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As the world becomes increasingly urbanised, there is recognition that public and planetary health relies upon a ubiquitous transition to sustainable cities. Disentanglement of the complex pathways of urban design, environmental exposures, and health, and the magnitude of these associations, remains a challenge. A state-of-the-art account of large-scale urban health studies is required to shape future research priorities and equity- and evidence-informed policies. The purpose of this review was to synthesise evidence from large-scale urban studies focused on the interaction between urban form, transport, environmental exposures, and health. This review sought to determine common methodologies applied, limitations, and future opportunities for improved research practice. Based on a literature search, 2958 articles were reviewed that covered three themes of: urban form; urban environmental health; and urban indicators. Studies were prioritised for inclusion that analysed at least 90 cities to ensure broad geographic representation and generalisability. Of the initially identified studies, following expert consultation and exclusion criteria, 66 were included. The complexity of the urban ecosystem on health was evidenced from the context dependent effects of urban form variables on environmental exposures and health. Compact city designs were generally advantageous for reducing harmful environmental exposure and promoting health, with some exceptions. Methodological heterogeneity was indicative of key urban research challenges; notable limitations included exposure and health data at varied spatial scales and resolutions, limited availability of local-level sociodemographic data, and the lack of consensus on robust methodologies that encompass best research practice. Future urban environmental health research for evidence-informed urban planning and policies requires a multi-faceted approach. Advances in geospatial and AI-driven techniques and urban indicators offer promising developments; however, there remains a wider call for increased data availability at local-levels, transparent and robust methodologies of large-scale urban studies, and greater exploration of urban health vulnerabilities and inequities.

We review measures of street network structure proposed in the recent literature, establish their relevance to practice, and identify open challenges facing researchers. These measures’ empirical values vary substantially across world regions and development eras, indicating street networks’ geometric and topological heterogeneity.

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Building resilient and sustainable cities in the face of rising climate change is increasingly getting attention of the research community as well as decision-makers. Despite the sizable quantum of research encompassing various facets of urban resilience, the physical form of cities has received limited attention from researchers. One of the challenges encountered involves the generalization of these studies across diverse settings and heterogeneous contexts. This study investigates different tools and frameworks proposed for the assessment of urban form resilience. Furthermore, it explores the applicability of these frameworks within the specific context of the Global South. The literature analysis is based on attribute selection, study context, methodology, and resilience perspective. The findings reveal a degree of fragmentation in the selection of attributes, approaches, and perspectives within the literature concerning the assessment of urban form resilience. Divergent arguments exist concerning the impact of urban form attributes on urban resilience, notably regarding factors like density and city size. Furthermore, the research underscores the complexities associated with integrating these assessment frameworks into the unique urban morphology of cities in the Global South, characterized by the prevalence of informal development. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for researchers and planners in comprehending the relationship between resilience and urban morphology, enabling the application of these concepts for the assessment of urban form resilience, particularly in the context of the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of urban form as a central interest of architects, planners, and urban designers has faced various challenges over time, affecting the representation of this topic in the research, educational, and practical arenas. Recently, with the actualization of big data, the study of urban form is going under change as well, where these technological advancements present both the great potential for urban form analysis, understanding, modelling, simulation, and even imagination, and a challenge for the profession of architecture and urbanism itself, which must come to grips with the growing field of big data research. This paper delves into the significance of urban form as a composition of the ground plan (streets, blocks, plots, and buildings), building fabric, land and building utilization, and social structure, explicitly emphasizing unfolding the complexities concerning big data. The central method used in the research is the systematic literature review applied to investigate the interrelation between urban form and big data. The research follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol by systematizing recent research from the Web of Science (WOS) database. The paper aims to structure knowledge into a coherent framework, reveal relationships and patterns, create a valuable classification for future research, and identify gaps within the research field. The main results should contribute to painting the overall picture of the research landscape on big data and urban form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban growth, a pivotal characteristic of economic development, brings many environmental and ecological challenges. Modeling urban growth is essential for understanding its spatial dynamics and projecting future trends, providing insights for effective urban planning and sustainable development. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal patterns of urban growth and morphological evolution in mainland Shanghai from 2016 to 2060 using the SLEUTH model under multiple growth scenarios based on the Shanghai Urban Master Plan (2017–2035). A comprehensive set of urban growth metrics and quadrant analysis were employed to quantify the magnitude, rate, intensity, and direction of urban growth, as well as morphological evolution, over time. We found that (1) significant urban growth was observed across most scenarios, with the exception of stringent land protection. The most substantial growth occurred prior to 2045 with an obvious north–south disparity, where southern regions demonstrated more pronounced increases in urban land area and urbanization rates. (2) The spatiotemporal patterns of the rate and intensity of urban growth exhibited similar characteristics. The spatial pattern followed a "concave shape" pattern and displayed anisotropic behavior, with the high values for these indicators primarily observed before 2025. (3) The urban form followed a diffusion–coalescence process, with patch areas dominated by the infilling mode and patch numbers dominated by the edge-expansion mode. This resulted in significant alternating urban growth models in the infilling, edge-expansion, and leapfrog modes over time, influenced by varying protection intensities. These findings provide valuable insights for forward-looking urban planning, land use optimization, and the support of sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient design, as a strategy to address various disruptions and pressures, remains poorly understood among the public, which hinders its effectiveness. This study aims to explore how physical elements in urban form, environmental stimuli, and individual attributes influence public perception of resilient design characteristics. A video questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate these perceptions. Results indicate that physical elements—such as road signs, social service facilities, road infrastructure, accessibility to the center, accessible green spaces, diversified activity areas, and disability facilities—negatively impact public perception of resilient design. Conversely, environmental stimuli, including fast/slow, qualitative/quantitative, and short-term changes, positively influence these perceptions. Additionally, the findings reveal that older individuals, those with lower levels of education, and individuals who have had contact with the area for less than three years exhibit weaker perceptions of resilient design characteristics. The study proposes strategies for optimizing resilient design from the perspectives of physical elements and environmental stimuli, while also recommending that future research focus on groups with limited perceptions of resilient design characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractUrban and transport planning can strongly affect energy usage induced by travel in cities. However, most studies investigate large cities with crude measurements of induced travel without consideration of the urban configuration of residences and their trip destinations, and little attention has been paid to smaller cities. We investigate energy usage (CO2-emissions) from car travel in a small Swedish city using a novel approach based on detailed GPS-tracking data of actual car mobility to calculate CO2-emissions on street segments and to identify major destinations. We also construct configuration scenarios, applied to the case city. These scenarios’ induced CO2 emission from transports is evaluated in relation to the current configuration of the city. We find that changes in the urban configuration can impact on energy usage from intra-urban car travel by some 40% compared to the current situation and that the configurations display large relative differences in transport-efficiency, polycentric and public transport-based configurations being more efficient than monocentric development. We conclude that housing allocation is less important for car transport efficiency than re-location of existing destination points. Urban planning needs to be critical to over-simplified densification strategies and analyze the urban configuration to find optimal solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial permeability is a distinctive characteristic of urban form. However, a definitive method for measuring it remains a challenge. This study aims to investigate factors affecting permeability within urban systems, with a focus on incorporating a theoretical framework to support a mathematical approach. Moreover, a method for testing reliability and consistency is suggested. The methodology comprised theoretical and empirical sections. The theoretical part explores the concept of permeability and the core variables that affect permeability in cities. The experimental section involved analyzing 52 zones in Erbil City, extracting their physical and spatial attributes to be utilized as input data for the model. Ultimately, it is evident that the permeability of the built environment is defined by factors such as depth, choice, block size, and spatial maneuverability. The proposed model shows how permeability stands out from other spatial indicators, offering important initial insights into the expanding field of urban form analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy retrofitting of existing buildings plays a key role in the European targets of Green House Gas reduction. The addition or substitution of construction materials is needed to improve energy performance of buildings and its environmental impact must be considered. This paper proposes a model for the assessment of the environmental impact of neighborhood retrofit in relation with urban density. The model is based on the decomposition of buildings into functional elements and the quantification of construction materials used in building energy retrofitting. As a novelty, the need of road rehabilitation was also considered. The environmental impact was assessed in terms of Embodied Energy (EE) and Embodied Carbon (EC). The operational energy after retrofit was also calculated. The results bring the evidence of the relation between the urban density and the EE and EC derived from building retrofit, which can be up to 60% higher in low density areas. The sensitivity analysis carried out demonstrates the influence of the urban compactness on the environmental assessment results. The model proposed can assist in the design of retrofit plans at urban level by highlighting those retrofit measures with most significant environmental impact depending on the urban density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have identified vital urban spaces through the concentration of people, the diversity of land uses and buildings, accessibility, and the existence of a compact urban fabric. However, the relationship between urban vitality and social sustainability has not been studied in these terms. This paper seeks to analyse the social implications of the vital city model for residents in the context of a Latin American city: Santiago de Chile. To do so, we use the JANE index to measure the formal conditions of the built environment for urban vitality, and the Longitudinal Social Study of Chile to measure urban social sustainability. We first use a PCA technique to reveal six core components of urban social sustainability: Sense of belonging, Safety, Sociability, Well-being, Satisfaction with housing, and Conservation of the neighbourhood. We then test the associations between the strength of these six core components and the conditions for urban vitality by means of a multiple linear regression model. Significant associations between urban vitality conditions and urban social sustainability suggest that socially sustainable neighbourhoods are found in sectors with the presence of old buildings, accessibility to public transportation, and far from mega infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses informal built landscapes in nine fast-growing global cities across diverse geo-political regions using historical maps, aerial photographs, and field visits. This empirical study investigates the urban form of informal built landscapes, identifying 10 main patterns of urban form in settlements created in the 1970–2020 period. This period was characterized by rapid spatial expansion of informal settlements. These trends raise the question of whether there were common characteristics of informal land occupation, how public sector interventions have changed informal settlements, and whether certain built landscapes were more prominent globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work focuses in architectural dimension of urban form, by confronting the plans of three neighborhoods in Prishtina that represent potentially three main urban paradigms of the last decades in city's urban transformation. The study aims to unfold the main elements, confront them, and expose to possible transformation. The work progressively decomposes each case into basic components and deductively to their minimal unit. The research, through interpretation and graphic illustrations, analyzes the three plans by layers: basic elements and their relational modalities, urban matrix, open space character and composing minimal units. The process will identify the main components, and their generic potentiality to be considered as future inputs in city's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions from transportation account for an increasing proportion of total carbon emissions, and daily travel carbon emissions are an essential part of carbon emissions from transportation. Urban form influences the transportation network layout, so the degree of influence of urban transportation development on daily travel carbon emissions varies according to urban form. This paper uses panel data from 254 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2019 to explore the impact of urban transportation development on daily travel carbon emissions based on the moderating effect of urban form. The results show that urban transportation development plays a pivotal role in significantly reducing daily travel carbon emissions. The urban form further amplifies the impact of carbon emission reductions. Specifically, polycentric urban structures enable residents to meet their daily travel needs through short-distance trips, thereby alleviating traffic congestion. The impact of urban transportation development on daily travel carbon emission intensity exhibits heterogeneity. In both low-carbon pilot cities and large cities, urban transportation development markedly decreases daily travel carbon emission intensity. Additionally, it is observed that cities with lower economic development levels exhibit more pronounced effects in carbon emission reduction compared to their more economically developed counterparts. This paper provides empirical support for rational planning of urban transportation systems and low-carbon development of daily travel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Construction Technology is the property of Railway Construction Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the past two decades, Hue city has undergone significant changes in its economic development, leading to a rapid transformation of its land-use and land-cover (LULC) patterns. This study used remote sensing data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze changes in the land-use and land-cover in Hue city, providing essential insights for the city's future development. This research examines indicators such as area and land-cover changes, urban development trends, and the morphology of urban areas during the period from 2000 to 2020, with assessments conducted at ten-year intervals. The results showed that built-up and forest land have increased, while agricultural and unused land have decreased over time. By 2020, the urban area had expanded by more than 60% in the north and northeast directions. Hue city developed through infilling and edge expansion of existing urban areas, while some regions primarily expanded into outlying sections in the east and south by constructing high-end residential areas on former paddy rice fields. These findings yield valuable policy implications that extend beyond the case study of Hue city, offering insights for other cities to pursue inclusive and prosperous futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial configuration of urban areas impacts environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic and social resilience. This study examines the intricate relationship between spatial arrangements and the planning and design of BREEAM Outstanding projects in London, UK. It analyses the relationship between urban morphology and the effectiveness of sustainable building practices and contributes to the broader objectives of urban sustainability. This research focuses on London, UK—a city renowned for its complex urban fabric and architectural heterogeneity—using a multi-case study approach to dissect the elements that facilitate the development of BREEAM Outstanding projects. This study analyses key spatial characteristics such as land use diversity, subway network analysis, and street network analysis using betweenness centrality of edges and node degrees. These factors are considered due to their impact on energy performance, carbon emissions, and social sustainability metrics. Furthermore, this research explores how urban design strategies, such as enhanced walkability and mixed-use development, reinforce the success of BREEAM-certified Outstanding-rated projects. The findings of this investigation reveal a correlation between urban environments and the development of BREEAM Outstanding-rated projects in London. By aligning the spatial organisation of urban form with BREEAM principles, urban planners, policymakers, and architects can facilitate the creation of cities that are environmentally sustainable, socially inclusive, and economically prosperous. The research offers substantive insights and actionable recommendations for future urban development, advocating for a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to sustainable city planning and design. The spatial arrangement of urban form impacts the planning and design of BREEAM Outstanding projects. Findings from current and future research will be used to investigate the connections between spatial arrangement and various categories in BREEAM and how they can influence future sustainable urban environments to set a benchmark for sustainability for contributing to a more equitable urban future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Spatial permeability is a distinctive characteristic of urban form. However, a definitive method for measuring it remains a challenge. This study aims to investigate factors affecting permeability within urban systems, with a focus on incorporating a theoretical framework to support a mathematical approach. Moreover, a method for testing reliability and consistency is suggested. The methodology comprised theoretical and empirical sections. The theoretical part explores the concept of permeability and the core variables that affect permeability in cities. The experimental section involved analyzing 52 zones in Erbil City, extracting their physical and spatial attributes to be utilized as input data for the model. Ultimately, it is evident that the permeability of the built environment is defined by factors such as depth, choice, block size, and spatial maneuverability. The proposed model shows how permeability stands out from other spatial indicators, offering important initial insights into the expanding field of urban form analysis.

This study estimates the relationships between street network characteristics and transport-sector CO2 emissions across every urban area in the world and investigates whether they are the same across development levels and urban design paradigms. The prior literature has estimated relationships between street network design and transport emissions – including greenhouse gases implicated in climate change – primarily through case studies focusing on certain world regions or relatively small samples of cities, complicating generalizability and applicability for evidence-informed practice. Our worldwide study finds that straighter, more-connected, and less-overbuilt street networks are associated with lower transport emissions, all else equal. Importantly, these relationships vary across development levels and design paradigms – yet most prior literature reports findings from urban areas that are outliers by global standards. Planners need a better empirical base for evidence-informed practice in under-studied regions, particularly the rapidly urbanizing Global South.

Urban morphology and socio-economic components are factors affecting the concentration of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5). Various research has been conducted worldwide on the relationship between urban form and PM2.5 pollution. However, different results have been obtained even with the same case studies. The reasons for this inconsistency can be attributed to the research scope, lack of attention to building height, density of trees, and resolution of satellite images. This article aims to explain the relationship between urban form and PM2.5 concentration in terms of the Urban Compactness Index (UCI) and Urban Shape Complexity (USC). The Satellite images and the Local Climate Zone method are used to extract the land uses of the Tehran metropolis and PM2.5 pollutants. Subsequently, the spatial composition of extracted classes is investigated around 30 air quality control stations. Finally, the correlation between UCI and USC with PM2.5 pollutant at the two levels of class and landscape are determined using the Panel Data Model. The results of this research showed a positive correlation between UCI of anthropogenic classes and PM2.5 pollution. However, the relationship between the USC of buildings and PM2.5 pollution was negative. On the other hand, the USC of industrial class had a direct relationship with PM2.5 pollutants. In the case of natural lands, the UCI and USC of green classes with trees had a negative relationship with PM2.5 concentration. However, bare class had a more intense effect on PM2.5 concentrations in terms of UCI. In terms of landscape, a lower UCI with high USC had a positive effect on reducing PM2.5 concentration. According to these results, increasing urban complexity, proximity of compatible land uses to each other, increasing green cover with dense trees and reducing urban compactness and controlling the height of buildings can be considered acceptable measures to achieve a sustainable urban form and reduce PM2.5 concentration. Highlights: Panel data model, local climate zone, landscape metrics, Pearson correlation have been used to investigate relationship between Urban Compactness Index (UCI) and Urban Shape Complexity (USC) with PM2.5 pollutant. Positive correlation between UCI of anthropogenic classes and PM2.5 pollution. negative relationship between the USC of buildings and PM2.5 pollution. USC of industrial class had a direct relationship with PM2.5 pollutants. UCI and USC of green classes with trees had a negative relationship with PM2.5 concentration. bare class had a more intense effect on PM2.5 concentrations in terms of UCI. A lower UCI with high USC had a positive effect on reducing PM2.5 concentration in terms of landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the impact of urban form evolution on atmospheric pollution has become increasingly prominent. However, previous studies have rarely examined the combined influence of urban spatial forms and human perception on air pollution, while excluding emissions from natural sources. To address this gap, our study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of the relationship between anthropogenic PM2.5 pollution and urban form in China from 2000 to 2019. Using the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model, we analyze the spatial heterogeneity of the impact of urban form on PM2.5 pollution. Our findings reveal that anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations in China exhibited an initial increase, followed by a decline after 2013. In heavily polluted regions, such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, annual average concentrations in most areas exceeded 60 μg/m3, with southern Hebei exceeding 100 μg/m3. The northern, southwestern, and Yangtze River Economic Belt regions had relatively lower concentrations, but still ranged between 20 and 60 μg/m3. Increasing urban compactness, reducing urban sprawl, and enhancing the complexity of urban form were found to contribute to lower anthropogenic PM2.5 levels in most cities. Additionally, climate conditions characterized by high precipitation and temperature, along with urban form patterns featuring high density, cohesion, and controlled expansion, were associated with reduced anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations. In contrast, high humidity, dense populations, a thriving secondary sector, heavy traffic flow, and large, complex urban forms were likely to exacerbate anthropogenic PM2.5 pollution. These findings provide scientific insights for coordinated strategies to control atmospheric pollution in Chinese cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on Malaysia’s twin capital cities – Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya – drawing on diverse insights about cities, images, absence and memory from Calvino’s Invisible Cities. The paper examines the contrasting spaces, aesthetics and symbolism of Malaysia’s two adjacent capitals. It explores how Malaysian identity and memory are framed within these cities’ historical, cultural and geographical contexts: their landscape settings of jungle and water; their translation of particular architectural and urbanistic styles; and their cemeteries. It examines how Kuala Lumpur’s commemorative sites have been displaced and transformed over time. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are explored as an illustration of Calvino’s idea of ‘Twofold Cities’: places that are described, and function, in relation to their twin, their opposite, or their bifurcation. Malaysia’s capital cities are also used to illustrate two themes that frame Calvino’s dialogue between Marco Polo and Kublai Khan: Cities and Empire, and Cities and the Orient.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Flooding is one of the biggest challenges affecting the economy and people's well-being. Previous studies have used several methods to analyze spatial data and deliver a more efficient flood response, including machine learning techniques to support decision-making in the urban planning process. However, different machine learning models serve different purposes depending on their learning processes and computation techniques. This study aims to develop a machine learning model for assessing flood risk zones to provide helpful information for city administration and planning and to support the well-being and resilience of the city's residents.METHODS: To develop a method for assessing flood risk zones and provide helpful information for city administration and planning. Eight urban factors were input into eleven multiclass classification algorithms to assess flood risk, and the results were displayed on a geographic information systems map.FINDINGS: The study discovered that the bagging decision tree algorithm model produced the best flood risk assessment model, with an accuracy of 88.58 percent compared to the government's flood simulation model results. Furthermore, rainfall, building coverage ratio, and floor area ratio were the three most important variables determining flood risk.CONCLUSION: The Bagging Decision Tree Algorithm model effectively assesses flood risk, offering valuable insights for city administration and planning. Integrating key variables such as rainfall, building coverage ratio, and floor area ratio into flood risk management strategies is crucial for mitigating the impact of floods in economically significant urban areas.

Urban form contributes to crime prevention. However, most studies not only simplify the relationship between urban form and crime, they also fail to reflect the geographic structure of urban areas. This study first measured a comprehensive multidimensional urban form indicator for 1486 counties in the United States, which was used to characterize the size and geospatial structure of urban areas. Specifically, it described urban form as consisting of three components: 1) size and population distribution; 2) built environment; and 3) landscape environment. Then, generalized additive mixed models were then used to explore linear or nonlinear associations between urban form indicators and different crime types (violent and property crime). This study's main findings were that 1) the relationship between urban form and crime is not only linear but may also be nonlinear; 2) urban size, fragmentation, connectivity, forest mixing, and shrub mixing are associated with all crime types; 3) population distribution and agricultural mixing are associated with violent crime; and 4) urban patch complexity and water mixing are associated with property crime. Overall, the results of this study can provide guidance for long-term planning of urban geographic structures, contributing to the safe and sustainable development of urban areas.

CO2 emissions from urban daily mobility play a major role in both environmental degradation, rising economic costs, and sustainability. Reducing these emissions not only advances environmental sustainability but also fosters economic development by enhancing public health, lowering energy consumption, and alleviating the financial strain caused by climate change. Understanding the dynamics of CO2 emissions from urban daily mobility provides valuable historical insights into environmental impacts and economic costs tied to urban development. This study takes a historical perspective, examining changes in CO2 emissions associated with daily mobility in the Lyon agglomeration across two decades, drawing on data from the 1995 and 2006 household travel surveys. Our findings reveal that individual factors such as gender, age, employment status, and income significantly influence CO2 emissions, with males and full-time workers exhibiting higher emissions. Furthermore, household characteristics, including size and vehicle ownership, are critical in shaping emission levels, while urban form variables such as population density and mixed land use demonstrate a negative correlation with emissions, highlighting the importance of urban planning in mitigating CO2 output. The analysis emphasizes that greater accessibility and proximity to essential services are vital in reducing individual emissions. Based on these insights, we discuss the implications for policy design, suggesting targeted strategies to enhance urban mobility, improve public transport accessibility, and promote sustainable urban development. Finally, we outline directions for future research to further explore the intricate relationship between urban characteristics and emissions, ultimately aiming to contribute to the development of effective climate policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of urban form on carbon emissions has become a crucial issue for sustainable socioeconomic development and the advancement of low-carbon cities. Transportation is a significant source of urban carbon emissions, highlighting the need for comprehensive research to aid China in achieving its carbon peak and neutrality goals. Currently, there is a lack of quantitative studies exploring the effects of urban form on transportation-related carbon emissions. This paper seeks to quantify the effect of urban form on the spatial and temporal patterns of transportation carbon emissions, utilizing panel data from 27 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China, covering the years 2000 to 2020. First, CO2 emissions from transportation are estimated following IPCC guidelines, with Moran's I utilized to analyze spatial autocorrelation. Next, urban form indicators are quantified based on landscape ecology theory. Finally, econometric models are employed for regression analysis of the panel data. The findings reveal that urban complexity, compactness, and expansion influence transportation carbon emissions to varying degrees, with urban expansion and complexity associated with increased emissions, while compactness contributes to their reduction. This study offers theoretical support and a scientific basis for low-carbon urban spatial planning and development, underscoring the importance of urban form in emissions reduction strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]