Search

Upper body force-velocity profiles to assess musculoskeletal performance are created using release speed (RS) of the barbell in a bench press throw (BPT). A more easily obtained variable is peak speed (PS) measured by a linear position transducer. We assessed the validity of predicting RS from measured PS. One hundred and seventy-eight throws from ten male participants age (mean ± SD) 27 ± 5 yrs, mass 88 ± 13 kg with minimum one year of resistance training performed the BPT with increasing loads on a Smith machine. Correlation revealed an exponential relationship of RS = 0.26e0.9(PS), (R2 = 0.96, p < .05). We assessed predictive validity by comparing the measured RS of the barbell in each throw to the RS estimated by this formula. Bland-Altman analysis showed the 95% limit of agreement was 0.26 m∙s−1 to 0.18 m∙s−1, with a mean difference of 0.04 m∙s−1 (2.92%), determining that PS may be used to estimate RS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We have investigated the magnitude of circadian variation in Isokinetic and Isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors, as well as back squat and bench press performance using the MuscleLab force velocity transducer. Ten resistance-trained males (mean±SD: age 21.5 ± 1.1 years; body mass 78.3 ± 5.2 kg; height 1.71 ± 0.07 m) underwent a) three to four familiarization sessions on each dynamometer and b) four sessions at different times of day (03:00, 09:00, 15:00 and 21:00 h). Each session was administered in a counterbalanced order and included a period when Perceived onset of mood states (POMS), then rectal and muscle temperature (Trec, Tm) was measured at rest, after which a 5-min standardized 150 W warm-up was performed on a cycle ergometer. Once completed, Isokinetic (60 and 240°·s−1 for extension and flexion) and Isometric dynamometry with peak torque (PT), time-to-peak-torque (tPT) and peak force (PF) and % activation was measured. Lastly, Trec and Tm were measured before the bench press (at 30, 50 and 70 kg) and back squat (at 40, 60 and 80 kg) exercises. A linear encoder was attached to an Olympic bar used for the exercises and average force (AF), peak velocity (PV) and time-to-peak-velocity (tPV) were measured (MuscleLab software; MuscleLab Technology, Langesund, Norway) during the concentric phase of the movements. Five-min recovery was allowed between each set with three repetitions being completed. General linear models with repeated measures and cosinor analysis were used to analyse the data. Values for Trec and Tm at rest were higher in the evening compared to morning values (Acrophase Φ: 16:35 and 17:03 h, Amplitude A: 0.30 and 0.23°C, Mesor M: 36.64 and 37.43°C, p < 0.05). Vigor, happy and fatigue mood states responses showed Φ 16:11 and 16:03 h and 02:05 h respectively. Circadian rhythms were apparent for all variables irrespective of equipment used where AF, PF and PT values peaked between 16:18 and 18:34 h; PV, tPV and tPT peaked between 05:54 and 08:03 h (p < 0.05). In summary, circadian rhythms in force output (force, torque, power, and velocity) were shown for isokinetic, isometric dynamometers and complex multi-joint movements (using a linear encoder); where tPV and tPT occur in the morning compared to the evening. Circadian rhythms in strength can be detected using a portable, low-cost instrument that shows similar cosinor characteristics as established dynamometers. Hence, muscle-strength can be measured in a manner that is more directly transferable to the world of athletic and sports performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The application of blood flow restriction (BFR) to low-intensity exercise may be able to increase strength not only in the trained limb but also in the homologous untrained limb. Whether this effect is repeatable and how that change compares to that observed with higher intensity exercise is unknown. Purpose: Examine whether low-intensity training with BFR enhances the cross-education of strength compared to exercise without BFR and maximal efforts. Methods: A total of 179 participants completed the 6-week study, with 135 individuals performing isometric handgrip training over 18 sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) low-intensity (4 × 2 min of 30% MVC; LI, n = 47), 2) low-intensity with blood flow restriction (LI + 50% arterial occlusion pressure; LI-BFR, n = 41), 3) maximal effort (4 × 5 s of 100% MVC; MAX, n = 47), and 4) non-exercise control (CON, n = 44). Results: LI-BFR was the only group that observed a cross-education in strength (CON: 0.64 SD 2.9 kg, LI: 0.95 SD 3.6 kg, BFR-LI: 2.7 SD 3.3 kg, MAX: 0.80 SD 3.1 kg). In the trained hand, MAX observed the greatest change in strength (4.8 SD 3.3 kg) followed by LI-BFR (2.8 SD 4.0 kg). LI was not different from CON. Muscle thickness did not change in the untrained arm, but ulna muscle thickness was increased within the trained arm of the LI-BFR group (0.06 SD 0.11 cm). Conclusion: Incorporating BFR into low-intensity isometric training led to a cross-education effect on strength that was greater than all other groups (including high-intensity training). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A musculoskeletal (MSK) model is a valuable tool for assessing complex biomechanical problems, estimating joint torques during motion, optimizing motion in sports, and designing exoskeletons and prostheses. This study proposes an open-source upper body MSK model that supports biomechanical analysis of human motion. The MSK model of the upper body consists of 8 body segments (torso, head, left/right upper arm, left/right forearm, and left/right hand). The model has 20 degrees of freedom (DoFs) and 40 muscle torque generators (MTGs), which are constructed using experimental data. The model is adjustable for different anthropometric measurements and subject body characteristics: sex, age, body mass, height, dominant side, and physical activity. Joint limits are modeled using experimental dynamometer data within the proposed multi-DoF MTG model. The model equations are verified by simulating the joint range of motion (ROM) and torque; all simulation results have a good agreement with previously published research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce slippage between the sensing module mounted on the tight-fitting clothing and the human skin during body movement, the clothing was optimized by numerical simulation. Firstly, solid models of the upper body and the sleeveless tight-fitting clothing were established using the reverse engineering software Geomagic Studio. Secondly, the sleeveless tight-fitting clothing was cut and segmented by the structural style of the tight-fitting clothing and the range of the skin deformation in each area. Finally, taking the running movement of the body as an example, the finite element analysis platform ANSYS Workbench was used to study the position change of sensing module mounting points relative to the human skin when different elastic fabrics were combined into the clothing. The results showed that when fabrics with higher elasticity were selected for front and back pieces and fabrics with lower elasticity were selected for shoulder and side pieces, the slippage between the sensing module and the human skin was smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the usefulness of inertial measurement units (IMUs) in the assessment of motor function of the upper limb (UL) in accordance with the international classification of functioning (ICF). PubMed; Scopus; Embase; WoS and PEDro databases were searched from inception to 1 February 2022. The current systematic review follows PRISMA recommendations. Articles including IMU assessment of UL in stroke individuals have been included and divided into four ICF categories (b710, b735, b760, d445). We used correlation meta-analysis to pool the Fisher Z-score of each correlation between kinematics and clinical assessment. A total of 35 articles, involving 475 patients, met the inclusion criteria. In the included studies, IMUs have been employed to assess the mobility of joint functions (n = 6), muscle tone functions (n = 4), control of voluntary movement functions (n = 15), and hand and arm use (n = 15). A significant correlation was found in overall meta-analysis based on 10 studies, involving 213 subjects: (r = 0.69) (95% CI: 0.69/0.98; p < 0.001) as in the d445 (r = 0.71) and b760 (r = 0.64) ICF domains, with no heterogeneity across the studies. The literature supports the integration of IMUs and conventional clinical assessment in functional evaluation of the UL after a stroke. The use of a limited number of wearable sensors can provide additional kinematic features of UL in all investigated ICF domains, especially in the ADL tasks when a strong correlation with clinical evaluation was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of using Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) to prescribe and regulate a 4-week handcycle training intervention. Methods: Thirty active adults, untrained in upper body endurance exercise, were divided into three groups to complete a 4-week intervention: (i) RPE-guided training (n = 10; 2 female), (ii) power output (PO)-guided (n = 10; 2 female) training, or (iii) non-training control (n = 10; 4 female). Training groups performed three sessions of handcycling each week. Oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 ), heart rate (HR), and Feeling Scale (FS) rating were collected during training sessions. RPE-guided training was performed at RPE 13. PO-guided training was matched for percentage of peak PO per session, based upon that achieved by the RPE-guided training group. Results: There were no differences in percentage of peak V ˙ O 2 (66 ± 13% vs 61 ± 9%, p = 0.22), peak HR (75 ± 8% vs 71 ± 6%, p = 0.11) or FS rating (1.2 ± 1.9 vs 0.8 ± 1.6, p = 0.48) between RPE- and PO-guided training, respectively. The average coefficient of variation in percentage of peak HR between consecutive training sessions was 2.8% during RPE-guided training, and 3.4% during PO-guided training. Conclusion: Moderate-vigorous intensity handcycling exercise can be prescribed effectively using RPE across a chronic training intervention, suggesting utility for practitioners in a variety of rehabilitation settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Rounded shoulder posture is a common problem in the athletic population. Recently Kinesio tape has been utilized to improve balance, proprioception, and posture. However, the literature has been unable to provide definitive answers on the efficacy of Kinesio tape use. Objective: To determine the immediate effect of the limb rotational Kinesio tape application on the dynamic balance and proprioception of the shoulder measured by the Y-Balance Upper Quarter Test (YBT-UQ) in male collegiate athletes. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants: Nineteen healthy male collegiate National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics athletes (including rodeo, baseball, football, and soccer) with a mean age of 19.8 (1.4) years. Interventions: Subjects were randomized into Kinesio tape and non-Kinesio tape groups. The limb rotational Kinesio tape application was applied to the Kinesio tape group, while the non-Kinesio tape group received no intervention. Each group performed the YBT-UQ, which requires reaching in 3 directions in a push-up position, before and after the randomized intervention on a single day. Main Outcome Measures: The variables of interest included the maximum reach distance in each of the 3 directions and the composite score for both trials between the Kinesio tape and non-Kinesio tape groups. Each score was normalized against the subject's limb length. Results: No statistically significant improvements in any YBT-UQ scores were observed following either the Kinesio tape or non-Kinesio tape intervention. Conclusions: Applying the limb rotational Kinesio tape technique did not improve immediate YBT-UQ scores in a male collegiate athletic population with rounded shoulder posture. The use of Kinesio tape to improve immediate closed kinetic chain function in male collegiate athletes with rounded shoulder posture cannot be supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motion analysis during activities of daily living has been conducted in numerous studies. However, information is lacking regarding age-related differences that affect clinical assessment and treatment goals. This study aimed to examine the effect of age on kinematics during activities of daily living. Three-dimensional motions of the shoulder, elbow, neck, and trunk of 12 younger adults (age, 29.8 ± 5.4 years; 7 men and 5 women) and 10 older adults (age, 69.5 ± 4.9 years; 6 men and 4 women) were measured during the acts of reaching for a table, bringing a glass to the mouth for drinking, wiping the buttocks, tying shoelaces, washing hair, washing the axilla, reaching for a high shelf, and reaching for the floor. The ranges of motion and sequential joint angles were compared between age groups by using discrete analysis and statistical parametric mapping, respectively. The ranges of motion of all joint angles in older and younger adults were comparable in the drinking, washing hair, washing the axilla, and reaching for the floor tasks. Statistical parametric mapping indicated that older adults had significantly poorer neck extension than did younger adults during the drinking (67–92% cycle time) and tying shoelaces (64–95% cycle time) tasks. Kinematics were mostly maintained in healthy older adults during activities of daily living. However, reduced motions were confirmed later during some tasks. The results indicated that existing knowledge combined with the current findings, which take age into account, could be used in clinical settings to assess the kinematics of activities of daily living and set treatment goals.

Previous work has shown that the mean continuous relative phase and coordination variability of lower limbs are modified in older adults when walking. Here, we propose to understand the extent to which such control mechanisms for upper limbs are present during gait. Specifically, we seek to understand if aging and gait speed constraints influence the interjoint control of upper limbs during walking. This observational study evaluated thirty-three participants, divided into older (n = 20, age 66.4 ± 4.3 years; mass: 77.2 ± 14.2 kg; height: 165 ± 9.20 cm) and young adults (n = 13, age 29.5 ± 4.7 years; mass 75.5 ± 9.6 kg; height: 172 ± 6.24 cm) were asked to walk at 0.28, 0.83, 1.38 m.s−1 on a level treadmill while their segmental movements were simultaneously registered with 3D motion capture system. We calculated the mean continuous relative phase and coordination variability (continuous relative phase variability) in elbow-shoulder and shoulder-hip pairs, and a generalized estimating equation was used to test the main and interaction effects of age and speed. Older adults had a reduced continuous relative phase (more in-phase coordination) of upper limbs at whole stance for elbow-shoulder, at loading response for shoulder-hip, at mid-stance and terminal stance for elbow-shoulder and shoulder-hip in comparison to young adults at different speeds (p < 0.05). The coordination variability of upper limbs was greater (higher continuous relative phase variability) in older than young adults at 0.28 and 1.38 m.s−1. These findings substantiate the altered motor control role of upper limbs in gait aging, suggesting that lower self-selected speed may be related to the reduced ability to control arm movement during the intermediate phases of gait. • We seek to understand if aging influence the interjoint control of upper limbs during walking. • The joint movement pattern was wider in young than in older adults. • Older adults showed a more in-phase (en-bloc) arm coordination at high speed. • Older adults show specific strategies of arm stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluar la fuerza de tren superior a través de los métodos de prueba de flexión de brazo, dinamometría manual y dinamómetro electromecánico funcional en adultos mayores independientes. Estudio transeccional, en 32 adulos mayores. Datos recolectados con dinamómetro manual, prueba de flexión de brazo y con el dinamómetro Electromecánico Funcional Dynasystem. Los resultados con la prueba de flexión de brazo mostraron los mayores índices de fuerza fueron entre 65 a 69 años (21.9 %; f = 7), en dinamometría manual los hombres presentaron baja fuerza (15.6%; f = 5) y en la DEMF-DYNASYSTEM el mayor porcentaje fue para 7 repeticiones (21.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Becker's naevus also known as Becker's melanosis (BM) or pigmented hairy epidermal naevus is a cutaneous hamartoma with brown hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. It commonly occurs during adolescence and rarely at birth. It usually affects young post-pubertal males and has a prevalence of 0.5%. A naevus usually consists of a circumscribed, unilateral, irregularly shaped, hyperpigmented spot usually located around the anterior upper body, with or without hypertrichosis and/or acneiform lesions. Sometimes developmental abnormalities can occur with Becker's naevus, which is called Becker's naevus syndrome (BNS). Becker's naevus was of atypical presentation in two patients over the forearm and leg. Hence, these case reports gain importance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are any age-related differences in impact characteristics during running between healthy older and younger men. Ten healthy older (age: 58.7 ± 2.5 years) male and ten healthy younger (age: 22.3 ± 1.6 years) male recreational runners ran on a treadmill at three different running speeds (i.e. 2.2 m/s, 2.8 m/s, and 3.2 m/s). Tri-axial accelerometers (Noraxon, USA) were firmly attached to the tibia and the sternum. Gait parameters, three-dimensional peak tibial accelerations, peak sternum accelerations and shock attenuation were calculated during the stance phase of running. The ANOVA repeated measures was applied at an alpha level of.05. Older runners showed greater impact on the sternum, leading to reduced shock attenuation compared with younger runners (p <.05). In addition, older runners showed a shorter lag between peak resultant accelerations experienced by the upper body and peak acceleration experienced by the lower leg compared with younger runners (p <.05). This study suggests that the intensity (i.e. speed and duration) and types of exercise should be carefully considered for older adults because of lower shock attenuation of the body and changes in coordination strategy between the segments in high-impact activities like running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background We compared upper- and lower-body forced-air blankets in terms of their ability to prevent perioperative hypothermia, defined as a reduction in body temperature to < 36.0°C, during the perioperative period in patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position. Methods In total, 120 patients scheduled for elective spine surgery under general anesthesia were divided into an upper-warming group (n = 60) and a lower-warming group (n = 60). After inducing anesthesia and preparing the patient for surgery, including prone positioning, the upper and lower bodies of the patients in the upper- and lower-warming groups, respectively, were warmed using a forced-air warmer with specified upper and lower blankets. Body temperature was measured using a tympanic membrane thermometer during the pre- and post-operative periods and using a nasopharyngeal temperature probe during the intraoperative period. Patients were evaluated in terms of shivering, thermal comfort, and satisfaction in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Results The incidence of intraoperative and postoperative hypothermia was lower in the upper-warming group than in the lower-warming group ([55.2% vs. 75.9%, P = 0.019] and [21.4% vs. 49.1%, P = 0.002]). Perioperative body temperature was higher in the upper-warming group (P < 0.001). However, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative thermal comfort scale and shivering scores, patient satisfaction, and PACU duration were similar in the two groups. Conclusions The upper-body blanket was more effective than the lower-body blanket for preventing perioperative hypothermia in patients who underwent spine surgery in the prone position.

Background Strength training plays an important role in a holistic training approach, not only for athletes but also for patients looking to (re)gain strength during rehabilitation. In the past few years, eccentric strength training has received increased attention as this type of training increases muscle strength more than conventional training methods (Douglas et al., 2017). Since eccentric strength training includes higher levels of mechanical tension and leads to greater exercise-induced muscle damage compared to concentric training, the training protocol should be implemented with caution and effects may appear after a longer recovery period (Douglas et al., 2017). Whereas lower body training has been studied extensively, only little data is available regarding eccentric strength training for the upper body, particularly in either wheelchair athletes or individuals with a spinal cord injury. We wanted to investigate if strength training on a specially designed eccentric arm crank ergometer (Krafttraining mittels exzentrischer Handkurbel, KREHA) can improve performance as well as the maximum strength of the upper body. In this pilot study, we investigated the feasibility of the training protocol in healthy individuals. Methods Thirteen healthy, physically active and strength training experienced participants (median [interquartile range] age 29 [5] years, nine women) participated in the study. The participants followed the eccentric arm crank training protocol besides their usual daily training routine. The performance tests and training at the KREHA were familiarized one week before the pretests (Pre) took place. The test battery consisted of a bench press (one-repetition maximum [1RM]), a Wingate test (peak and mean power) and a VO2max test (Wmax) on a regular arm crank ergometer, as well as grip strength and an upper arm circumference measurement. The training protocol consisted of 20 progressive training sessions on the KREHA. The training sessions were planned based on individual peak power using a double progression method for duration and intensity, and lasted between 8 to 14 minutes at an intensity of 20-50% of peak power. The sessions were spread over a maximum of 12 weeks, with no more than three sessions per week. Posttests consisted of the same test battery as the pretests and were scheduled 5-11 days (Post1) respectively four weeks (Post2) after the last training. Results The 1RM (39 [18] to 44 [18] kg), peak power (357 [143] to (360 [154] W) and mean power (263 [108] to 274 [135] W) improved over the training duration (Pre-Post1, p < 0.05). Likewise, the upper arm circumference increased from 28.4 (3.5) to 29.5 (4.0) cm (p < 0.05). 1RM, peak power and mean power remained higher four weeks after the last training (Pre vs. Post2, p < 0.05). Grip strength remained similar at all time points (p = 0.2). Conclusions Participants were able to improve their aerobic and anaerobic performance between 1-4% as well as the maximum strength of the upper body by 13% through eccentric arm-crank training. In two future studies, the training concept will be investigated in wheelchair athletes and patients with a spinal cord injury.

This paper investigates the influence of adding an upper body to a bipedal robot on its stable walking behavior. The robot's parts are mutually interconnected through an actuator network system. Therefore, the movement pattern of the upper body depends on the type of interactions created with other limbs. Throughout the experiments, various interactions among the different body parts were tested. The results showed that a robot with a motionless upper body exhibited unstable walking behavior. However, once the same upper body was involved and interacted properly, with other body parts, its movement significantly helped to stabilize the behavior of the robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studies have indicated upper body involvement during football, provoking long-term muscular adaptations. This study aimed at examining the acute metabolic response in upper and lower body skeletal muscle to football training organized as small-sided games (SSG). Methods: Ten healthy male recreational football players [age 24 ± 1 (± SD) yrs; height 183 ± 4 cm; body mass 83.1 ± 9.7 kg; body fat 15.5 ± 5.4%] completed 1-h 5v5 SSG (4 × 12 min interspersed with 4-min recovery periods). Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis (VL) and m. deltoideus (DE) pre- and post-SSG for muscle glycogen and metabolite analyses. Blood lactate samples were obtained at rest, middle and end of the SSG. Results: Muscle glycogen in VL decreased (P < 0.01) by 21% and tended (P = 0.08) to decrease in DE by 13%. Muscle lactate increased in VL (117%; P < 0.001) and DE (81%; P < 0.001) during the game, while blood lactate rose threefold. Muscle ATP and PCr were unaltered, but intermuscular differences were detected for ATP at both time points (P < 0.001) and for PCr at pre-SSG (P < 0.05) with VL demonstrating higher values than DE, while muscle creatine rose in VL (P < 0.001) by 41% and by 22% in DE (P = 0.02). Baseline citrate synthase maximal activity was higher (P < 0.05) in VL compared to DE, whereas baseline muscle lactate concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in DE than VL. Conclusion: The upper body may be extensively involved during football play, but besides a rise in muscle lactate in the deltoideus muscle similar to the leg muscles, the present study did not demonstrate acute metabolic changes of an order that may explain the previously reported training effect of football play in the upper extremities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Computer use is associated with poor postures and increased risk of developing neck pain. Evaluating differences in working posture of individuals with and without chronic neck pain may assist the development of strategies to lessen or prevent pain.Objective: To identify if upper body kinematics differs between individuals with and without chronic idiopathic neck pain during four conditions (tablet, laptop, and desktop computer sitting and standing).Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) motion capture measured upper body kinematics in 44 individuals with chronic idiopathic neck pain > 90 days (Cases n = 22) and without pain (Control n = 22), during a typing task under four conditions: tablet, laptop, desktop computer (sitting and standing). Differences between groups were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models.Results: Across all conditions and compared to controls, cases had significantly less flexion between their head-neck and upper trunk segments (between group mean difference 7.15°, 2.1, 12.2, p = .006), greater upper trunk flexion relative to the laboratory (-6.15°, -10.9, -1.3, p = .012), greater shoulder flexion bilaterally (left 12.35°, 6.7, 17.9, p < .001; right 13.49°, 7.9, 19.1, p < .001) and less right elbow flexion (-6.87°, -12.1, -1.7, p = .010). Approaching significance, the case group had less left elbow flexion (between group mean difference -5.36°, -10.9, 0.1, p = .056) and a smaller mean craniocervical angle for the seated desktop condition (group x condition interaction -6.37°; 95% CI -12.7, -0.1, p = .052).Significance: Individuals with neck pain consistently used different upper body postures compared to individuals without pain when working on computerised devices under varying workstation conditions. This finding suggests that people with neck pain work in potentially aggravating postures that may be associated with their pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Racket Sports Science is the property of International Journal of Racket Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Previous studies have typically measured velocity and power parameters during the push-up, either using one or two force platforms. The purpose of the study was to compare the force, velocity, and power parameters between the one-force-platform method and the two-force-platform method during plyometric push-ups. Methods Thirty-four physically active young adults participated in the study to perform the plyometric push-up. For the two-force-platform calculation method, the forces applied to the feet and hands were both measured. For the one-force-platform calculation method, the forces applied to the feet were assumed to be constant, while the forces applied to hands were measured by one force platform. Whole-body linear velocities were calculated based on the impulse and momentum theorem. Whole-body power was calculated as the product of the whole-body forces and velocities. Results The one-force-platform method overestimated the whole-body velocities and power compared with the two-force-platform method (1.39 ± 0.37 m/s vs. 0.90 ± 0.23 m/s, Cohen’s d = 1.59, p

Wrestling is a fighting sport that requires strength, especially in the upper body. However, the strength training carried out so far is still conventional and monotonous, while literature studies have provided various other, more modern and effective alternatives for strength training, one of which is the Bulgarian Bag. This study aims to examine the effect of training using Bulgarian Bag on the strength of the upper body of wrestling athletes. Research on Bulgarian Bag itself is still relatively small because Bulgarian Bags themselves are still relatively new. The research method used is an experimental method with a pre-test post-test control group design. The subjects of this study were wrestling athletes in West Bandung Regency with 10 male athletes taken by total sampling from the population. The research instrument used was a dynamic endurance hand grip strength test and a push up test which was given 2 times to the subject. Subjects were divided into two groups, namely the experimental group which was given the Bulgarian Bag exercise and the control group which was given the conventional exercise. T-test using SPSS version 24 was performed as data analysis in this study. The results showed that the Bulgarian Bag exercise had a significant effect on increasing the strength of the upper extremity of wrestling athletes. So it can be concluded that training using Bulgarian Bags can be used as the right choice to increase the strength of the upper body of wrestling athletes. The authors suggest integrating these exercises into a structured strength training program.

Becker's naevus also known as Becker's melanosis (BM) or pigmented hairy epidermal naevus is a cutaneous hamartoma with brown hyperpigmentation and hypertrichosis. It commonly occurs during adolescence and rarely at birth. It usually affects young post-pubertal males and has a prevalence of 0.5%. A naevus usually consists of a circumscribed, unilateral, irregularly shaped, hyperpigmented spot usually located around the anterior upper body, with or without hypertrichosis and/or acneiform lesions. Sometimes developmental abnormalities can occur with Becker's naevus, which is called Becker's naevus syndrome (BNS). Becker's naevus was of atypical presentation in two patients over the forearm and leg. Hence, these case reports gain importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine differences between ground-reaction-force (GRF)-based parameters collected from 5 types of plyometric push-ups. Between-trials reliability and the relationships between parameters were also assessed. Methods: Thirty-seven highly active commando soldiers performed 3 trials of 5 variations of the plyometric push-up in a counterbalanced order: standard countermovement push-up (SCPu), standard squat push-up (SSPu), kneeling countermovement push-up (KCPu), kneeling squat push-up (KSPu), and drop-fall push-up (DFPu). Vertical GRF was measured during these exercises using a portable Kistler force plate. The GRF applied by the hands in the starting position (initial force supported), peak GRF and rate of force development during takeoff, flight time, impact force, and rate of force development impact on landing were determined. Results: During standard-position exercises (SCPu and SSPu) the initial force supported and impact force were higher (P < .001) than with kneeling exercises (KCPu, KSPu, and DFPu). The peak GRF and rate of force development during takeoff were higher (P < .001) in the countermovement push-up exercises ([CMP] SCPu, KCPu, and DFPu) than squat push-up exercises ([SP] SSPu and KSPu). Furthermore, the flight time was greater (P < .001) during kneeling exercises than during standard-position exercises. A significant relationship (P < .01) between impact force and the rate of force development impact was observed for CMP and SP exercises (r = .83 and r = .62, respectively). The initial force supported was also negatively related (P < .01) to the flight time for both CMP and SP (r = -.74 and r = -.80, respectively). It was revealed that the initial force supported and the peak GRF during takeoff had excellent reliability; however, other parameters had poor absolute reliability. Conclusions: It is possible to adjust the intensity of plyometric push-up exercises and train athletes' muscle power by correctly interpreting GRF-based parameters. However, caution is required as some parameters had marginal absolute reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study examined acute normobaric hypoxic exposure on the number of repetitions to failure, electromyographic (EMG) repetition duration (Time), EMG root mean square (RMS) and EMG mean power frequency (MPF) during biceps brachii (BB) dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) exercise. Methods: Thirteen subjects performed two sets of fatiguing DCER arm curl repetitions to failure at 70% of their one repetition maximum under normoxic (NH), moderate hypoxia FiO2 = 15% (MH) and severe hypoxia FiO2 = 13% (SH). Electromyography of the BB was analyzed for EMG Time, EMG RMS, and EMG MPF. Repetitions were selected as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of total repetitions (%Fail) completed. Pulse oximetry (SpO2) was measured pre-and post-fatigue. Results: There was no significant three-way (Condition x Set x %Fail) or two-way (Condition x Set) interaction for any variable. The number of repetitions to failure significantly decreased from (mean ± SEM) 18.2 ± 1.4 to 9.5 ± 1.0 with each Set. In addition, EMG Time increased (25% 75%>100%), and EMG MPF decreased (75% > 100%) as a result of fatiguing exercise. SpO2 was lower during MH (Δ5.3%) and SH (Δ9.2%) compared to NH and as a result of fatiguing exercise increased only in MH (Δ2.1%) and SH (Δ5.7%). Conclusion: The changes in BB EMG variables indicated exercise caused myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, however, acute moderate or severe hypoxia had no additional influence on the rate of fatigue development or neuromuscular parameters.

The effects of robotic-assisted gait training on upper and lower body strategy during gait in diplegic children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were quantified using summary parameters (Upper Body Profile Score (UBPS) and Gait Profile Score (GPS)). Firstly, the upper body strategy during gait was assessed in 73 children with CP and 15 healthy children (Control Group: CG): patients with CP exhibited higher values of most of the summary parameters of the upper body position than the CG. Then, the effects of a robotic-assisted gait training in a sub-group of 35 children by means of UBPS were evaluated. After robotic-assisted gait training program, no significant differences as for the summary parameters (UBPS and GPS). However, considering the specific variables scores, significant improvements are displayed as for the upper body parameter on the sagittal plane (Upper Body Ant/Pst index) and the lower limbs, in particular pelvis (Pelvic Ant/Pst and Pelvic Int/Ext indices) and as for walking velocity. A sort of reorganization of full-body kinematics, especially at upper body and proximal level (pelvis) seems to appear, with a new gait approach, characterised by a better strategy of the upper body associated with a significant improvement of the pelvis movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bornath, DPD and Kenno, KA. Physiological responses to increasing battling rope weight during two 3-week high-intensity interval training programs. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 352–358, 2022—The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increasing battling rope weight during 6 weeks (wks) of battling rope high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on upper-body oxygen consumption and skeletal muscle strength, power, and endurance performance. Eighteen recreationally active men and 15 women (23 ± 2 year) performed 10 × 30-second (s) bouts of all-out exercise, interchanging between double and alternating whip battling rope exercises, separated by 60 seconds of rest, 3×/wk, for 6 weeks. For the first 3 weeks, women used 40-foot, 1.5-inch diameter, 20-lb ropes and men used 50-foot, 1.5-inch diameter, 25-lb ropes, after which the battling rope weight was increased by 10 lb for a second 3-week period of battling rope HIIT. Men and women exercised at a minimum of 85% of their predicted maximum heart rate with post-exercise blood lactate concentrations peaking at 10.79 mmol·L−1 and 8.33 mmol·L−1, respectively. After 3 and 6 weeks of battling rope HIIT, men and women increased upper-body maximal oxygen consumption (V̇ o 2max), maximum voluntary contraction isometric shoulder flexion and extension strength, shoulder power output, and push-up and sit-up endurance. These increases in aerobic and skeletal muscle measurements are similar to previous HIIT studies involving treadmills and cycle ergometers. Battling rope HIIT produced adaptations in skeletal muscle and aerobic performance in as little as 3 weeks, and with increases in battling rope weight displayed further improvements after 6 weeks of battling rope HIIT. These data support the implementation of battling rope HIIT to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and skeletal muscle performance with increased workloads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Push-ups represent one of the simplest and most popular strengthening exercise. The aim of this study was to systematically review and critically appraise the literature on the kinetics-related characteristics of different types of push-ups, with the objective of optimising training prescription and exercise-related load. A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct up to April 2018. Studies that reported kinetic data (e.g. initial and peak-force supported by the upper-limbs, impact-force, peak-flexion-moment of the elbow-joint, rate of propulsive- and impact-, and vertebral-joint compressive-forces) related to push-ups and included trained, recreational and untrained participants, were considered. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme scale. From 5290 articles retrieved in the initial search, only 26 studies were included in this review. Kinetic data for 46 push-up variants were assessed. A limitation of the current review is that the relationship between our findings and actual clinical or practical consequences is not statistically proven but can only be inferred from our critical descriptive approach. Overall, this review provides detailed data on specific characteristics and intensities of push-up variations, in order to optimise exercise prescription for training and rehabilitation purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Upper-body exercise performed in a cold environment may increase cardiovascular strain, which could be detrimental to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This study compared cardiovascular responses of CAD patients during graded upper-body dynamic and static exercise in cold and neutral environments. Methods: 20 patients with stable CAD performed 30 min of progressive dynamic (light, moderate, and heavy rating of perceived exertion) and static (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction) upper body exercise in cold (− 15 °C) and neutral (+ 22 °C) environments. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiographic (ECG) responses were recorded and rate pressure product (RPP) calculated. Results: Dynamic-graded upper-body exercise in the cold increased HR by 2.3–4.8% (p = 0.002–0.040), MAP by 3.9–5.9% (p = 0.038–0.454) and RPP by 18.1–24.4% (p = 0.002–0.020) when compared to the neutral environment. Static graded upper-body exercise in the cold resulted in higher MAP (6.3–9.1%; p = 0.000–0.014), lower HR (4.1–7.2%; p = 0.009–0.033), but unaltered RPP compared to a neutral environment. Heavy dynamic exercise resulted in ST depression that was not related to temperature. Otherwise, ECG was largely unaltered during exercise in either thermal condition. Conclusions: Dynamic- and static-graded upper-body exercise in the cold involves higher cardiovascular strain compared with a neutral environment among patients with stable CAD. However, no marked changes in electric cardiac function were observed. The results support the use of upper-body exercise in the cold in patients with stable CAD. Trial registration: Clinical trial registration NCT02855905 August 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretation of pressure between a sports bra and the skin is highly significant to females, marketers, and designers because it helps reduce discomfort. So far, many studies on sports bras pressure have focused mainly on static activities such as standing or sitting and dynamic activities such as jumping, walking and running, skipping, and jogging that cause vertical movement of the body. Therefore, this study focuses on upper body torsion rather than vertical or horizontal motion. The objective is to identify and compare factors that restrict females with large breasts from playing golf using two types of sports bras, an Encapsulation and Compression sports bras. The Novel Pliance-X® pressure system assessed the contact pressures from the shoulder straps, underbust, and backband. The results demonstrated that the underband of both sports bras generated less pressure than other features, while the backband of sports bras produced more pressure. It was concluded that the encapsulation sports bra with a racerback design has acceptable results for females with larger breasts when playing golf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the reliability of supine medicine ball throw peak force and rate of force development (RFD) measurements. A secondary aim was to investigate the correlations between these measurements and vertical jump height., Methods: Twenty young women (21±3 years) reported for experimental testing on two different occasions. Supine medicine ball throw assessments were performed during each testing session to assess peak force, RFDmax, and RFD at specific percentages of peak force (RFD30% and RFD40-80%). Vertical jumps were performed on a jump mat. The jump mat measured vertical jump height based on flight time., Results: Good intraclass correlation coefficients (≥0.82) and coefficients of variation (≤14.0%) were observed between sessions for peak force, RFDmax, and RFD40-80%, but not for RFD30% (0.55, 27.2%). There were significant correlations between jump height and peak force (r=0.483, P=0.031), RFDmax (r=0.484, P=0.031), and RFD40-80% (r=0.491, P=0.028). There was no significant correlation between jump height and RFD30% (r=0.359, P=0.120)., Conclusions: Our results showed that supine medicine ball throw peak force, RFDmax, and RFD40-80% were reliable measures for assessing upper-body explosive strength in young adults. These measurements were significantly associated with vertical jump height and therefore, may be effective predictors of one's athletic ability., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest.

Background: Previous studies have typically measured velocity and power parameters during the push-up, either using one or two force platforms. The purpose of the study was to compare the force, velocity, and power parameters between the one-force-platform method and the two-force-platform method during plyometric push-ups. Methods: Thirty-four physically active young adults participated in the study to perform the plyometric push-up. For the two-force-platform calculation method, the forces applied to the feet and hands were both measured. For the one-force-platform calculation method, the forces applied to the feet were assumed to be constant, while the forces applied to hands were measured by one force platform. Whole-body linear velocities were calculated based on the impulse and momentum theorem. Whole-body power was calculated as the product of the whole-body forces and velocities. Results: The one-force-platform method overestimated the whole-body velocities and power compared with the two-force-platform method (1.39 ± 0.37 m/s vs. 0.90 ± 0.23 m/s, Cohen's d = 1.59, p < 0.05; 1.63 ± 0.47 W/body weight vs. 1.03 ± 0.29 W/body weight, Cohen's d = 1.49, p < 0.05). These differences were caused by the decreased forces applied to the feet compared to the initial value throughout most of the push-up phase. Large to perfect correlations (r = 0.55 – 0.99) were found for most variables between the two-force-platform and one-force-platform methods. Previous findings of push-up velocities and power using the two-force-platform and one-force-platform methods should be compared with caution. While the two-force-platform method is recommended, linear regression equations may be used to predict velocities and power parameters obtained from one force platform. Conclusions: For those professionals who need to accurately quantify kinetic variables during the plyometric push-up, the two-force-platform method should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The hand-grip strength test has been widely adopted to evaluate upper limb strength. Other field based tests as push-ups and pull-ups are commonly used for the same purpose. It is however unclear if these may be used interchangeably for upper body strength evaluation. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate strength endurance of the upper body and understand which test could be the most appropriate for upper body evaluation. METHODS: Thirty-eight healthy young male participants were tested with three tests comprised of: 1) push-ups (PS), 2) pull-ups (PL) and 3) parallel dips (PD) performed to exhaustion. Grip strength (GS), total number of repetitions, time-to-complete the test, repetition cadence and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were also retrieved for investigation. RESULTS: Repetitions, time-to-complete the test and repetition cadence significantly differed across the three tests (p < 0.001). No difference in the RPE was present. No correlation was present between GS and the other tests. No correlation was present between RPE and performance values and time-to-complete the tests. BMI was positively correlated to RPE in all tests. All tests strongly correlate to each other (PS vs. PL r = 0.55; PS vs. PD r = 0.64; PL vs. PD r = 0.70) and to time-to-complete the test (PS r = 0.79; PL r = 0.69; PD r = 0.66). Only the results of the PD correlate to their respective repetition cadence (r = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: GS is not suitable to evaluate strength endurance. PS, PL and PD are all suitable to evaluate strength endurance. However, PD may be preferred to evaluate the upper body, if velocity also needs to be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incline machine shoulder press (IMSP) is an alternative resistance exercise to the bench press associated with throwing performance. The muscle activity during IMSP has not yet been described in females and at different exercises intensities. Objectives: The aim of this present study was to investigate changes in the activity of prime movers during the IMSP in relation to the exercise intensity in female athletes. Methods: Eight female athletes experienced in resistance training were screened for peak electromyography amplitude normalized for maximum voluntary isometric contraction during the IMSP with increasing loads of 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). The selected muscles were the anterior deltoid (AD), pectoralis major (PM), triceps brachii long head (TBlong) and triceps brachii lateral head (TBlat). Results: The results of Friedman ANOVA showed increased muscle activity along with exercise intensity in all prime movers (p < .001). The Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA showed inter-muscle differences at exercise intensity of 40% 1RM (p = .004, ηp2 = .52), 60% 1RM (p = .005, ηp2 = .55), 80% 1RM (p = .035, ηp2 = .46) and 100% 1RM (p = .002, ηp2 = .52), where TBlat showed lower activity than other muscle groups at each exercise intensity. The TBlong showed lower activity than the PM and AD at 40% 1RM, and the PM activity was lower than that of AD and TBlong at 100% 1RM. Conclusions: The IMSP is an exercise which activated AD and TBlong more than PM and TBlat during maximal lifting effort. Therefore, the IMSP should be understood as the exercise which might substantially overload the AD and TBlong during maximal lifts. Coaches should use the IMSP if they desire to activate TBlong more than TBlat during upper limb pressing.

This study was designed to assess systemic cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses to incremental arm cycling with concurrent electrical myostimulation (EMS). Eleven participants (24 ± 3 yrs; 182 ± 10 cm; 86 ± 16.8 kg) performed two incremental tests involving arm cycling until volitional exhaustion was reached with and without EMS of upper-body muscles. The peak power output was 10.1% lower during arm cycling with (128 ± 30 W) than without EMS (141 ± 25 W, p = 0.01; d = 0.47). In addition, the heart rate (2-9%), oxygen uptake (7-15%), blood lactate concentration (8-46%) and ratings of perceived exertion (4-14%) while performing submaximal arm cycling with EMS were all higher with than without EMS (all p < 0.05). Upon exhaustion, the heart rate, oxygen uptake, lactate concentration, and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between the two conditions (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, arm cycling with EMS induced more pronounced cardio-respiratory, metabolic and perceived responses, especially during submaximal arm cycling. This form of exercise with stimulation might be beneficial for a variety of athletes competing in sports involving considerable generation of work by the upper body (e.g., kayaking, cross-country skiing, swimming, rowing and various parasports). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to compare muscle activity of the anterior deltoid, medial deltoid, and posterior deltoid in the bench press, dumbbell fly, shoulder press, and lateral raise exercises. Thirteen men experienced in strength training volunteered for the study. Muscle activation was recorded during maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MVIC) for data normalization, and during one set of 12 repetitions with the load of 60% 1RM in all exercises proposed. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni's posthoc was applied using a 5% significance level. For anterior deltoid, the shoulder press (33.3% MVIC) presented a significantly higher level of activation when compared to other exercises. Also, no significant difference was found between the bench press (21.4% MVIC), lateral raise (21.2% MVIC), and dumbbell fly (18.8% MVIC). For the medial deltoid, the lateral raise (30.3% MVIC) and shoulder press (27.9% MVIC) presented a significantly higher level of activity than the bench press (5% MVIC) and dumbbell fly (3.4% MVIC). Besides, no significant difference was found between the bench press and the dumbbell fly. For the posterior deltoid, the lateral raise (24% MVIC) presented a significantly higher level of activation when compared to other exercises. For the posterior deltoid portion, the shoulder press (11.4% MVIC) was significantly more active than the bench press (3.5% MVIC) and dumbbell fly (2.5% MVIC). Moreover, no significant difference was found between the bench press and the dumbbell fly. In conclusion, the shoulder press and lateral raise exercises showed a higher level of muscle activation in the anterior deltoid and medial deltoid when compared to the bench press and dumbbell fly exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Apple Watch (AW) Series 1 provides energy expenditure (EE) for wheelchair users but was found to be inaccurate with an error of approximately 30%, and the corresponding error for heart rate (HR) provided by the Fitbit Charge 2 was approximately 10% to 20%. Improved accuracy of estimated EE and HR is expected with newer editions of these smart watches (SWs)., Objective: This study aims to assess the accuracy of the AW Series 4 (wheelchair-specific setting) and the Fitbit Versa (treadmill running mode) for estimating EE and HR during wheelchair propulsion at different intensities., Methods: Data from 20 manual wheelchair users (male: n=11, female: n=9; body mass: mean 75, SD 19 kg) and 20 people without a disability (male: n=11, female: n=9; body mass: mean 75, SD 11 kg) were included. Three 4-minute wheelchair propulsion stages at increasing speed were performed on 3 separate test days (0.5%, 2.5%, or 5% incline), while EE and HR were collected by criterion devices and the AW or Fitbit. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to indicate the absolute agreement between the criterion device and SWs for EE and HR. Additionally, linear mixed model analyses assessed the effect of exercise intensity, sex, and group on the SW error. Interclass correlation coefficients were used to assess relative agreement between criterion devices and SWs., Results: The AW underestimated EE with MAPEs of 29.2% (SD 22%) in wheelchair users and 30% (SD 12%) in people without a disability. The Fitbit overestimated EE with MAPEs of 73.9% (SD 7%) in wheelchair users and 44.7% (SD 38%) in people without a disability. Both SWs underestimated HR. The device error for EE and HR increased with intensity for both SWs (all comparisons: P<.001), and the only significant difference between groups was found for HR in the AW (-5.27 beats/min for wheelchair users; P=.02). There was a significant effect of sex on the estimation error in EE, with worse accuracy for the AW (-0.69 kcal/min; P<.001) and better accuracy for the Fitbit (-2.08 kcal/min; P<.001) in female participants. For HR, sex differences were found only for the AW, with a smaller error in female participants (5.23 beats/min; P=.02). Interclass correlation coefficients showed poor to moderate relative agreement for both SWs apart from 2 stage-incline combinations (AW: 0.12-0.57 for EE and 0.11-0.86 for HR; Fitbit: 0.06-0.85 for EE and 0.03-0.29 for HR)., Conclusions: Neither the AW nor Fitbit were sufficiently accurate for estimating EE or HR during wheelchair propulsion. The AW underestimated EE and the Fitbit overestimated EE, and both SWs underestimated HR. Caution is hence required when using SWs as a tool for training intensity regulation and energy balance or imbalance in wheelchair users., (©Marius Lyng Danielsson, Melanie Vergeer, Guy Plasqui, Julia Kathrin Baumgart. Originally published in JMIR Formative Research (https://formative.jmir.org), 07.05.2024.)

A summary measure for quantification of the upper body position (Upper Body Profile Score [UBPS]) during gait was proposed and used in 38 children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and 15 healthy children (Control Group: CG). Patients with CP exhibited higher values of most of the summary parameters of the upper body position than the CG. The higher influence on UBPS is by the upper body position in sagittal and transversal plane. A significant and fair correlation between UBPS and Gait Profile Score (a summary measure to quantify the lower limb gait pattern) suggests that altered upper body movements during walking could be associated with the presence of lower limb impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Performance; Covid-19; Black lives matter protests; repertoire; archive; lower body; upper body; rhizome EN Performance Covid-19 Black lives matter protests repertoire archive lower body upper body rhizome 1 7 7 12/05/20 20201001 NES 201001 Who could have imagined the changes that 2020 would bring to our entire planet? Our focus was on ritual performance in worship practices, and our two guiding assumptions were these: 1) ritual meaning lies not just in what is done but how it is done, and 2) ritual performances are culturally embedded and therefore contextual actions. Most recent scholarship has nuanced this somewhat, as the Puritans understanding of worship being "all of one's life" had a connecting point between the necessity of worship (particularly prayer and preaching) being edifying and living a "purified" and upright life. 7 Diana Taylor, I The Archive and the Repertoire: Performing Cultural Memory in the Americas i (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 19-20. 8 Taylor, 18. 9 Dwight Conquergood, "Performance Studies: Interventions and Radical Research", in I The Performance Studies Reader i , ed. [Extracted from the article]

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate test-retest reliability of the static (SP) and countermovement (CMP) power push-up test in young male athletes. The secondary purpose was to compare the reliability of vertical ground reaction forces versus torque measurements during the power push-up tests. Twenty boys (age = 11.60 ± 1.15 years) performed SPs and CMPs on force plates with the knees as the fulcrum on 2 laboratory visits separated by 2-7 days. Performance measurements included peak force (PF), peak rate of force development (pRFD), peak torque (PT), peak rate of torque development (pRTD), peak power (PP), average power (AP), eccentric impulse (ECC), and concentric impulse (CON) for both power push-up techniques. Age, maturity offset, height, body mass, fat-free mass, and estimated arm cross sectional area were obtained as measurements of growth. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), SEM, coefficients of variation, and minimum detectable changes (MDC) were reported. Only PF (ICC = 0.87-0.88, SEM = 59-84 N) and PT (ICC = 0.89-0.90, SEM = 60-88 N•m) showed acceptable reliability. Neither pRFD, pRTD, PP, AP, ECC, or CON were reliable outcomes. There were no meaningful differences between force-time and torque-time curve measurements. The SP showed slightly lower CVs (33-34%) than the CMP (CVs = 39-40%). Coaches and practitioners would need to see 58-71% increases in upper-body strength measurements evaluated via power push-up on force plates to be 95% confident that the improvements exceeded the measurement variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the official swimming events involve a significant use of anaerobic energy systems. Therefore, the evaluation of these systems plays an important role in monitoring in swimming. Various laboratory anaerobic tests have been described in the literature, but one of the most commonly used in swimming is the upper body Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Some of the studies conducted so far have observed high correlations between the different indicators of WAnT and swimming speed or swimming achievements, and others have observed a lower or no significant correlations. The partisipants in this study are 52 swimmers from the Bulgarian Youth National Swimming Team - 15 girls at an average age of 15.5 ± 1.46 years and 37 boys at an average age of 15.9 ± 1.29 years. They performed the upper body WAnT with a resistance of 5% of body weight. As a result, the WAnT test parameters correlate significantly with the swimming achievements, with the highest correlation being observed between the average power and 50 m freestyle for both sexes- r = -0.788 (p <0.001) for girls and r = -0.811 (p <0.001) for boys). The observed high correlations allow us to recommend the test for anaerobic power monitoring in swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a trajectory generation algorithm for robots which can walk like human with movable foot and active toe. The proposed algorithm allows smooth transition between walking phases namely, single and double support phases. A neural network approach is used for solving inverse kinematics so that the biped robot follows the ankle and hip trajectories to walk. Zero moment point (ZMP) stability is ensured by taking into account the upper body movements along with the planned motion trajectories. Here, we analyze the effect of lateral upper body motion on ZMP stability. Different types of trajectories for upper body are generated, and the one which ensured the most stable locomotion is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human spine is an integral part of the human body. Its function includes mobilizing the torso, controlling postural stability, transferring, loads from upper body to lower body, all of which is essential for the activity of daily living. Spine deformity affects spinal mobility and trunk balance, thus altering locomotion pattern during each step. Spinal deformity also alters the center of body mass (com) during gait which leads to gait abnormality. Exaggerated thoracic kyphosis is common in the elderly as there is age related increase in thoracic spine curvature. Generally, patients with thoracic kyphosis mostly have gait impairment with reduced movement in upper limb strength and muscle mass gets altered in upper limb. Objective: The objective of the study is to study the effect of upper body strength training on spatiotemporal parameters of gait in individuals with thoracic kyphosis and to find out the effect of upper body strength program on gait parameters after thoracic kyphosis. Material and Method: In this interventional study a total of 25 individuals with in the age group of 20 to 50 years, were selected. Pre-test and post-test assessment was done using the outcome measures of flexi curve ruler to assess kyphosis index and spatiotemporal measurement. Exercises were administered for 6 weeks. Later, post-test assessment and statistical analysis was done to determine its significance. Results: According to the result, there was a considerable change in the stride length(p-value<0.0001) step length(p-value<0.0001) and cadence (p-value<0.0001). There was also a marked change in the kyphosis index. (p-value<0.0001). Conclusion: As per the result of this study, we conclude that the effect of upper body strength training on spatiotemporal parameters of gait in individuals with thoracic kyphosis was extremely significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to indicate the effect of resistance training protocols regarding duration and frequency on specific upper body strength, on children and adolescents. Studies investigating the effects of resistance training programs and used the bench press test as an assessment of upper body strength were analyzed. Twenty-three effect sizes were calculated in sub-groups by gender, age group (adolescents 11 to 15, childhood 8 to 10 years old), and training protocol (duration, frequency). A total of 691 participants were included in the analysis. This meta-analysis showed that females' upper body strength is significantly affected more than males by the resistance training program. Also, the results demonstrate that two training sessions per week are the most efficient method of strength gaining in the tested population. Indicative of the importance of resistance training earlier in the lifespan to assess motor development and enhance injury prevention especially in females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High amplitude of movements in the lower body during walking is attenuated in the upper body to stabilize the head, which serves as the platform of critical sensory systems (vestibular and visual). The upper body attenuation has been investigated on the linear acceleration, however, not on the angular motion. This study aimed to compare the attenuation of axial rotation in different age-groups. Methods: Thirty healthy men (15 young and 15 elderly) participated in this study. Subjects walked on a level surface with gyro sensors attached at four locations of the back (pelvis, thorax, shoulder, and head), from which the angular motion was derived. Outcome measures included the average peak-to-peak amplitude of axial rotation at all sensor locations and the phase delay at each location with reference to the pelvis. Results: Age-position interaction was significant for both the amplitude and phase delay. Post hoc test revealed that rotation amplitude was similar at pelvis, thorax and shoulder in the elderly, whereas it was significantly reduced at the thorax-shoulder section in the young. The elderly also showed smaller phase delay at shoulder and head than those of the young. Discussion: The results suggest that the attenuation by upper trunk was reduced and the shoulder and head motions were more tightly coupled to the pelvis in the elderly, i.e., the upper body moved more like a rigid body in the axial motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]