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This document provides a comprehensive analysis of global economic and geopolitical developments. It discusses the implications of tensions between the USA and China, the internationalization of the Chinese currency, and the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on energy markets and climate policies. The document also explores the economic impact of foundational artificial intelligence on various sectors and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and effective regulation to maximize benefits and mitigate risks. Overall, it offers valuable insights into these complex issues and the need for effective governance mechanisms. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, we examine the impact of Japan's International Investment Agreements (IIAs) on the locational choice of Japanese firms' foreign direct investment (FDI) by considering the quality of IIAs. We estimate the conditional logit model covering 12,435 FDI cases by 3838 Japanese companies in 92 host countries, 16 manufacturing sectors and 12 non‐manufacturing sectors from 2000 to 2019. We found that the presence of IIAs, particularly comprehensive and high‐level ones, has a positive impact on Japan's FDI. On the contrary, the past incidence of investor–state disputes has a negative impact. These effects are found to be particularly strong for FDI by small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises. High regulatory quality is found to attract FDI, whereas the positive impact of IIAs in attracting FDI is strong in a country with a low regulatory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Table 1 lists the Asian universities[1] ranked among the top 100 universities in the world according to the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings for 2023, and for comparison the rankings of these universities for 2013. Another instrument used to measure quality is a home-grown rating system, namely the Rating System for Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia (or SETARA), for public and private universities and university colleges. Keywords: A1; I2; I21; I23; I24; I28; J31; O2; O32; O38 EN A1 I2 I21 I23 I24 I28 J31 O2 O32 O38 149 170 22 07/06/23 20230701 NES 230701 Higher Education At the national level, higher education can be an important source of economic growth by improving the quality of labor and playing an important role in developing basic research, new ideas and innovation that result in improvements in total factor productivity. Yonezawa on Japan's higher education policies Over the past 20 years, Japan's higher education policy has been strongly influenced by national policies for achieving world-class excellence as a tool for economic and social development. [Extracted from the article]

Using a unique firm‐level data set from Asia, this study examines what determined the robustness and resilience of supply chain links, that is, the ability of maintaining links and recovering disrupted links by substitution, respectively, when firms faced economic shocks due to the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). We find that a supply chain link was likely to be robust if the link was between a foreign‐owned firm and a firm located in the foreign‐owned firm's home country, implying that homophily on a certain dimension generates strong ties and thus supply chain robustness. We also find that firms with geographic diversity of customers and suppliers tended to increase their transaction volume with one partner while decreasing the volume with others. This evidence shows that firms with diversified customers and suppliers are resilient, mitigating the damage from supply chain disruption through the substitution of partners. Furthermore, the robustness and resilience of supply chains are found to have led to higher performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]