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Urban transportation efficiency is critical in densely populated cities, such as Seoul, South Korea, where subway transfer stations are vital. This study investigates the spatial efficiency and passenger flow dynamics of multilayered transfer stations, using triangular Fourier transform as the primary analytical method. The research incorporates principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering to classify stations based on structural characteristics and congestion patterns. Data derived from transportation card usage during peak hours and architectural layouts were analysed to identify critical bottlenecks. The results highlighted notable inefficiencies in transfer times and congestion. For example, the analysis revealed that optimising transfer corridors at Seoul Station could reduce average transfer times by over 10 min. Dongdaemun History & Culture Park Station would benefit from ground-level pathways to address inefficiencies caused by its extensive underground network. Sindorim Station's reorganisation of above-ground and underground connectivity was found to enhance passenger flow. By introducing the concept of the 'entry baseline for passenger flow in public buildings', this study offers a novel framework for evaluating and improving urban transit infrastructure. The findings provide actionable insights into transfer station design, supporting strategies for addressing the challenges of urban mobility in megacities while contributing to transit-oriented development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ensuring an appropriate level of transport accessibility of peripheral areas is one of the greatest challenges of regional and local policy. Higher accessibility has a positive impact on the attractiveness of a given area as a place to live and creates favourable conditions for running a business. An example of a region located peripherally and at the same time problematic in the socioeconomic sphere is the Jelenia Góra agglomeration. The aim of this article is to examine the validity of implementing urban rail in the functional area of Jelenia Góra and to determine the scope of its operation as part of shaping sustainable mobility in the Karkonosze subregion. A crucial part of the work is the original concept of the ‘Karkonosze Light-Rail’, which is a reference to previously published plans of the Jelenia Góra agglomeration railway.

The construction of high-precision urban rail maps is crucial for the safe and efficient operation of railway transportation systems. However, the repetitive features and sparse textures in urban rail environments pose challenges for map construction with high-precision. Motivated by this, this paper proposes a high-precision urban rail map construction algorithm based on multi-sensor fusion. The algorithm integrates laser radar and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data to construct the geometric structure map of the urban rail. It utilizes image point-line features and color information to improve map accuracy by minimizing photometric errors and incorporating color information, thus generating high-precision maps. Experimental results on a real urban rail dataset demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves root mean square errors of 0.345 and 1.033 m for ground and tunnel scenes, respectively, representing a 19.31 % and 56.80 % improvement compared to state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Regionalne i Lokalne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the implementation of a teleworking policy with a work-from-home (WFH) scheme from a private company perspective and its implications on the Greater Jakarta’s proposed urban rail network’s carrying capacity. Using descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, a representative percentage of employees capable of working from home was determined. This figure, found to be sixty percent, was then employed in a macro transport model simulation to assess its impact on urban rail network demand. The results of the statistical analysis indicate that sixty percent of the company's workforce can still permitted to work remotely. The model simulation conducted indicates that with this the sixty percent reduction in working trips utilizing transit, the proposed urban rail network plan experiences insignificant alterations in the required carrying capacity. This finding highlights the resilience of the current urban rail network plans against substantial shifts in working patterns and provides insights for future urban transport planning in the context of evolving work modalities.

To further improve the simulation calculation ability of urban rail traction systems during the peak operation period and provide an accurate and reliable simulation tool for the subsequent train schedule and energy storage system design, a multi-train circuit model with a bilateral power supply was established in this paper, and a power calculation algorithm based on dynamic train density was designed. The circuit topology in the model can be dynamically adjusted according to the number of trains to improve the operation rate. Based on the spatial and electrical data of a real section of the subway, the urban rail circuit model was built on the MATLAB platform, and the actual operation data of the subway was imported for verification. The experimental results show that the multi-train model can accurately reflect the influence of voltage fluctuations on the traction system under different train running conditions, and the results fit the actual operation conditions. By comparing the influence of different train intervals on the RBE (regenerative braking energy) utilization, the results show that the optimal RBE utilization rate can be achieved by adjusting the train interval in the peak period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Urban railways in coastal areas are exposed to the risk of extreme weather conditions. A cost-effective and robust wind monitoring system, as a vital part of the railway infrastructure, is essential for ensuring safety and efficiency. However, insufficient sensors along urban rail lines may result in failure to detect local strong winds, thus impacting urban rail safety and operational efficiency. This paper proposes a hybrid method based on historical wind speed data analysis to optimize wind monitoring system deployment. The proposed methodology integrates warning similarity and trend similarity with a linear combination and develops a constrained quadratic programming model to determine the combined weights. The methodology is demonstrated and verified based on a real-world case of an urban rail line. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the single similarity-based method and spatial interpolation approach in terms of both evaluation accuracy and robustness. This study provides a practical data-driven tool for urban rail operators to optimize their wind sensor networks with limited data and resources. It can contribute significantly to enhancing railway system operational efficiency and reducing the hazards on rail infrastructures and facilities under strong wind conditions. Additionally, the novel methodology and evaluation framework can be efficiently applied to the monitoring of other extreme weather conditions, further enhancing urban rail safety.

Urban railways in coastal areas are exposed to the risk of extreme weather conditions. A cost-effective and robust wind monitoring system, as a vital part of the railway infrastructure, is essential for ensuring safety and efficiency. However, insufficient sensors along urban rail lines may result in failure to detect local strong winds, thus impacting urban rail safety and operational efficiency. This paper proposes a hybrid method based on historical wind speed data analysis to optimize wind monitoring system deployment. The proposed methodology integrates warning similarity and trend similarity with a linear combination and develops a constrained quadratic programming model to determine the combined weights. The methodology is demonstrated and verified based on a real-world case of an urban rail line. The results show that the proposed method outperforms the single similarity-based method and spatial interpolation approach in terms of both evaluation accuracy and robustness. This study provides a practical data-driven tool for urban rail operators to optimize their wind sensor networks with limited data and resources. It can contribute significantly to enhancing railway system operational efficiency and reducing the hazards on rail infrastructures and facilities under strong wind conditions. Additionally, the novel methodology and evaluation framework can be efficiently applied to the monitoring of other extreme weather conditions, further enhancing urban rail safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Smart Rail Transit is the property of Smart Rail Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent years saw immense growth in performance measurement literature related to public transit systems, with a clear segmentation between financial and quality-of-service performance frameworks. Recently, there has been a shift away from considering cost efficiency alone as a performance measure, and quality-of-service – which influences ridership attraction and retention – has been receiving more interest. The segmentation of these two performance aspects poses a gap in the literature, as there are interdependencies between them. This study provides a systematic review of the methodologies and empirical findings of studies on both performance measurement aspects of urban rail transit systems; specifically, we demonstrate the importance of linking cost efficiency analyses to the level of service quality. To our knowledge, this is the first review of urban rail transit research that links the two performance aspects. We begin by reviewing the methodological limitations of cost performance measures and summarising the drivers of cost performance in the existing literature. We then review studies on the definitions and measurements of quality-of-service in urban rail performance. Lastly, we summarise the scant literature linking the two performance aspects and highlight future study directions, mainly, the importance of a structural framework to provide a holistic view of transit operators' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study critically examines the impact of a rail network on mobility of residents in an urban area in the north of England. The research provides a ward-level analysis of rail commuting habits, social indicators and economic trends throughout Liverpool, in order to evaluate how access to the Merseyrail network reflects socioeconomic engagement and opportunity. Secondary sourced quantitative data is used in an exploratory data analysis of mobility and socioeconomic participation in Liverpool. Operating the Travel Time Application Programming Interface (API) furthers the research by generating a spatial analysis of rail accessibility. Initial results indicate that the rail line enables mobility throughout Liverpool. Wards served by the Merseyrail network demonstrate around 8%–12% of residents use the service. Findings highlight that the rail network is associated with socioeconomic opportunity, as eight of the ten wards served by the Merseyrail network represent the lowest unemployment rates. An inequality in rail accessibility is observed as all passenger routes converge on the city centre. Should the limitations to the network be addressed through the Liverpool City Region Long-Term Rail Strategy, new social, economic and cultural opportunities will open for the city and the wider city region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail transit network is the backbone of the transport network. In this article, a topology nonlinear model based on L-space and P-space is proposed to understand the unreliability of urban rail transit network in computer-aided design. The proposed model requires different characteristics of rail transit according to L-space and P-space. The experiment result shows that the degree value of the network is relatively small in the L-space. In the L-space, more than 80% of the nodes have degree 2, and the degree distribution is very concentrated. In P-space, the overall degree value of the network is higher, and the distribution area is wider. Experiment results have proved that the aggregation coefficient of more than 85% of the nodes in the Shanghai rail transit network is 1, which provides a basis for the comparison of different trains and the research on the changes in future urban trains.

With the rapid development of urban rail transit in China, the demand for safe and intelligent operation is growing. According to the actual operation needs of urban rail train, this paper builds a real-time streaming data processing architecture for intelligent operation and maintenance adopting technologies such as big data, mobile internet, internet of things, and micro-services. This paper mainly expounds a portable, scalable and efficient processing method base on train real-time data, which realizes the functions of rapid data verification, analysis, storage, sharing, push, etc., and supports the application system to realize real-time train monitoring and emergency response and disposal guidance, train daily inspection items self-inspection and other functions. The proposed system mainly includes two parts: data platform and application platform. The data platform completes rapid processing of real-time data stream sent by the onboard device with the help of high-concurrency asynchronous IO framework, message queue, stream computing, storage engine and other big data processing components; efficient real-time interaction and flexible application of real-time data are realized with database, active data push and other technologies. The application platform uses real-time data of train to realize train-related demand functions, and effectively converts the data into actual business form, thereby improves the ability of personnel to perceive the running status of vehicle, reducing workload of artificial maintenance and operation, and ensuring the train high-quality operations.

There are many differences between the inter-city railway train control system (CTCS) and the urban rail transit train control system (CBTC) . However, the demand for continuous operation of inter-city railways and urban rail transit lines is increasingly urgent. To this end, this paper analyzes the architectures and train control principles of CBTC and CTCS train control systems, and compares and sorts out the differences and commonalities between the two systems from the aspects of train control patterns and function, etc. Based on the research, a compatible train control scheme is proposed together with an in-depth analysis of the core technologies involved in the scheme, such as layout of ground signal equipment and design of vehicle-level signal equipment configuration-level control logic. Finally, it takes a typical scenario as an example to demonstrate the train control process that a train enters an urban rail line from an inter-city line. The results show that the compatible train control scheme can meet the needs of the existing inter-city railways and urban rail lines for continuous operation, and can also be used for related services.

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rolling Stock (1002-7602) is the property of Rolling Stock Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban mobility is increasingly becoming accepted as a basic human need, as socio-economic opportunities depend on the ability to reach places within an acceptable time. Conversely, the emergence of megalopoleis as dominant features of the global landscape has increased commuting effort to unprecedented levels, due to the ever expanding urban areas and the associated travel distances. This now poses a risk to the efficient accessibility of cities, but there is an assumption that the problem can be overcome by increasing the speed of transport systems. However, advocates of this approach overlook important utility trade-offs that arise from the conflict between greater vehicle speeds and the additional time required to access the services. In this paper, we investigate this approach and show that higher speeds in metro systems do not always result in faster travel in cities. We then propose a new approach to addressing the problem, which culminates in a solution that can overcome the current paradoxes and increase door-to-door speeds more effectively. The resulting operational concept optimizes speed and coverage in urban rail systems in megalopoleis, accommodating the longer trips within time budgets. We position this research as a starting point to a new perspective on developing complex urban systems in the future.

In the modern world, it is difficult to prevent terrorism due to the relatively closed environment, dense personnel, large passenger flow, long line and wide coverage of urban rail transit. Identity recognition is a core element of security. The design and study of an urban rail transit security system based on face recognition technology are proposed in this paper. Through the study on the face recognition algorithm of intelligent security systems in urban rail transit, the related introduction of face recognition technology is done. The analysis of the main mode of face recognition is carried out utilizing the practical application design ideas. The results by experimental analysis show that if FAR is set to a very low range (such as 0.1% or even 0.01%) meanwhile FRR can reach a very low level (such as less than 1%). Such a system has practical value and otherwise, it may face a large number of passenger affairs and complaints to be handled. When FAR is set to 0.1% and N is 1.6 million, FRR can reach 2.1%. However, according to the test, when the picture quality deteriorates (during image captured by a webcam), the FRR will increase by 2 to 3 times. If a Webcam is used for recognition in Mugshot, the lowest FRR of the three top algorithms is only 5.21%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the solar-blind characteristic of the pantograph arc spectrum distribution, an arc detection method based on the photoelectric conversion mechanism for urban rail was proposed, and the design of each part of the arcing detection system was completed. Through the analysis of arc spectral distribution, the 275-285 nm band was determined as the detection characteristic waveband. The optical acquisition system located on the roof of the train collects the arc characteristic light and transmits it to the photoelectric conversion module, which converts the received optical signal into the corresponding current signal linearly. After amplification, comparison and screening in this module, the optical signal is sent to the data processing module for output display. Finally, a field test conducted on an urban rail transit line shows that this arc detection system can effectively detect the pantograph arc phenomenon and reflect the arc intensity linearly avoiding the influence from natural light, train load and train running direction.

Sustainable Development Goals require holistic actions, including activity at the intersection of urban planning and environmental engineering. Turning our cities towards transit-oriented development might help in reducing pollutant emissions caused by individual transportation modes that rely on crude oil. This research presents how the use of geospatial network analysis can support local decision makers in the evaluation of potential public transport accessibility by citizens in the case of a Central European city - Wrocław (Poland). The obtained results indicate differentiation in access to railway stations and stops, which results from pedestrian path networks and the number of entrances to railway stations. The visualization of serve area shows which parts of the city are excluded from comfortable access to public transport and in that way highlight where future actions should be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of infrastructure in many developed countries around the world is an increasingly pressing issue, with mounting costs the longer repairs are deferred. In today's rapidly urbanising world, the urban rail network is particularly critical, since infrastructure failures can have severe economic consequences for both the operator's finances and user time costs. This paper thus provides a system-level model of welfare-oriented supply optimisation that integrates asset management with the literature on optimal pricing and capacity provision. Using a simulation approach and calibrating with London Underground data, this paper delivers three key contributions. First, the economic efficiency of long-term capital planning is highlighted, with up to an 87% welfare gain when comparing a 40- versus 5-year planning horizon. Second, in general, the longer the planning horizon, the higher the annual welfare, demand, asset condition, fare and supply, in the steady-state. Third, the analysis explores why policies in reality diverge from the welfare optimum: we show that election cycles can have a detrimental effect, with increased asset neglect and volatility in spending. Economic efficiency improves in the short-term at the expense of the long-term; significant intervention is needed to break this downwards trend, as also reflected in various rail systems' histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban travel demand and oil dependence need dramatic change to achieve the 1.5 °C degree target especially with the electrification of all land-based passenger transport and the decarbonizing of electric power. In this article we investigate the transition of ‘oil-based automobile dependence’ to ‘urban rail plus renewable energy’ to cater for transport demand in Indian cities. India is perceived to be a key driver of global oil demand in coming decades due to the potential increase in car use driven by a fast growing national average income. However, it is possible that India could surprise the world by aggressively pursuing an electrified transit agenda within and between cities and associated supporting local transport with electric vehicles, together with renewable power to fuel this transport. The changes will require two innovations that this article focuses on. First, innovative financing of urban and intercity rail through land-based finances as funding and financing of such projects has been a global challenge. Second, enabling Indian cities to rapidly adopt solar energy for all its electrified transport systems over oil plus car dependence. The article suggests that Indian cities may contribute substantially to the 1.5 °C agenda as both policies appear to be working.

In this paper we focus on the estimation of crowding in public transport – specifically urban rail systems – and its effect on perceived comfort. It is different from similar studies in the method it employs for estimating crowding levels in vehicles. Specifically, we formulate a function of time and location, which uses only passenger embarking data to estimate the number of passengers in vehicles. Then we convert the estimated crowding values into perceived discomfort levels by trip section. Our method depends on hourly seasonality assumptions but provides good estimates of crowding in urban rail systems even when passenger alighting data is not available. We illustrate the implementation of our model with the example of the Istanbul Metro system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problems of long transfer time, high path cost and poor optimization effect in current urban traffic flow management methods, a comprehensive optimization method of urban traffic flow based on rail transit network model is proposed. The physical topological network model of urban rail transit is designed by using weighted directed connection graph, and the time-varying expansion node, expansion arc and expansion path are combined to build the time table expansion network model of rail transit. At the same time, considering the factors that affect the traffic flow in the model, the random utility of path selection is calculated, and the comprehensive optimization of urban traffic flow is realized by path assignment method. The experimental results show that the transfer time of the proposed method is controlled within 2 minutes, and the path cost is less, which is suitable for the optimization and management of urban traffic flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to absorb the regenerative braking energy of trains, supercapacitor energy storage systems (ESS) are widely used in subways. Although wayside ESS are widely used, because of the influence of no-load voltage, and so on, a wayside ESS cannot absorb all the regenerative braking energy in some special cases, and the brake resistor is still activated, which leading to the wasting of energy. In order to completely replace the on-board brake resistor, this paper configures a certain on-board super-capacitor, and based on a DC-side series super-capacitor topology, proposes a hierarchical optimization energy management strategy (EMS). The EMS is divided into three layers: Firstly, the strategy can increase the inverter-side voltage in a short time without changing the traction network voltage, and improve the train braking characteristic curve by utilizing the short-time overvoltage capability of the inverter and the motor; Secondly, by coordinated control with a wayside supercapacitor, the residual regenerative braking energy can be absorbed even in special cases; Finally, based on loss calculation and current prediction, this strategy can effectively reduce the system loss by adjusting the DC voltage on the inverter-side. The proposed control strategy is validated through RT-LAB experiment, and the experimental results agree well with the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the air-quality effects of urban-rail development in Shenzhen, taking a difference-in-differences approach. This study is motivated by existing mixed evidence on the rail-pollution relationship, which we associate with the dynamic nature of the relationship itself. Our results demonstrate that the relationship varies by time, depending on network density and scale. New station openings had no significant impacts on local air quality or even worsened it until the 2010 metro-line extension, when Shenzhen's metro network density was still low, with limited spatial service coverage. However, the 2016 extension significantly abated air pollution as the network grew denser and more comprehensive. The rail-driven anti-pollution effects tended to be further strengthened with externalities arising from improved network connectivity, spilling over the effects beyond newly opened stations to preexisting ones. Also, metro stations in proximity to neighborhoods that share key characteristics in transit-oriented development tended to generate a greater anti-pollution effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on metro rail projects under construction or already operational in Indian cities to analyze urban projects’ planning and the new public policy tools mobilised for their financing and coordination with cities’ master plans. The Indian state keeps a hand on the decision-making processes through ad hoc entities while entering into different forms of partnerships with private sector actors. The major issue of the return on investment of these projects is pushing governments to mobilize new financing tools based on monetization of land, and controlled by those entities. The article shows that the international TOD - Transit Oriented Development – model is at the core of this strategy, and the analysis of its political dimension is crucial to understand its implementation in the Indian context.

Although urban rain transit (URT) is an attractive alternative mode of daily travel, barriers exist in URT development across the world, in particular, the high cost of construction and operation and relative low rates of URT ridership. Despite these barriers, URT has gained considerable popularity worldwide in recent years; much of this trend is driven by projects in China. Despite this public support and implementation of URT projects, the ridership, capital costs and cost-effectiveness of URT projects remain largely unstudied. This paper addresses this planning and policy issue by examining line-level ridership and investment data for 97 heavy rail transit (HRT) lines and 12 light rail transit (LRT) lines in 28 Chinese cities. Comparative analysis is conducted so as to evaluate the performance and cost-effectiveness of HRT and LRT. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to explain the variability of URT cost-effectiveness and how it varies depending on land use density, project design, system service, and multimodal transit integration. Findings indicate that land-use density, line length, number of transfer stations, operation time, and bus ridership significantly contribute to higher levels of URT ridership, while URT ridership decreases significantly with train headway and the station’s distance from the city center. It is cost-effective to develop URT in high-density cities in spite of high costs, and some, if not all, LRT lines are more cost-effective than HRT lines. As of this analysis, the overdevelopment of HRT in China has failed to plan for multimodal transport integration and operational optimization. However, these shortcomings are also opportunities for Chinese transportation and land-use planners to develop more cost-effective URT projects that also improve the level of service available to the public.

Abstract We develop a class of difference-in-differences regression models for the case of multiple transportation interventions that may occur sequentially over time and may generate causal spillover effects within a spatial system. We show how these models can be estimated using tools from spatial econometrics, and further extend the models to a system of seemingly unrelated outcomes such that there may be spatial correlation in the error terms. These models facilitate estimation of direct, indirect, and total average causal effects, as well as individual and cumulative effects of transportation interventions that partially overlap in space. Such estimates can assist policymakers in assessing potentially reinforcing effects originating from multiple transportation interventions located in close proximity. We develop an empirical example of our models to evaluate spatiotemporal socioeconomic impacts of the original and expanded light rail system in Denver, CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • There is a significant willingness to pay for urban rail in the emerging city of Bangalore. • Land value increases beyond the traditional 500 m catchment area of 25%. • Panel data hedonic price modelling shows over 4% increase in the whole city’s land value. • Urban rail projects have potential for a major agglomeration economic event in emerging cities. Abstract This paper seeks to understand how urban rail can influence land value uplift, especially in emerging cities which are largely unstudied. It examines the Bangalore Metro and shows that the uplift from the metro rail was substantial in the ‘catchment area’ and ‘across the city’. The analysis was based on the panel data hedonic price model for around 160,000 apartments over the period 2012–16 and a cross-sectional data hedonic price model for 314,000 apartments in 2016. The panel data resulted in a stronger model and show significant land value increases, even beyond the traditional 500 m catchment. A ‘before’ and ‘after’ from the commencement of the metro rail operations shows a price uplift of 4.5% across the whole city and indicates a major agglomeration economic event resulting in substantial willingness to pay of USD 306 million from the metro rail accessibility. Emerging cities can expect metro rail to substantially improve their economies and other co-benefits as long as finance can be obtained by capturing this value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We analyze the evolution of the spatial distribution of ridership in Chicago's Elevated Train over the last two decades, by means of station-level average daily passenger entries and census data to establish links between ridership changes and urban processes. Overall, we observe that 2007–2008 ridership was slightly below 1989–1990 levels, but recovering since the late 1990s. Ridership gains have shown a strong tendency to concentrate within a 10 km radius from the CBD. Outside of this area, losses since 1989–1990 have been steady. The ridership recovery and its spatial distribution appear, therefore, to be related to an acceleration of urban processes, i.e., gentrification, immigration, employment concentration in the CBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system has been widely acclaimed for its unique 'rail-plusproperty' (R+P) model of operation. However, MTR projects, like other transit-oriented development (TOD) projects, have been under scrutiny as a catalyst for land-price appreciation and gentrification. In this study, we aim to examine the impact of new MTR lines on the spatial distribution of public and private housing estates across Hong Kong since the 1980s. Drawing on housing, transport and census data, we reveal that local improvement in accessibility due to the expansion of the MTR network has attracted private residential developments. This implies that low-income households might have been gradually squeezed out of such prime locations. Based on our findings, we propose recommendations on urban development under the TOD model, with a view to making Hong Kong and other transit cities more socially and spatially just. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The installation of a stationary supercapacitor energy storage system in urban railway systems effectively improves the energy saving rate by means of recycling the train's regenerative braking energy. In this paper, a hierarchical control strategy, which consists of an energy management layer and a converter control layer, is proposed. In the energy management layer, the energy management state machine is introduced. In the converter control layer, based on the double closed-loop proportional-integral (PI) control strategy, a multiobjective optimization algorithm for the outer voltage loop is proposed, which optimizes the control parameters at each operating point, comprehensively considering undershoot suppression, rapidity, and antidisturbance performance of the system. The proposed control strategy is validated through simulation and laboratory experiment, and finally, applied in the Megawatt-level energy storage device of Beijing Batong Line. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract We test the hypothesis of transit-induced gentrification for the Regional Transportation District light rail system in Denver, CO. We use a quasi-experimental spatial econometric approach, the spatial difference-in-differences model, to measure the causal relationship between urban rail investments and gentrification, which allows us to capture the average direct and indirect (spatial spillover) effects of urban rail on several socioeconomic measures of gentrification. We further account for unobserved heterogeneity and spatial dependence via the use of a panel data estimator with spatial error components. Our analysis shows that the installation of a light rail station significantly increases household income and housing values in neighborhoods up to one mile from the station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patrol scheduling is a critical operational decision in protecting urban rail networks against terrorist activities. Designing patrols to protect such systems poses many challenges that have not been comprehensively addressed in the literature of patrol scheduling so far. These challenges include strategic attackers, dynamically changing station occupancy levels and human resource related limitations. In this paper, we develop a game theoretic model for the problem of scheduling security teams to patrol an urban mass transit rail network. Our main objective is to minimize the expected potential damage caused by terrorist activities while observing scheduling constraints. We model this problem as a non-cooperative simultaneous move game between a defender and an attacker. We then develop column generation based algorithms to find a Nash equilibrium for this game. We also present a lower bound for the value of the game which can be used to terminate the column generation algorithm when a desired solution quality is reached. We then run computational experiments to investigate the efficiency of the proposed algorithms and to gain insight about the value of the patrolling game. Our results show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms. Finally, we present results for the case of a real urban rail network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mumbai Metro is planning to build 152 km of high-speed urban rail lines. The first line of Mumbai Metro was built through a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and opened in 2014. Financial issues since its opening necessitated a fare increase—among one of the highest in India to maintain the line's commercial viability for the private operator. This paper examines how high dependence on farebox revenue could have been avoided by using Land Value Capture (LVC) to finance Mumbai Metro. A panel data hedonic price model was used to assess the impact of Mumbai Metro's commencement on approximately 66,000 apartments. The model shows a significant uplift of 14% in property prices in the Mumbai Metro catchment area resulting in USD 179 million value capture opportunity under Mumbai's existing legislative framework. This paper suggests that LVC could enable a PPP urban rail projects to achieve financial and social viability if governance systems can enable appropriate mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 21st century has seen an unprecedented expansion of urban rail as a response to urban congestion, low carbon mobility and as a seed for urban regeneration. Many cities would like to do much more rail in their futures to create knowledge economy centres but cannot find the funding, including Australian cities that are the focus for this paper. Four approaches to funding are outlined from fully government to fully private with two in between. The Entrepreneur Rail Model suggests a majority private sector funding can facilitate the new markets for urban regeneration as well as providing integrated rail that government's usually find difficult to fund. The process requires transit planning to be seen primarily as a land development tool rather than a transport system. This was the historical function of urban rail in the nineteenth and early twentieth century and signals a significant new 21st century rail market as well as the need for new procurement and governance systems for land assembly and transport planning that can ensure network integration, new assessment models and public good outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]