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The daily relationships in the territory of the neighborhoods constitute an essential social process in people's lives. The configuration of urban spaces determines how neighbors largely build their social relationships. The uses of urban spaces shape the possibilities of interaction and social cohesion in neighborhoods. This article analyzes the relationship between physical space and daily practices in two neighborhoods of the city of Madrid: Prosperidad and Malasaña. Starting from the concepts of 'the right to the city' and 'inhabiting', both the influence of physical spaces in the configuration of social relations and the opposite process are explored. The research offers the speeches of 24 in-depth interviews with residents of the selected neighborhoods and reflects the process of anonymization and loss of everyday activities that characterize current cities, recognizing the role of women in the daily use of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper employs a critical theoretical framework to examine the emergence and perpetuation of chaos and disorder in urban spaces. Specifically, we examine the dynamics of chaos during urban transformations, focusing on how it manifests itself in the redevelopment of religious enclaves and its implications for the daily lives of urban residents in two Haredi neighbourhoods in Jerusalem. We have coined the term ‘constant urban chaos’ to characterize this space as both the source and the desired outcome. These spaces of chaos reveal how neighbourhoods are shaped by individual and collective initiatives to preserve the communal ways of life through spatial patterns. Our findings suggest that chaos serves a specific purpose in urban development, providing desirable patterns that sustain city intricacies and delicate networks. Using this mutually beneficial arrangement, the municipality and communities meet the housing needs of specific demographic groups characterized by high fertility rates and non-conventional housing needs while minimizing socio-spatial conflicts. In examining the intricate interplay between urban chaos, community dynamics, and municipal involvement, this study challenges conventional notions of disorder and highlights the strategic utilization of chaos for urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Olympic Games have been associated with many urban transformation projects throughout their history, often focusing on city expansion. Recent sustainability concerns, however, constitute a pressing challenge, with the regeneration of central areas fulfilling a key role in existing urban agendas. In this paper, the legacy of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games at two proposed centralities was analysed, namely, the Olympic Park, intended as a future neighbourhood to the west of the city, and Porto Maravilha (PM), an urban project aimed at revitalizing a central, historical area of the city. By comparing the Olympic Park and the first provided areas in PM, in terms of selecting urban design criteria through qualitative in loco assessments, this paper focused on analysing the impacts of urban forms and heritage on the consolidation of these two centralities, as well as encouraging social interaction and integration into the city. The analysis results indicated that urban design attributes such as human-scaled, mixed-use, context-based urban spaces could interfere with social interaction and the usability of spaces. Moreover, the repurposing of heritage buildings contributed to urban cohesion for legacy transformation. Hence, novel insights into urban design and heritage could become important for future editions of the Olympics so that host cities may fulfil their sustainability agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the internet, establishment of social networks, and advancements in technology and mobile communications have enabled individuals to communicate anytime, anywhere, with anyone, thus altering their perception of time and space and changing their relationships with society, themselves, and urban spaces, leading to a globalized world. The way individuals perceive their surroundings and their changing lifestyle has influenced the utilization of urban spaces and the organization of cities. Behiç Ak, through his theater plays ‘A City of One Person’ and ‘Nowhere Left to Shrink’, criticizes the lives of contemporary society individuals and their relationships with cities from an architect's perspective, using exaggeration and humor. Behiç Ak's plays are examined, highlighting the alienation of individuals in the network society from themselves, society, and urban spaces, the reflections of changing societal lifestyles on cities, and the critical interpretation brought by an architect who is also a playwright. The common features of the two plays include individuals alienating themselves from their surroundings and the inability to communicate despite the available communication tools, the inability to experience urban spaces due to technology and internet facilities that enable working from home and meeting needs, and the lack of happiness despite all positive developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a global environmental issue and a contemporary challenge in developing countries, where implementing sustainable E-waste management policies is required to mitigate the adverse impacts of inappropriate treatment and disposal. This study assesses the environmental and human health impacts of the current E-waste management system in Yaoundé. The study then proposes an integrated E-waste management system (IEMS) with policy instruments for increased formal E-waste collection and reduced environmental impacts from informal E-waste treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to identify high-impact contributing processes within the current E-waste management system (EMS) and to determine the optimum scenario for an integrated system. The system dynamics model (SDM) analysis ascertained the efficiency of the E-waste policy under the IEMS. Results show that the IEMS can reduce global warming potential, fine particulate matter formation, and human carcinogenic toxicity from one ton of E-waste treatment by 27%, 16.3%, and 34%, respectively. Regarding the policy efficiency simulation for the IEMS, the policy instrument (Policy 1), with levies on electronic appliance producers, proved environmentally efficient in reducing the quantity of informal recycling. It was also more economically viable for the recycling fund to increase formal E-waste collection and subsidize formal treatment within the context of the IEMS. The study outcome is informative for E-waste management policy planning in developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Olympic Games have been associated with many urban transformation projects throughout their history, often focusing on city expansion. Recent sustainability concerns, however, constitute a pressing challenge, with the regeneration of central areas fulfilling a key role in existing urban agendas. In this paper, the legacy of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games at two proposed centralities was analysed, namely, the Olympic Park, intended as a future neighbourhood to the west of the city, and Porto Maravilha (PM), an urban project aimed at revitalizing a central, historical area of the city. By comparing the Olympic Park and the first provided areas in PM, in terms of selecting urban design criteria through qualitative in loco assessments, this paper focused on analysing the impacts of urban forms and heritage on the consolidation of these two centralities, as well as encouraging social interaction and integration into the city. The analysis results indicated that urban design attributes such as human-scaled, mixed-use, context-based urban spaces could interfere with social interaction and the usability of spaces. Moreover, the repurposing of heritage buildings contributed to urban cohesion for legacy transformation. Hence, novel insights into urban design and heritage could become important for future editions of the Olympics so that host cities may fulfil their sustainability agendas.

Introduction: Landscapes and urban green spaces are considered the most important urban spaces and can play a significant role in improving the environmental conditions of cities. Components in urban green spaces such as plants can play this important role in adapting the conditions of cities for the life of citizens. Based on this, the aim of this research is to analyze and identify the effects of using native plants in urban green spaces.Materials and Methods: In order to achieve the goal of the research, library resources were used to write the introduction and interview experts in two stages to identify the effects of native plants, and the statistical population consisted of 27 experts. In the first interview, the indicators were obtained, then in the second interview, by forming the actor-target matrix, the experts were asked to give points from -4 to 4, where the number 0 is no comment, the number 4 is the highest score, and the number -4 Shows the lowest score. After collecting the given answers, the points assigned to each of the indicators were averaged by experts with a specialized field and entered into the actor-target matrix of Mactor software. This process was done for all six participating specialties (landscape architects, green space engineers, horticultural engineers, environmental engineers, plant medicine engineers and botanists) in the research until the final actor-goal matrix was completely completed. Next, the necessary analyzes were performed on the obtained matrix in Mactor software and the final results were obtained. Also, the texts obtained from the conducted interviews were examined word by word and line by line and the relationship between the codes in them was discovered, then these texts were entered into the TI Atlas software and the desired quotations and codings done and the relationship between the extracted codes was defined through the tools available in the software and finally these relationships were extracted from the software in the form of a final model.Results: The results showed that the effects of improving the functions of urban green spaces and reducing water consumption were the most repeated by experts, and the effects of familiarizing citizens with native plants and better flood control showed the lowest number of repetitions. The same results in the section of repetition, importance and convergence (net distance) of the effects of using native plants are observed significantly with other sections, which shows the continuity of the results and its reliability. In the following, we can point out the convergence between environmental engineers and botanists, who have had the most convergence, which shows the alignment of the two specialties related to plants and the environment, and doubles the importance of the results of the effects of using native plants.Discussion: In general, it can be stated that urban planners and designers should pay special attention to the effects of growing native plants mentioned in this research, so that by creating a desirable urban landscape and green space, they can gain the satisfaction of the citizens and benefit from the potential of the region to be used effectively like native plants.

The article is dedicated to the topic of the social functioning of the Tatar language – a topic that is not losing relevance in the region – and the ethnic aspects of urban identity. Its use in the communication process in public spaces of non-capital industrial cities of Tatarstan has been examined, based on the materials of mass-scale sociological surveys conducted in Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Almetyevsk, and Zelenodolsk. The paper analyses the vision and assessments of the Tatars and Russians, who live in the given cities, regarding the situation developing with the use of the language in administrative, medical, preventive, and educational institutions of settlements, in public transport, on the streets and shopping areas, and at mass cultural events. A conclusion is drawn about the similarity of views of representatives of the identified ethnic groups concerning the importance of its presence in the socio-cultural space of the city, which is the result of the long-term language policy of the republic. On the other hand, discrepancies were discovered in their assessments of the frequency of the Tatar language use in different environments. Among other things, this is due to the differences in its perception by Tatars and Russians. Certain differences in the degree of the Tatar language use between the cities of interest have been noted. It is related to the ethnic composition and, to some extent, the location of the cities. Generally, the language can be heard in the non-capital industrial cities of the republic somewhat more often than in Kazan, with the exception of its satellite city, Zelenodolsk. The conducted study showed a reasonably high degree of the significance of local identity and the continuing relevance of ethnic identity for residents of the cities in question. At the same time, among the factors in the formation of a positive attitude towards the cities, the ethno-cultural factor (the answer option “there is an opportunity to live among representatives of my nationality and communicate in my native language here”) turned out to be important for a little more or less than a tenth of Tatar townspeople.

Severe climatic conditions are considered as one of the main factors shaping and in some cases limiting urban behaviors. Accordingly, environmental designers seek to make urban spaces usable for a wide range of behaviors during different times by bringing climates closer to the comfort zone. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of climate on behavioral patterns and explore solutions to moderate harsh climatic conditions in architecture and urban planning. This study compared the behavioral patterns of space users in hot and arid (Yazd) and moderate and humid (Fooman) climates. The recording of behavioral patterns was achieved by using the observation method (time-lapse photography) and analysis through the spatial analysis method. Based on the results, climatic characteristics affect both types of urban activities and the time cycles of their occurrence. Severe climatic conditions limit urban behaviors to essential activities and merely transcend space. Such states do not allow for a wide range of optional and social activities. Spatial physical tools such as building density, enclosure, occupancy level, amount of retreat on the ground floor and upper floors, type of building material, and the amount of green space have been used in historical formal-spatial patterns of Iran to moderate the harsh climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between various environmental capabilities (physical, social, leisure, and emotional) and adolescent well-being across multiple dimensions (physical, emotional, and social well-being). Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 737 adolescents aged 12 to 19 in Tabriz, Iran, in 2022. The study focused on selected sites displaying specific adolescent behaviours in urban spaces, including natural, commercial, sports, urban pathways and intersections, and cultural settings. The questionnaires were used to evaluate environmental capabilities as independent variables and adolescent well-being as the dependent variable.Multivariate regression Analyses were employed to examine the impact of environmental capabilities on adolescent well-being within the defined typologies of urban spaces. The regression analysis unveiled that the commercial sites significantly influenced adolescent well-being, particularly physical well-being (regression coefficient = 0.437). It was found that environmental capabilities, categorized as physical, social, leisure, and emotional, assume a pivotal role in adolescents’ well-being across physical, emotional, and social dimensions.

An urban revolution has brought a qualitative change related to the globalization of technologies and the economy. This, in turn, leads to changes in the city's "human face". Riyadh is the capital city of Saudi Arabia, which has been impacted by rapid population growth. The significant urban expansion negatively impacted various human characteristics as streets became more devoted to transportation than urban space. Various efforts have been made to re-establish the human aspects of streets by creating built environments and urban spaces. This study aims to determine the physical street features that impact Riyadh city streets' livability. The study also determines people's perception of the physical quality of Riyadh's city streets. An exploratory sequential mixed research method has been adopted. Two separate qualitative and quantitative research approaches have been used to answer the research questions. Through a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews, the physical aspects of the case study street were assessed, and physical issues were identified. The finding of this study showed that physical issues such as scarce planting, lack of services for disabled people, traffic congestion, inadequate seating, and inadequate canopies and shelter are deteriorating the Riyadh city street livability. Responding to these physical problems will require measures to be built in municipalities to make Saudi cities more livable. The first practical measure is the provision of facilities such as seating and street furniture, adequate parking spaces, adequate shelter, and services for disabled people. The second is improving the quality of existing facilities, such as planting and landscaping. Lastly, traffic congestion can be controlled by changing Tahlia Street to a transit street that allows only public transport. Overall, the findings of this study will help planners and decision-makers create a livable environment within the framework of the re-humanization of the cities. A collaborative system to support the rehumanization of urban spaces should be adopted by encouraging smart design and improving the open spaces functions to fulfil the community need through a participative method, including the involvement of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of dynamic indicators associated with urban spaces on the environmental behavior of residents in Shanghai, China. With the city experiencing rapid urbanization and increasing environmental concerns, it is crucial to understand how the design and management of urban spaces can encourage pro-environmental attitudes and actions among the population. The study specifically focuses on dynamic indicators, namely vitality, accessibility, quality, and walkability, to develop a comprehensive understanding of the utilization and experience of urban spaces. The research outcomes will make valuable contributions towards Shanghai's objectives of achieving environmental sustainability, while also providing insights that have broader relevance to sustainable urban development globally. As the built environment significantly influences energy consumption, resource utilization, pollution generation, and overall human wellbeing, attaining urban sustainability is of paramount importance. The findings of this study will aid in informing strategies and policies that promote sustainable practices, not only benefiting Shanghai but also serving as a valuable resource for urban development initiatives worldwide. Sustainable urban design principles, including compactness, density, mixed land use, greening, and walkability, have been associated with pro-environmental behaviors, including reduced reliance on automobiles, increased walking and cycling, and heightened environmental consciousness. Nevertheless, the relationship between the built environment and sustainability behaviors is intricate and is influenced by multiple factors. Consequently, further research is necessary to comprehend how specific spatial and temporal dynamics impact environmental behaviors within urban settings. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to estimate the quality and walkability of an area and environmental behaviors by considering the augmented vitality and accessibility factors. The ANN's predictions demonstrate that higher levels of vitality and accessibility positively contribute to improved walkability and environmental behaviors. The accuracy of the ANN's predictions was assessed using linear regression, which yielded acceptable error rates when compared with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article explores the way a new specifically Georgian post-Stalinist art form (cheduroba , metal engraving) that emerged in the 1960s became a commonly encountered emblematic feature of the equally new urban spaces of the rapidly changing modernist Tbilisi cityscape. This new, and yet seemingly old, art form, which frequently featured the face of a traditional Georgian girl, usually a Khevsur girl from the mountains, came to be a diagnostic part of the modern urban assemblage of Tbilisi in the 1960s. This traditional face from the Georgian past became a paradoxical figure for the alliance of art and architecture in the visual aesthetics of the modern Georgian city in the 1960s, and the art form became the stereotypical "face" of a specifically Georgian post-Stalinist "traditional-modernist" public urban art. This art form soon became diagnostic of modern Georgian urban spaces, like the Tbilisi metro, which also opened around the same time in the 1960s. The recurrent distribution of this face across newly-created modernist urban spaces together formed a Georgian version of "socialist modernism," producing a visually-experienced "brand of socialism" for urban spaces, a procession of images traditional or national (in style or theme) in socialist modernist spaces connecting the traditional architecture of the city to the modernist architectural spaces of the new socialist city of the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Physical activity is determined by personal, interpersonal, and environmental factors, and its decrease results in an increase in the burden of chronic diseases and the strain on health systems. The aim was to reflect on the interaction between physical activity and the process of urbanization and its impact on collective health. A qualitative research was conducted using the method of textual analysis, based on the poem "Urbanicity", the research was outlined based on the following thematic units: (i) socio-spatial tensions in modern urbanization: inequalities in urban infrastructure and health promotion; (ii) lack of spaces, adequate structures, and safety in urban spaces for leisure and physical activity in low-income areas; (iii) impact of urbanization on mobility limitation and the need to create spaces for physical activity; and (iv) impacts of urbanization on the reduction of physical activity, health damages resulting from a sedentary lifestyle, and burden on the State. Physical activity as a factor of prevention and health promotion and its relationship with urban environmental attributes is evidenced in the poem and confirmed by the literature. Such attributes, when unfavorable, contribute to unconscious sedentarism. Furthermore, without urgent interventions, chronic diseases will increase, generating overload for health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Space and how to organize it is one of the challenging problems that different sciences have paid much attention to for a long time. Looking to space as a base to show economic and social inequality is very important. Urban space can be produced and consumed like other social productions. Therefore, cognition and analysis of social processes are necessary to introduce space. In this research, according to the rule of capitalism in the cities of Iran, the impact of the capital economy on the process of Urmia urban space production is considered. The aim of this research is to consider the impact of capitalism on Urmia urban space production and the effective factors of extraction on it. This research, as the aim of method research, is practical. Also, this research is qualitative in terms of nature and method. The analytical method of this research is the Lefebvre dialectical method, which is tied to the historical-analytical method. So, in this research, different historical eras from "Ghajjar" are now considered. Documental tools like library sources, websites, maps, pictures, and programs, as well as field tools like view and interview, are also used to collect data. This research concluded that the space is not fabricated, and the urban spaces of Urmia are formed based on the necessity of capital. The results of this research have the obvious view that city managers, decision-takers, and planners should solve the difficulties of urban spaces, especially in Urmia city. Also, controlling and guiding the space development of Urmia city based on justice is the other practice of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the development directions of liminal spaces and cities as a whole within the broader framework of neoliberalism in the Italian metropolitan context. First, neoliberalism was defined and considered in the context of liminal spaces and urban development, according to the international literature perspective. Then, with specific reference to the Italian case, through semi-structured interviews, it was found that liminal spaces, despite facing marginalisation, translocalisation and defamiliarisation, acted as antagonists and nuclei of resistance to the encroaching framework of neoliberalism. The article also explores the role of digital ecosystems as tools for empowerment; it also emphasizes the role of liminal spaces in fostering communitarianism while resisting the change experienced and brought about by the surrounding urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pierre Bourdieu, French sociologist, revolutionized the study of sociology and culture by introducing social field theory and concepts such as distinction, habitus and doxa, whose influence on related theories remains to this day. Although he did not directly express his views on urban spaces and architecture, this is one of the most important areas in which Bourdieu's concepts can be analyzed. The relation between society and culture with urban spaces and architecture is an important issue that can be well reflected and analyzed in the context of cinema. City and urban architecture have had a close, continuous and notable relationship with cinema since the advent of this art. The following study, by selecting Asghar Farhadi's latest film "A Hero", as the case study, examines how architecture and urban spaces are influencing the film and also reflected by it, and uses Pierre Bourdieu's views for analysis. During the analysis of this article, the effects of the city of Shiraz, the urban landscape, the houses and the culture arising from them, and finally the social fields have been discussed. Then, the reflection of sociological concepts in these cases have been identified. This study shows how the city of Shiraz and its urban spaces and architecture have adapted to the key concepts of Bourdieu and by presenting various fields such as prison, charities, bazaars has advanced its narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The lifespan of architectural objects varies in the widest range – from a few days to millennia. Most often a built object begins to change, to transform even before the construction is finished, and continues to do so every day of its existence. The elements and the passage of time change its appearance, but people bring even greater changes, painting the walls of buildings with graffiti and creating installations. Street art is a spontaneous art, but it significantly changes the meaning and image of urban spaces.

An outcome of Urbanization, cities are now ubiquitous with landscapes having modified energy balance, leading to inadvertent environmental consequences such as Urban Heat Islands (UHI). In this context, Public Green Spaces (P.G.S.) have long been considered as an important sink, wherein a cooler ambience exists than their surrounding built-up spaces; thereby forming Park Cool Islands (P.C.I.). It’s noteworthy to hence postulate that the climatic deterioration can be intensified by the degradation of P.G.S. This research, based on scientific evidence, outlines the P.C.I. by highlighting the role of P.G.S. in battling Urban Warming. In the present study, stationary and mobile surveys were conducted to determine the temporal and spatial variation of ambient air temperature, and to ascertain the role of P.G.S. in cooling the neighboring surroundings. It was also found that, while surrounding landscapes always showed an increasing trend for the maximum, minimum and mean ambient air temperatures, these were found to be relatively lower than those depicted by stations farther from the P.G.S. Hence, this research has demonstrated that P.G.S. could maximize thermal comfort benefits across neighborhoods, through appropriate planning and design.

Electronic waste (E-waste) is a global environmental issue and a contemporary challenge in developing countries, where implementing sustainable E-waste management policies is required to mitigate the adverse impacts of inappropriate treatment and disposal. This study assesses the environmental and human health impacts of the current E-waste management system in Yaoundé. The study then proposes an integrated E-waste management system (IEMS) with policy instruments for increased formal E-waste collection and reduced environmental impacts from informal E-waste treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was utilized to identify high-impact contributing processes within the current E-waste management system (EMS) and to determine the optimum scenario for an integrated system. The system dynamics model (SDM) analysis ascertained the efficiency of the E-waste policy under the IEMS. Results show that the IEMS can reduce global warming potential, fine particulate matter formation, and human carcinogenic toxicity from one ton of E-waste treatment by 27%, 16.3%, and 34%, respectively. Regarding the policy efficiency simulation for the IEMS, the policy instrument (Policy 1), with levies on electronic appliance producers, proved environmentally efficient in reducing the quantity of informal recycling. It was also more economically viable for the recycling fund to increase formal E-waste collection and subsidize formal treatment within the context of the IEMS. The study outcome is informative for E-waste management policy planning in developing economies.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate, considering the local population’s view, urban projects carried out by public–private partnerships, in particular Cais Mauá and Pontal do Estaleiro, and to verify whether those projects meet communities’ needs. Data were collected by means of online questionnaires and interviews and were analyzed using Kendall’s W statistical test and considering the frequencies and meanings of the mentioned aspects. Results show that, despite having well-assessed elements, the projects, in general, do not match with the population’s interests, mainly due to the presence of buildings that pursue the profitability of space to the detriment of more public and cultural spaces, and green areas.

Elderly group needs to be paid attention to while redesigning an inclusive city by improving their quality of life to achieve successful aging. The existence of elderlyfriendly urban spaces is imperative in promoting mental health and well-being in the scarcity of open spaces in dense urban environments. These spaces can help them to actively maintain health, physical and cognitive functions, and involve with the social environment. Taman Lansia Bandung is one of the thematic parks whose initial purpose was to become an elderly-oriented open space. However, Taman Lansia Bandung felt to be less and less accommodating to the elderly's comfort and ironically provides more attractions for younger visitors to the park. This paper attempts to propose a new design for Taman Lansia with a systematic design approach. A site analysis was conducted to examine the spatial issues such as natural, man-made, physical, and perceptual attributes to develop the contextual design idea. A set of design principles and criteria are generated from a systematic literature review of case studies, related research, and technical standards on accessible design for the elderly and disabled. The result of site analysis and design principles are then formulated into a design vision of the park. A 3D-model was created to simulate the design idea and then compare it with the existing conditions with the photo-match technique. The result is a therapeutic garden that improves the elderly's psychological comfort with a more ergonomic design, closeness to nature, and a multisensory impulse experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction Art has always had a rational and improving function in human societies as one of the important pillars of education and training. A skilled artist can control many social anomalies and lead the society to a desirable and bright life. The perception of beauty is one of the human needs that the citizens in the city seek (Moeinifar, 2012:21). Today, cities have become places for doing repetitive activities and the machine life of citizens. In this regard, it is necessary to strengthen the points that have value in terms of urban facilities in the urban design for the benefit of the people, and also the factors and forces required for the entry and stopping of people in the space. Therefore, public art can be used to beautify and improve the visual quality of the city of Ardabil, eliminate architectural problems, beautify, optimize the urban environment and improve the quality of life of the city and its citizens, especially urban women. Theoretical Framework To define public art, two words “art” and “public” should be discussed. The term public art has a very broad meaning and includes everything from urban sculptures to subway graffiti, but is often used as a collective term to cover any art that is not shown in official galleries or museums. Meanwhile, proper planning and special attention to women can be an important factor in urban development; Therefore, the active participation of women in the preparation and implementation of urban plans, laying the groundwork for the greater presence of women in urban spaces, improving the security of public spaces, paying attention to the protection of places where women are more present, the ability to increase visibility, openness and ease of access, increasing the strength of the transportation system at night is one of the things that can play a favorable role in creating suitable urban spaces for women. Joy and happiness are one of the most important human needs that prepare them to face the complexities and problems of today’s world. Although many people believe that this art is internal and the person himself should create happiness in his life, but since the city space establishes the most connection with people and the living environment, Methodology The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. According to the nature of the study, the method of data collection is a survey and a library using a questionnaire with the women of Ardabil city. Cronbach’s alpha was used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire, considering that little research has been done in this field, according to professors and specialists, and to check the reliability of the questionnaire. The total alpha coefficient was equal to (.906), which shows the high reliability of the questionnaire. The statistical population in the current research is women (experts and non-experts in art and architecture) in Ardabil who are between 20-35 years old (57,913). To estimate the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used, and the number of 381 samples was estimated, of which 185 healthy questionnaires were distributed and completed among the statistical population by a simple random method. In this research, the questionnaire measures the research variables, which consists of 41 questions, divided into two sections, public arts and interactive arts, and one image from each type of art, similar to what was shown in the introduction section of public arts, was selected and An online questionnaire format, in which the participants were asked to express the level of joy they felt after watching that artwork in urban spaces according to the 5-point Likert scale, was designed and sent to the target community through virtual space applications. It should be noted that the questions were evaluated through a 5-option Likert scale. In order to analyze the data in the descriptive statistics section, Excel, Spss software and for inferential statistics in which the relationships between variables are examined based on the purpose of the research, the statistical test with inclusion (one-sample T) was used. Results and Discussion To investigate the impact of public art on the perceived vitality of women in Ardabil city and to answer the research question of which type of public art has a greater impact on improving the perceived vitality of women in urban spaces, a onesample t-test was used.The results of the single-sample t-test showed that abstract art had the highest average score (4.71), followed by the vitality created by this item (4.60), and the desire to create abstract art in the urban space from the point of view of women (4.63). This means that abstract art was the most popular type of public art among the women surveyed. In the next ranks, art embedded in space and applied art had an average score of (4.25), followed by art appropriate to the site and natural environment with an average score of (4.18), artistry (sculptures of celebrities) with an average score of (4.16), and finally the musical fountain with an average score of (4.03).These results suggest that women in Ardabil city perceive abstract art as the most vitalizing type of public art. This may be because abstract art is open to interpretation and can be seen in many different ways, which allows women to connect with it on a personal level. Additionally, abstract art can be seen as a form of escapism, which can be appealing to women who are looking for a way to relax and de-stress. Conclusion The city of Ardabil has a lot of potential to create public art that is both visually appealing and revitalizing for women. However, the current state of public art in the city is lacking. There are only a small number of famous statues and some examples of murals and lighting. This is a missed opportunity to create a more vibrant and inviting urban environment for women. The managers and planners of the municipality and related bodies should pay more attention to the vitality and vitality of not only the women of the city of Ardabil, but also all sections of the society. They should commission more public art that is designed to appeal to women and other marginalized groups. This would help to create a more inclusive and equitable urban environment for everyone.In addition to commissioning more public art, the municipality should also take steps to improve the security of public spaces. This would make women feel more comfortable and safe in the city, which would encourage them to spend more time outdoors and enjoy the public art. By taking these steps, the municipality can create a more vibrant and inviting urban environment for women and all residents of Ardabil city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of Afghan environmental legislation and policy, the goal of this study is to analyze the citizenship rights of individuals with disabilities in the urban environment. It examines the issues faced by the disabled, particularly the physically challenged, who live in Afghanistan's cities in order to achieve this goal. The government's existing laws and regulations also include preparing for these issues. A descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted in the investigation. In this regard, the researcher has utilized the library study method to explain the concepts and give a theoretical framework to assess the course of domestic legislation after evaluating the development of domestic and international laws. This article comes to the conclusion that the physical and administrative requirements of disabled people cannot be met in Afghan cities. Think about the sidewalks. In reality, a wheelchair user is unable to use the sidewalks. Wheelchair users' rights have been violated as a result of the obstacles that the town has put in place to keep motorcycles off the pavements. Think about the sidewalks; in reality, a wheelchair user cannot utilize them. The right of wheelchair users has essentially been infringed due to the obstructions put in place by the municipality to prevent motorcycle riders from using the sidewalks. There are few organizations in the road and construction engineering sector, particularly in government departments, that have measured the essential facilities and measures for the disabled in their structures. The law of motion is one of the acknowledged tenets among philosophers. They hold the view that everything in the universe is in motion and that each living thing is gradually evolving to realize its potential. Therefore, all facets of society should have access to the amenities required for advancement. This rule applies to everyone, including those with disabilities, and the urban environment must be created and modified in a way that allows them to utilize all of its amenities. The road system in every city is what connects all of the metropolitan areas, and by making it accessible to people with disabilities, many of their difficulties are resolved. In cities, disabled persons are assessed. The necessary design requirements for people with disabilities are then presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The production of urban space in Latin America turns out to be a social product resulting from a historical process in which natural space undergoes significant transformations. This paper analyses how the urban history of Ibagué (Colombia) is related to three historical processes crossed by nature, identifying common aspects with other Latin American cities: nature as a limit to urban growth (conquest and colony), nature as an artifice of urban space (modern city), and nature as a transition zone between the city and the countryside (metropolitan edge). Methodologically, the article is approached from the historical perspective proposed by Fernand Braudel as the longue durée. To this end, an analysis of primary sources was carried out. These sources allowed us to see how urban space was constructed and planned throughout history. The primary sources emphasized written sources: chronicles of the Indies, royal ordinances, municipal decrees, pilot plans for urban growth, and urban development plans. Visual sources were also used: maps, sketches, engravings, and photographs to construct an image of the city and its relationship with nature. The results showed the importance of urban planning by considering the relationship between urban space and nature as two inseparable elements and providing elements for reflecting on contemporary environmental problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-structured interviews, a conceptual model has been presented to explain the causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's right to the city. Then, with the structural equation modeling, the causal conditions affecting the right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's right to the city. Causal modeling showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's right to the city of Ahvaz is urban space security, followed by urban policies and designs. By multiplying the causal path, it is 0.84, followed by urban planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable spaces with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's rights in urban spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous climate change forces cities to take actions to prevent risks and adapt urban spaces to new conditions. The experience of many European cities in recent years shows that actions adapting urban space to climate change have become an important part of local policy. The subject of the article is the adaptation activities planned and implemented for climate change in urban spaces. The purpose of this article is to classify and identify adaptation activities carried out in large cities. The authors analyzed data from 44 Polish cities and placed them in the context of leading adaptation activities carried out in selected European cities. The purpose of the detailed research is to compare the number and type of activities planned and implemented on the scale of individual Polish cities, indicating dominant and minority activities. The authors conclude that with the passage of time, climate change adaptation activities will have an increasing impact on shaping the landscape of European cities, including those of Poland. Their number will gradually increase, as will the awareness of the city authorities and the activity of local communities. The types of activity will also change and, with them the quality of urban spaces and the quality of life of residents. The authors also conclude that further research will need to conduct quantitative and qualitative studies in the context of the effectiveness of the adaptation process in urban spaces, resulting from the evaluation and monitoring of both systematically updated planning and strategic documents and implemented spatial programs and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Conservation often requires that people change their behaviour or accept interventions that seek to improve the conservation and welfare of wildlife and the safety and well-being of people. In this study, we show that a short educational video can improve community support for an intervention (electric fencing) that is advocated by experts as a sustainable and cost-effective intervention to keep baboons out of urban residential areas. By varying the timing of the video within a survey exploring support for an electric fence, we demonstrate the value of education, which increased the average marginal probability of support by 15 percentage points. Women were more likely to change their attitude to fences once apprised of the relevant facts than men. This study contributes to the emerging literature on the importance of education in managing conservation conflicts and the need for evidence-based interventions. Few studies test whether education can help increase support for wildlife management interventions. This mixed methods study sought to test the importance of educating a community on the use of a baboon-proof electric fence to mitigate negative interactions between humans and Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in a residential suburb of the City of Cape Town, South Africa. An educational video on the welfare, conservation and lifestyle benefits of a baboon-proof electric fence was included in a short online survey. The positioning of the video within the survey was randomised either to fall before or after questions probing the level of support for an electric fence. The results showed that watching the video before most survey questions increased the average marginal probability of supporting an electric fence by 15 percentage points. The study also explored whether the educational video could change people's minds. Those who saw the video towards the end of the survey were questioned again about the electric fence. Many changed their minds after watching the video, with support for the fence increasing from 36% to 50%. Of these respondents, the results show that being female raised the average marginal probability of someone changing their mind in favour of supporting the fence by 19%. Qualitative analysis revealed that support for or against the fence was multi-layered and that costs and concern for baboons were not the only relevant factors influencing people's choices. Conservation often needs to change people's behaviours. We need to know what interventions are effective. We show in the real world that an educational video can be effective and can moderately change people's opinions and that women are more likely to change their position in light of the facts than men. This study contributes to the emerging literature on the importance of education in managing conservation conflicts and the need for evidence-based interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outcome of Urbanization, cities are now ubiquitous with landscapes having modified energy balance, leading to inadvertent environmental consequences such as Urban Heat Islands (UHI). In this context, Public Green Spaces (P.G.S.) have long been considered as an important sink, wherein a cooler ambience exists than their surrounding built-up spaces; thereby forming Park Cool Islands (P.C.I.). It’s noteworthy to hence postulate that the climatic deterioration can be intensified by the degradation of P.G.S. This research, based on scientific evidence, outlines the P.C.I. by highlighting the role of P.G.S. in battling Urban Warming. In the present study, stationary and mobile surveys were conducted to determine the temporal and spatial variation of ambient air temperature, and to ascertain the role of P.G.S. in cooling the neighboring surroundings. It was also found that, while surrounding landscapes always showed an increasing trend for the maximum, minimum and mean ambient air temperatures, these were found to be relatively lower than those depicted by stations farther from the P.G.S. Hence, this research has demonstrated that P.G.S. could maximize thermal comfort benefits across neighborhoods, through appropriate planning and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches en Langue et Littérature Françaises is the property of University of Tabriz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches en Langue et Littérature Françaises is the property of University of Tabriz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)