rehabilitation under captivity. These incapacitated leopards need special health care and management including changes in diet to suit their physiological needs. In most zoos, a monotonous diet protocol of carabeef / beef is followed. It is essential to make changes to diet to suit the incapacity and provide wise supplementation where needed. In our study, five incapacitated or geriatric leopards were selected, their diet was modified considering their incapacity and their health was monitored by daily health monitoring, body score indexing, faecal scores, blood and biochemical monitoring etc. It was observed that making changes in regular diet to suit incapacitated and geriatric leopards was instrumental in the health and well being of incapacitated leopards in captivity. Similarly, geriatric leopards need special care to avert health complications and lead a healthy life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the diagnosis tool of liver disorders in dogs which is ultrasonography. It cites clinical cases with manifestation of liver disease of dogs in which they were subjected to ultrasound examination. It mentions that Toshiba Ultrasound machine is used as the ultrasound machine for the clinical cases. It notes that the liver was scanned in transverse and longitudinal section fanning movement.

Eleven dogs were diagnosed with corneal opacity based on clinical and opthalmic examination. Antibiotic and corticosteriod therapy initially for seven days followed by cyclosporine after confirmation of epithelization. Negative fluorescin dye test was confirmation for effective therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 12 female dogs presented at TVCC, NVC, Nagpur were included in this study and were divided into 2 different groups of 6 dogs each. The dogs were subjected to laparoscopic ovariectomy and laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in group I and II, respectively. The surgical parameters like surgical operating time, time to resect left and right organs and length of incision were studied. The mean surgical time of 71.16 ± 3.08 minutes was recorded in group I than that of 60.66 ± 5.60 minutes in group II. The time for resection of left ovary was longer in laparoscopic ovariectomy (26.66 ± 2.53 minutes) than by laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (20.66 ± 3.02 mins). The time for resection of right ovary was longer in laparoscopic ovariectomy (18.83 ± 2.42 minutes) followed by laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (14.33 ± 2.71 mins). Ovarian pedicle bleeding and splenic puncture in one dog were the intraoperative complications recorded in the study. It could be concluded that both the techniques were found equally feasible and safe for patients and further that surgical time can be reduced with experienced and skilled surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new minimal invasive technique using stainless steel stapling in six dogs was compared with practiced surgical technique. After draining, the haematoma and removal of complete blood and fibrin clots through the incision, haematoma cavity was flushed with Povidine iodine and stainless steel stapling was applied into the ear in six (6) dogs and practiced surgical method in another six (6) dogs. The stapling technique required less surgical time for obliteration of dead space and less time required for complete healing as compared to surgical technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two bullocks with history of fracture of horn, foul smelling, head shaking, mucopurulent discharge from the corresponding nostrils, dull, depressed, partially closed eyes and head pressing were presented. Both animals were suspected for sinusitis and in second case tumor mass (squamous cell carcinoma) at the tip was observed. The affected horns were surgically removed and no recurrence was observed. Animals recovered uneventfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nine year old pomeranian female dog was reported with inappetance, reduced water intake, occasional vomiting, and large growth since last two months. Clinical examination revealed fever, dysponea, auscultation of chest revealed lung consolidation and large tumor in left caudal abdominal gland. Surgical intervention under dissociative anaesthesia, removal of tumorous mass and post-operative care was undertaken. The histopathological examination revealed proliferation of mesenchymal cells along with tubular epithelial type representing fibrosarcoma of mammary gland. Uneventful recovery marked the successful surgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six year old male dog was presented with complaints of serosangineous discharge from the prepuce and the nostrils with a huge swelling on the nasal bridge and difficult breathing with snoring sounds. Clinical examination revealed venereal granuloma on the shaft of penis and mucosa of prepuce. Examination of the nostrils revealed softening of the nasal bridge and the nasal canal was packed with the extensive growth. Radiography revealed extensive loss of the nasal bone due to destruction and soft tissue mass above lesion. The histopathological examination of biopsy samples confirmed the growth to be venereal granuloma. The growth from the genitelia was removed surgically and post-operative antibiotic and analgesic course was given. Chemotherapy of Inj. vincristin instituted at weekly interval for 5 weeks for regression of the intranasal growth and also to avoid the recurrence of tumour. The discharge from the genitelia and nasal canal completely subsided at the end of first week and the swelling subsided by the end of fourth week. The surgical excision and vincristin chemotherapy lead to complete regression of growth in the nasal passage. No recurrence of the case was reported till the period of 6 months follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a three-year-old male German shepherd dog with a history of profuse salivation, depressed abnormal gait and with a recumbent position in which physical examination of the dog revealed fang marks. It says that respiration rate was 18 per minute and history and physical examination points to snake bite diagnosis. It says that the dog was treated with 10 milliliters (ml) of polyvalent snake anti venin and administered intravenously.

Spirometra species are the pseudotapeworm which causes severe diarrhea, weight loss and dehydration in wild animals.Two tiger cubs were presented for general check up. Faecal sample of cubs examined, were positive for Spirometra species. Cubs were treated with praziquantel @ 5 mg/kg body wt. (Tab. Eazypeta @ 1 tab/10 kg body wt.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study on treatment of mammary tumor in bitches was conducted by comparing two regimens of chemotherapy viz. Oncotron (Group-I, n=6) and a combination of Oncotron and Mammofen (Group-II, n=6). Comparative analysis of the two groups revealed significant variations in haematobiochemical values. Regression percentage in Group I was 66.20 percent and in Group II was 69.56 percent with recurrence observed in one case in each group. The G-banded karyotype of lymphocyte in metaphase obtained showed normalcy with respect to number, length and breadth of the chromosomes with normal appearance of bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried on six clinical cases of femur fracture presented to the N.V.C. Hospital. Immobilization of femur fracture was done with the use of horn -peg prepared from bovine horn. The healing of femur fracture was evaluated on the basis of clinical, radiographic, hematological & biochemical observation. The clinical observations such as rectal temperature, heart rate and respiration rate recorded for 7 consequent days were within normal range in all dogs. The surgical wound healed by primary intention in all the dogs. The partial weight bearing by operated limb was seen in 7.66 ± 0.84 post-operative days and the complete weight bearing was seen in 37.00 ± 2.94 post-operative days. The radiograph taken on 45th post-operative days showed a well organized external bridging of fracture gap by a firm callus in all dogs. The hematological studies revealed lymphocytopenia on 10th day. The haemoglobin level, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count, PCV, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils count were within normal range. Biochemical studies revealed significant increase in the serum alkaline phosphatase activity, however serum calcium, serum creatinine, SGOT and SGPT levels were within normal ranges. The horn-peg did not elicit any untoward reaction at the site of fracture during period of healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatozoonosis is a common tick-borne illness reported from all over the world. The infection has been well documented in dogs and cats, and has also been identified in wild canids and felids. India is home to many canid species; however, the incidence of Hepatozoonosis in wild canids is rarely reported. A wide variety of protocols have been discussed for the clinical management of the infection in companion animals; however, the suitability of treatment protocols in wild canids is understudied. The current case report highlights the clinical management of Hepatozoonosis in an Indian jackal and molecular investigation to provide vital insights into the epidemiology of the disease., Case Presentation: A paraplegic Indian jackal was rescued from Melghat Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, India. The animal had extensive decubital ulcers on the left pin bone and could not walk; however, the animal was active and dragged the hindlimb during locomotion. The vital parameters, blood and serum investigations were normal. Post physiotherapy, massage and infrared therapy, the animal could walk but started knuckling, resulting in injuries. Eight weeks into rehabilitation, the animal had a steep fall in haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, weight loss and was diagnosed with Hepatozoonosis. Considering the altered vital parameters, the jackal was rationally treated with Doxycyclin @ 20 mg/Kg O.D. (Once Daily) for 45 days along with supportive therapy. The jackal recovered after the treatment and led a normal life., Conclusion: Mono-drug regime using Doxycycline was effective in the alleviation of H.canis infection in jackal. The drug was effective in alleviating the clinical presentation without alteration of vital parameters. The molecular investigation provided qualitative inputs in understanding the epidemiology of Hepatozoon in wild canids., (© 2022. The Author(s).)