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A study was conducted to how employment decentralization in Paris, France has led to a sprawl or reagglomeration. The growth of a services-oriented economy, which is parallel to the deconcentration of jobs, has led to an increase in sectoral concentration. It is believed that sprawl relies on endogenous job creation and on job relocation.

A regression analysis shows that a ten percent reduction in households owning automobiles would reduce the square mile of an urban area by only 0.5 percent and its population density by 0.7 percent. It is also found that a ten percent reduction of per capita income would reduce the urban area by 11.4 percent and raise the population density by 10.1 percent.