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Local leadership has become of increasing interest in the context of a renewed focus on local government and local development. In parallel, new interpretations of thinking about leadership drawing on Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Foucault suggest that leadership needs to engage with a wider range of participants. In the modern context, one way of understanding this engagement has been termed 'facilitative leadership'. Using this literature, we analyse leadership in two contrasting 'places' (urban and rural) and we discuss how prevailing conditions facilitate, or hinder, the emergence of 'facilitative leadership' in relation to urban structure, economic structure, institutional capacity, and identity. The wider implications for leadership and local development are then briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of cities and the transformation of their urban structure reflect the impact of numerous factors: economic, political, social, ideological and others. The Ural region with its concentration of larger cities is among the most urbanised in Russia. The paper explores the urbanistic processes in the Ural region at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries in the context general economic, political and moral factors. The methodological basis of the research rests on the theories of urbanisation and urban development, and the evolutionary approach. The study uses analytical, statistical, and comparative methods. The data for 1989–2022 reflecting the dynamics of urbanistic processes is taken from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The boundaries of the Ural agglomerations are sourced from the official territorial and strategic planning documents. The findings indicate several trends in the transformation of the Ural settlement system and its urbanistic structure, in particular, a qualitative change of the cities’ industrial structure, a decrease in the employment in industry and a fall in the urban population, intensification of agglomerations processes and population tending to concentrate in larger cities. The indicated processes of deurbanisation and deindustrialisation of the Ural region result in the augmented share of larger cities, greater imbalance between size groups of cities. The paper is the first to describe the Ural Urban Square that encompasses four larger urban agglomerations – Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, and Perm. The paper underscores that the Ural Urban Square becomes a place of concentration of investment, human, economic, and social resources, the core of the development of the Ural macroregion and its neighboring territories.

This study examined the relationship between risk perception and evacuation behavior, and the sociospatial contexts that affect evacuation. It is argued that risk perception and contextual conditions have a joint effect on evacuation. Data were collected from 3,756 evacuees in sixteen cities and towns affected by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake off the Pacific coast. Using geographic information systems (GIS), data from questionnaires on risk perception and activity diary surveys on behavioral response were combined with geospatial data. The main finding was that high risk perception leads to evacuation behavior, but that the difference between immediate and delayed evacuation depends on the sociospatial context. Delayed evacuation, compared with immediate evacuation, tends to occur in the following contexts: (1) the physical context (e.g., being inland at the time of the disaster impact); (2) the household context (e.g., the need to confirm the safety of household members); and (3) the social context (e.g., the need for assistance with mobility). This study extends the literature on disaster science and cognitive-behavioral geography by considering the relationship between perception and behavior in urban spaces in emergencies. The findings are relevant to the development of disaster preparedness planning to minimize human losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Association of Arab Universities Journal of Engineering Sciences (JAARU) is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related economic, fiscal, social and political fallout on cities and metropolitan regions. We assess the effect of the pandemic on urban economic geography at the intra- and inter-regional geographic scales in the context of four main forces: the social scarring instilled by the pandemic; the lockdown as a forced experiment; the need to secure the urban built environment against future risks; and changes in the urban form and system. At the macrogeographic scale, we argue the pandemic is unlikely to significantly alter the winner-take-all economic geography and spatial inequality of the global city system. At the microgeographic scale, however, we suggest that it may bring about a series of short-term and some longer-running social changes in the structure and morphology of cities, suburbs and metropolitan regions. The durability and extent of these changes will depend on the timeline and length of the pandemic.

The hierarchical structure of geographic or urban space can be well-characterized by the concept of living structure, a term coined by Christopher Alexander. All spaces, regardless of their size, possess certain degrees of livingness that can be mathematically quantified. While previous studies have successfully quantified the livingness of small spaces such as images or artworks, the livingness of geographic space has not yet been characterized in a recursive manner. Zipf’s law has been observed in urban systems and intra-urban structures. However, whether Zipf’s law is applicable to the hierarchical substructures of geographic space has rarely been investigated. In this study, we recursively extract the substructures of geographic space using global nighttime light imagery. We quantify the livingness of global cities considering the number of substructures (S) and their inherent hierarchy (H). We further investigate the scaling properties of the extracted substructures across scales and the relationships between livingness and population for global cities. The results demonstrate that all substructures of global cities form a living structure that conforms to Zipf’s law. The degree of livingness better captures population distribution than nighttime light intensity values for the global cities. This study contributes in three aspects: First, it considers global cities as a whole to quantify spatial livingness. Second, it applies the concept of livingness to cities to better capture the spatial structure of the population using nighttime light data. Third, it introduces a novel method to recursively extract substructures from nighttime images, offering a valuable tool to investigate urban structures across multiple spatial scales.

Graph theory effectively explains urban structures via street--street connectivity. However, systematic comparisons of street structures across cities remain challenging. This study employs graph convolutional networks (GCNs) to analyze street network structures. A two-branch GCN was used as the backbone to extract comparable features among street networks. The proposed approach was used to examine the structures of different urban road networks in a case study of polycentricity prediction across 298 Chinese cities. The model transformed approximately 4.5-million street segments into natural streets to create urban street graphs, which were subsequently analyzed to extract local and global embeddings. The extracted embeddings -- with a portion labeled with a known urban polycentricity score -- were used to predict the score for each city through a single-layer perceptron (SLP) model. Our results show consistency between the predicted polycentricity scores based on the derived street embeddings and those based on the population. Thus, the proposed GCN-based method can effectively predict the complexity and interconnection of street networks in different cities. This innovative integration of GCNs into urban studies demonstrates that deep learning techniques can analyze and comprehend the intricate patterns of street networks on a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has the potential to disrupt transportation in the coming years. This study explores the perspectives on AVs in Romanian universities, focusing on students' attitudes and perceptions, as well as the views of academics on the AVs impact on the structure of cities. The study employed a cross-sectional survey, collecting data from both online and face-to-face surveys. The research reveals that students generally have a positive opinion of AVs, emphasizing safety and comfort. However, concerns were raised regarding cost, reliability, employment impact, and privacy. Students’ opinions changed over time, especially when talking about AVs disadvantages. Academic experts predicted significant changes in cities due to AVs, including reduced congestion, optimized space utilization, and increased emphasis on active transport. However, concerns about urban sprawl and the need for appropriate urban planning were also expressed. The study highlights potential health benefits of AVs, such as reduced air pollution and commuter stress, but also potential negative impacts like sedentary behaviour and reduced social interaction. These findings are emphasizing the need for further investigation into the long-term effects of AVs on city structure and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tasarim+Kuram is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The underlying complexity of urban space can be manifested by its fractal forms and scaling statistics. This paper examines these characteristics at the intra-urban scale through the lens of clustered street junctions (including road ends) in two Chinese metropolitan areas: Beijing and Shenzhen. We derived the cluster sets with Euclidean distance thresholds starting at 100 meters (m) and ending at 1000 m, and outlined each cluster using a concave-hull method to maintain their original irregular shapes. Within each delimited cluster, we examined four urban attributes: gross domestic product, number of street nodes, polygon area, and population. Our analysis revealed that power law distribution applied to almost every cluster set in terms of the four attributes, but varied from one attribute to another or from city to city, represented primarily by fluctuated power law exponents and ht-index values whose profiles along with the cluster growth can effectively characterize the urban structure. Additionally, we computed the spectrum of intra-urban scaling exponents with cluster size increments, contributing new insights into the allometric relationships between urban configuration and function.

The development of a contemporary townscape within the historical urban structures is a phenomenon of this period that has been going on in Lithuania for about 20 years. This is an ongoing process with an uncertain outcome, as the rapidly changing urban design trends require quick responses to current needs. It is necessary to modify, revise, and supplement the concepts and existing legislation accordingly. This article examines the factors leading to the emergence and formation of the modern townscape in Vilnius, as well as the documents governing the city's development after gaining independence. It presents an evaluation of the newly established urban structures in the central part of Vilnius and identifies the challenges and problems in shaping the contemporary townscape. The results of the study allow us to identify what actions must be taken in order to form a high-quality modern townscape, starting with self-evaluation of what has been done and ending with the creation of a dynamic urban model that would respond to constantly changing needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal spaces are shaped by human activity. Approaching their urban spaces allows us to analyse the concepts of structure, growth, and management. Highlighting the problems associated with these concepts can lead to intensive scientific analysis and provide solid research methods. This paper focuses on the study of how the process of territorial occupation takes place and the urban forms it generates on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It is based on the consideration that the process of territorial occupation is deficient in its territorial adequacy. To analyse this, a methodology is proposed that addresses processes of analysis at different scales: dynamics of changes in land use, the study of the morphologies of urban development with spatial analysis tools, and the adaptation of urban processes to the characteristics of the spaces that support them with multi-criteria evaluation techniques and GIS (Geographical Information Systems). The results are specified in five degrees of suitability of the occupation of the territory. Two conclusions can be observed: first, urban planning gives rise to forms of occupation that follow a similar pattern in the twenty areas studied, and second, the suitability of the urban process is not governed by planning based on precepts of suitability and environmental logic but by a weakness of the adapted planning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates the impact of working from home (WFH) on the emergence and structure of monocentric cities. In the long run, WFH raises urban productivity only in sufficiently large cities. Business land rents fall while residential land rents decrease near the business district. Workers have incentives to adopt inefficiently high WFH schemes. In the short run, WFH yields mixed benefits for commuters and firms, which corroborates the low WFH adoption before the pandemic. Advances in digital technology increase the welfare benefits of WFH. Calibration exercises on European capital cities shed light on the quantitative impact of WFH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe bilateral connection between water and Iranian cities has made development and continuity of settlement possible over many centuries; In the contemporary period, the water supply system was dominated by technology, and as a result, the relationship between settlements and this vital element underwent a fundamental change. The great challenge of water shortage, which is the result of breaking the biological-cultural relationship of several thousand years of Iranian people with the territorial component of water and the methods of obtaining it, is now the most critical situation in the territory. Residents of the south of Fars province (Larestan) have found sustainable solutions for obtaining water according to geographical and climatic conditions, which are being forgotten in the contemporary era.Recognizing the link between the components of the water access cycle and the formation of the urban fabric in old Larestan is the operational goal of the research. For this purpose, the traditional water techniques and structures before the modernization of the water supply system of the Larestan region were investigated using a qualitative method.The main result of this research shows the structure of the ancient cities of southern Fars province has been influenced by natural and artificial hydrography and underscores the development of the fabric. The information obtained showed that the settlement in this area was based on the two principles of flood water storage using traditional water structures and its distribution method and created a balance between the city and nature.

The research discusses the formal transformation in urban structure, all the cities around the world have undergone a series of formal transformations, resulting in radical transformations to their functions. And to calculate this transformation the descriptive analytical method was applied to this research. First, local urban management data and Landsat-9 visual data were used after processing by GIS. Then, the data were processed mathematically based on their engineering sequences. The aims of this research were as follows: to explore the formal transformations in cities, their dimensions and their consequences and impacts; to identify the underlying causes of their occurrence by deriving realistic results from trends in such degrees of transformation; and to reduce the adverse effects and to establish a sustainable urban structure by taking Kufa City as a model. The research covered the following two time periods: 2002-2012 and 2012-2022, as they represent the time during which Kufa City experienced remarkable formal transformation in urban structure as a result of urbanisation and random growth. Different forms of land use were identified, and formal transformations were analysed. The results showed that the largest transformation occurred when the agricultural land transformed into construction land; which was used in different ways than the original intent. The land uses were visualised digitally at high resolution. The transformation in land use led to formal transformations in the city structure, both planned and randomly implemented. The other objective of this research is to address misuse of the city’s infrastructure; however, sustainability was not considered for several reasons. The agricultural land represents the nutritional value of the city as it provides Kufa and nearby cities with agricultural products. It also represents the green barrier as the environmental conduit for the city. This research recommends managing population growth by using basic city schemes of planning and predicting formal transformations. This approach is the basis for transforming city structures by identifying future structural features in sustainable ways.

Obtaining high-precision information on functional areas is very important in urban spatial management. It has become common to integrate social perception data and high-resolution remote sensing images to identify functional areas. Based on Point of Interest (POI) data, a scoring evaluation model is constructed to identify functional zones in built-up areas. Two weight values in the model, the POI area weight and normalized kernel density value, are used in the calculation of the impact score. Functional areas are identified by the proportion of the influence score associated with each function type. The information corresponding to 10 first-level and 29 s-level functional areas is obtained by integrating the classification results for natural attributes in high-resolution images and the social attribute functional areas in the scoring evaluation model. The overall accuracy is 87.2%, and the kappa coefficient is 0.86. The spatial structure characteristics of functional areas are analyzed based on spatial syntax, the location entropy index and so on. The main functions of each street core area and high-selectivity area are consistent with the function types, are associated with high location entropy index values and coincide with distribution centres with various functions. This study is conducive to enhancing urban spatial planning, management and decision support.

The design of urban spaces that foster sustainable practices requires new analytical and structural approaches to spatial planning. An appropriate pedestrian network could significantly contribute to sustainable urban development goals, particularly by promoting sustainable mobility and pedestrian friendliness. With such goals, several attempts have been made to develop suitable models for pedestrian networks. However, something that is missing from the current literature is a framework that incorporates the main findings of the various studies as an integrated concise concept of the pedestrian network. To address this knowledge gap, this paper reviews studies on pedestrian networks and evaluates this concept based on the systematic 3W1H analysis method, which asks where, what, who, and how. In essence, the following questions are thus analyzed: Where is the pedestrian network located, What criteria play a role in the pedestrian network's performance, Who uses the pedestrian network, and How can the pedestrian network be analyzed? In this context, a systematic literature review is carried out by investigating studies conducted during the period 2001 to 2023 that appear in the Scopus database. The paper presents the results of the review of a selection of 67 papers dealing with pedestrian networks. Findings show that different models have been developed based on particular characteristics. Overall, researchers aimed to identify the most suitable network based on specific criteria for optimizing the walking experience in urban areas. By synthesizing the findings reported in these papers, this paper arguably contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of pedestrian networks, provides insights into the prioritization of design phases, facilitates the use of pedestrian network assessment models for future research, and creates a bigger picture for urban planners with a multidimensional view to a new sustainable urban structure.

In recent decades, Bangkok has experienced substantial investments in its urban railway network, resulting in a profound transformation of the city's landscape. This study examines the relationship between railway development and property value uplift, particularly focusing on network centrality, which is closely linked to urban structure. Our findings are based on two primary analyses: network centrality and spatial hedonic models. The network centrality analysis reveals that closeness centrality underscores the city's prevailing monocentric structure, while the betweenness centrality measure envisions the potential emergence of urban subcenters. In our hedonic analysis of condominiums near railway stations, we formulated various regression models with different specifications, incorporating spatial effects and network centrality. With Bangkok's predominant monocentric structure in mind, we found that the spatial regression model, including a spatial error specification and closeness centrality, outperforms the others. This suggests that the impact of railways on property values extends beyond station proximity and encompasses network centrality, intricately linked with the city's urban structure. We applied our developed model to estimate the expected increase in property values at major interchange stations with high network centralities. These numerical values indicate a considerable potential for their evolution into urban subcenters. These insights offer valuable policy recommendations for effectively harnessing transit-related premiums and shaping the future development of both the railway system and the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of polarized development among regional cities has sparked extensive contemplation and indicated a need for research on multi-source regional networks. However, such research faces two obstacles: the absence of quantitative measurement of differences in network structures and the lack of a thorough examination of the degree of city clustering and the dynamics of community composition in hierarchical networks. Thus, we identified 16 cities in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle (CCEC) as the spatial units to examine the spatial network structures of population, resources, and transportation and the integrated spatial network structure. Using social network analysis, this paper describes the structural characteristics of the three networks (population, resource, and transportation), followed by an analysis of their collective and hierarchical network clustering characteristics, and explores the driving mechanisms and factors that make up each network model. Our results show the following: (1) All three networks exhibit an "east dense, west sparse" characteristic, but there are differences in the layouts of the core cities in terms of the three networks. (2) The clustering characteristics of the hierarchical networks are more pronounced than those of the overall network. The results of the analysis combined with the network formation mechanisms can help effectively plan the future coordinated development of the CCEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the twentieth century, the Buenos Aires metropolitan area underwent a process of significant territorial and demographic growth. Highly heterogeneous peripheries were formed through the different migratory flows arriving in the city. The disparate ways the state has intervened in the metropolitan area, the logic of the market, and the practices of residents have produced spatial and social divisions beyond the classic center-periphery pattern. Furthermore, the asymmetrical provision of infrastructure and services has resulted in heterogeneous spatial quality in the peripheries, according to their location and position in the urbanization process. Thus, throughout the expansion and metropolization of the city during the twentieth century, different peripheries were produced: inner peripheries, former peripheries, and new urban peripheries. This article examines the urban, housing, and population dynamics of the inner and former peripheries in the metropolitan area from a comparative perspective. It analyzes settlement processes, the quality of housing stock, and infrastructure, with attention to the economic and political factors that have influenced them in the inner and former peripheries. The approach is based on data from the Spatial Mobility Survey (EME) applied to different housing submarkets on the fringes of the metropolitan area. We contend that it is impossible to speak of a single periphery. On the contrary, it is necessary to think about multiple peripheries in order to understand the processes shaping the inner and suburban fringes. In Buenos Aires, modes of housing production have shaped peripheral spaces that, despite being functionally integrated into the metropolis, retain their status as peripheries strongly marked by their morphology and land market dynamics. Durante el siglo XX, el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires experimentó un proceso de gran expansión territorial y demográfica. Con la llegada de diferentes flujos migratorios a la ciudad, se estructuraron periferias muy heterogéneas. Las formas en las que el Estado ha intervenido en la metrópoli, la lógica del mercado y las prácticas de los habitantes han estructurado un patrón de división social del espacio que supera la clásica diferenciación centro-periferia. La disímil provisión de infraestructura, equipamientos y servicios permitió una calificación heterogénea contribuyendo en la diferenciación periferias según su ubicación y su inserción en el proceso de urbanización. Así, a lo largo del siglo XX, en el proceso de expansión y metropolización de la ciudad, se configuraron distintas periferias: antiguas periferias, periferias conurbadas y nuevas periferias urbanas. Desde una perspectiva comparada, el artículo examina las dinámicas urbanas, habitacionales y poblacionales de las antiguas periferias y las periferias conurbadas del área metropolitana. Analiza los procesos de poblamiento, la calidad del parque habitacional y la infraestructura en las periferias interior y suburbana, teniendo en cuenta los condicionantes económicos y políticos. Lo hace con base en datos de la Encuesta de Movilidad Espacial (EME) aplicada en diferentes periferias y submercados habitacionales en el área metropolitana. Sostenemos que es imposible hablar de una sola periferia. Por el contrario, es necesario pensar en las periferias para comprender los procesos que configuran los bordes internos y suburbanos. En el el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires, los modos de producción de vivienda han condicionado espacios periféricos que, a pesar de estar integrados funcionalmente a la metrópoli, conservan su condición de periferias fuertemente marcadas por su morfología y dinámica de mercado de suelo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recognition of the historical cities in different periods recounts the history of Iranian-Islamic civilization that access to such information requires studying the structure of their architecture and urbanization. The historical city of Soltaniyeh, as the third capital of the Ilkhanate, was one of the most important political and economic centers of its time, and today only the boundaries of the monuments of the old city can be identified. Aiming to create the right context for recreation and protection of the remains of Soltaniyeh, this study identifies the spatial structure of this city, which is one of the most basic proceedings for its optimal expansion. According to the mentioned necessity, the present article, using analytical-comparative study, attempts to present the assumptive plan of the spatial structure of Soltaniyeh city by investigating historical documents, in particular, Matrakci Miniature. The results of the study, implicates to a premeditated and predesigned plan which include three parts: ancient fort, middle citadel, or downtwon, and Rabaz, each of which has a definite architectural and urbanization component. Throughout history, urban elements, which mentioned more than others in the documents, have faced the least amount of damage to date (like the Oljeitu Tomb with 46.66% repetition in resources), or it was possible to identify their exact location (like the city's middle tower and battlement with 40% repetition in resources), and they are still visible today. Urban elements that have the least repetition rate (6.66%) or they are indexed only in one document, have no precise location in the assumptive plan. Other urban elements which have been repeated in more than one historical document (With percentages between 6.66% and 40%), due to the availability of analytical-comparative study conditions, are located in the assumptive plan and it seems possible that they can be recreated in the current situation with the help of experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article unpacks the connection between a growing cohort of small‐scale but purposive property investors and urban socio‐spatial restructuring. We analyse private rental housing as a tenure share to demonstrate its spatial correlation with the suburbanisation of socio‐economic disadvantage in Sydney, Australia, between 1991 and 2016. Then, we show how investors drive this emerging pattern by reference to the geography of property owners' stated investment objectives—low capital outlay, rental yields, and capital growth prospects. We contend that the link between their small‐scale activities and the city's changing socio‐spatial structure is an overlooked consequence of private rental sector (PRS) housing financialisation. Importantly, our focus on behaviours exhibited by small‐scale rental property owners in PRS financialisation transcends existing analyses that have concentrated on corporate entity activity in this space. That focus also contrasts with framings of private rental growth as a residual outcome of developments elsewhere in the housing market. Such work is significant because it demonstrates the impacts of real estate investment on urban form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines historical and contemporary sources to examine 'epidemic urban planning' from the first decades of the 20th century through to the present day. It considers how infamous early 20th-century epidemics triggered the development of several urban regulations that profoundly shaped the city's future. To reduce the risk of contagion in bourgeois space, the city began displacing and spatially segregating the urban poor, leading to deprived neighbourhoods in the city's suburbs. The social and urban structure of these deprived, 'vulnerable' neighbourhoods remains to this day. Madrid was also greatly impacted by the COVID-19 crisis, and the initial distribution of COVID geographies seemed to reflect these historical legacies. Epidemic-influenced segregation kept wealthy neighbourhoods relatively safe during the first waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, concentrating the disease in poorer areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przestrzeń Urbanistyka Architektura is the property of Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Describing travel patterns and identifying significant locations is a crucial area of research in transportation geography and social dynamics. Our study aims to contribute to this field by analyzing taxi trip data from Chengdu and New York City. Specifically, we investigate the probability density distribution of trip distance in each city, which enables us to construct long- and short-distance trip networks. To identify critical nodes within these networks, we employ the PageRank algorithm and categorize them using centrality and participation indices. Furthermore, we explore the factors that contribute to their influence and observe a clear hierarchical multi-centre structure in Chengdu's trip networks, while no such phenomenon is evident in New York City's. Our study provides insight into the impact of trip distance on important nodes within trip networks in both cities and serves as a reference for distinguishing between long and short taxi trips. Our findings also reveal substantial differences in network structures between the two cities, highlighting the nuanced relationship between network structure and socio-economic factors. Ultimately, our research sheds light on the underlying mechanisms shaping transportation networks in urban areas and offers valuable insights into urban planning and policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyze the main points of the town planning history of Samarkand in the 17th century. On the basis of written data, archaeological sources and unpublished archival materials, a reconstruction of the plan of the central part of Samarkand in the 17th century was carried out. The stages of the archaeological study are analyzed. Based on the observations of the earthworks on the territory of the former citadel of Timur and the ancient Samarkand, it was possible to identify some features of the topography of the administrative center of the city. On the basis of unpublished archival materials, the names of quarters, streets, quarter mosques of the city were revealed and the location of some of them was determined. Unpublished records of the results of archaeological studies on the location of monumental buildings that have not survived to the present in the Registan region are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the topography of one of the sacral centers of Samarkand in the area of the Shah-i-Zinda gates of the city. A hypothesis has been put forward that monumental buildings were built on the territory of the citadel, where with further archaeological studies it is possible to reveal unknown large architectural structures of the 16th –17th centuries.

Immigration is a highly discussed top in Europe. Flows of immigrants with different ethnic and social background into cities often occupy urban areas. This arrival of immigrant population to cities is based on certain factors both precedent from the country of origin and the country of destination. Similarly, the location choices are also affected by preferences related to employment, housing, or social conditions. All these factors affect the urban structure of the host urban areas, and it is therefore, of interest, to analyse it.

The old district of Guangzhou was taken as an example to explore new approaches – the perspective of space syntax – to study the urban structure based on the Geographic Information Centre (GIS) space statistics. Results show that the old district of Guangzhou has significant spatial heterogeneity; the historic regions, as the urban core, have a deep effect on the city and own a ‘double interface’ for both the visitors and indigenous inhabitants. Unique space logic has been formed in the long history of the city, but the grid structure of the old district is unbalanced and incomplete, and some regions have problems in accessibility. Given this, the paper, based on the distribution of the historical buildings, proposed to create contextual urban axes, optimise the public service and improve the space structure, to provide a reference to the preservation and utilisation of historic buildings.

The physical structure of cities is the result of self-organization processes in which profit-maximizing developers are key players. The recent Covid-19 pandemic was a natural experiment by means of which it is possible to gain insights into shifts in the spatial structure of cities by studying developers' behavior. Behavioral changes of urbanites triggered by the quarantine and lockdown periods, such as home-based work and online shopping on scales that were unthinkable heretofore, are expected to persist. These are likely to induce changes in the demand for housing, for work, and for retail space, impacting developers' decisions. Associated changes in the land values at different locations are occurring faster than changes of the physical shape of urban landscapes. It is possible that current changes in dwelling preferences will result in significant future shifts in the locational incidence of the urban intensities. We test this hypothesis by examining changes in land values during the last two years by means of a land value model calibrated with vast Geo-referenced data of the major metropolitan area in Israel. Data concerning all real estate transactions include information about the assets and the price of the exchanges. In parallel, built densities are calculated using detailed building data. Based on these data, we estimate the changes of land values for different types of dwellings before and during the pandemic. The result allows us to highlight possible initial signs of post-Covid-19 urban structures, driven by shifting behavior of developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compatibility between the built environment and trees is also a challenge for urban planning. However, there are few guidelines related to the space for tree growth on sidewalks. This research aimed to analyze the space occupied by trees on sidewalks in the city of Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil. We used data from 400 trees of 10 species (dendrometric and qualitative variables) and from the urban structure (width of sidewalks and tree bed area) to analyze the relationship between the species according to the soil capacity and pedestrian's accessibility. It was found that 90.25% of the trees are in places where the sidewalks promote accessibility to pedestrians and that 60.25% of them tree bed areas with adequate capacity, being possible to increase their size to improve the development of the trees in 39.75% of the cases. Regarding the amount of soil required for each tree, it was found that most species (72.25%) would not have an adequate amount of soil, (Situation 1 - sidewalk width x 4). For Situation 2 (tree bed width x 1), 100% of the individuals would not have an adequate amount of soil. We concluded that the method to evaluate the compatibility between soil area and sidewalk accessibility is easy to replicate and helpful for studies on urban trees and urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal spaces are shaped by human activity. Approaching their urban spaces allows us to analyse the concepts of structure, growth, and management. Highlighting the problems associated with these concepts can lead to intensive scientific analysis and provide solid research methods. This paper focuses on the study of how the process of territorial occupation takes place and the urban forms it generates on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It is based on the consideration that the process of territorial occupation is deficient in its territorial adequacy. To analyse this, a methodology is proposed that addresses processes of analysis at different scales: dynamics of changes in land use, the study of the morphologies of urban development with spatial analysis tools, and the adaptation of urban processes to the characteristics of the spaces that support them with multi-criteria evaluation techniques and GIS (Geographical Information Systems). The results are specified in five degrees of suitability of the occupation of the territory. Two conclusions can be observed: first, urban planning gives rise to forms of occupation that follow a similar pattern in the twenty areas studied, and second, the suitability of the urban process is not governed by planning based on precepts of suitability and environmental logic but by a weakness of the adapted planning methods.

Using census data from 1960 to 2021, this graphic reveals how suburban municipalities evolved from representing less than 19% of the population in mainland Portugal to almost 39%. In particular, suburban municipalities constitute the only group of municipalities for which doubling population size occurred more often than not. At the same time, Lisbon and Porto, the central cities of the two metropolitan areas, lost 32% and 24%, respectively, of their population. The paper concludes by briefly enumerating the causes of suburbanization in Portugal that have been more discussed in the literature.

Townscape research in the context of urban morphology research is a new direction. To understand the scope and need of research, first, you need to answer the question of what townscape is and how it can be understood in the context of research of various directions, what is the object being studied. It is important to understand why there was a need for research in such a direction and what influence it had on urban planning and design. The article aims to name the concept of townscape in the eyes of different researchers, to describe the possible ways of understanding and researching the townscape, to reveal the origin and need of townscape research in area of today’s urban design. The main goal of the article is to refine the definition of the concept of townscape. Article in Lithuanian. Miestovaizdis: samprata ir tyrimų kilmė Santrauka Miestovaizdžio tyrimai miesto morfologijos tyrimų kontekste yra palyginti nauja kryptis. Norint suvokti tyrimų apimtį ir poreikį, pirmiausia reikia atsakyti į klausimą, kas yra miestovaizdis ir kaip jis gali būti suprantamas įvairios krypties tyrimų kontekste, koks yra tiriamas objektas. Svarbu suvokti, kodėl atsirado poreikis tokios krypties tyrimams ir kokią įtaką tai turėjo miestų planavimui ir projektavimui. Straipsnyje siekiama įvardinti miestovaizdžio sampratą skirtingų tyrėjų akimis, aprašyti galimus miestovaizdžio suvokimo ir tyrimų būdus, atskleisti miestovaizdžio tyrimų kilmę ir poreikį šių dienų miestų projektavimo plotmėje. Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – išsigryninti miestovaizdžio sąvokos apibrėžimą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: miestas, miestovaizdis, morfologija, sąvoka, urbanistinė struktūra, urbanistinis projektavimas.

In this paper, we analyze the socio-spatial reflexes resulting from the strong presence of the leather footwear industry in Parobé, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. The capitalist industrial development process makes society a malleable object and sensitive to transformations that reflect on the urban fabric and social conditions, functioning as a basis in socio-spatial formation and structuring. The methodology adopts theories about the agents and forms of urban space production, demographic and economic data analysis, and spatial analysis. Parobé and the microregion of Vale do Paranhana stand out in footwear production on the national scene. The migration process was significant for the growth of Parobé in the 1990s. However, in the 2000s, the production chain underwent a restructuring due to the 2008 global crisis, directly impacting the municipality's population composition and urban structure. The present work demonstrates the central role of the leather footwear industry in the production of the urban space of the municipality, reflecting directly in its social and spatial configuration, as can be seen in the occupation of a significant part of the land in the central region by industries since the beginning, which today are urban voids resulting from the relocation or inactivity of factory pavilions. In short, the resulting spatial configuration is expressed in extensive urbanization, which carries the urban-industrial production (and reproduction) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The underlying complexity of urban space can be manifested by its fractal forms and scaling statistics. This paper examines these characteristics at the intra-urban scale through the lens of clustered street junctions (including road ends) in two Chinese metropolitan areas: Beijing and Shenzhen. We derived the cluster sets with Euclidean distance thresholds starting at 100 meters (m) and ending at 1000 m, and outlined each cluster using a concave-hull method to maintain their original irregular shapes. Within each delimited cluster, we examined four urban attributes: gross domestic product, number of street nodes, polygon area, and population. Our analysis revealed that power law distribution applied to almost every cluster set in terms of the four attributes, but varied from one attribute to another or from city to city, represented primarily by fluctuated power law exponents and ht-index values whose profiles along with the cluster growth can effectively characterize the urban structure. Additionally, we computed the spectrum of intra-urban scaling exponents with cluster size increments, contributing new insights into the allometric relationships between urban configuration and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining high-precision information on functional areas is very important in urban spatial management. It has become common to integrate social perception data and high-resolution remote sensing images to identify functional areas. Based on Point of Interest (POI) data, a scoring evaluation model is constructed to identify functional zones in built-up areas. Two weight values in the model, the POI area weight and normalized kernel density value, are used in the calculation of the impact score. Functional areas are identified by the proportion of the influence score associated with each function type. The information corresponding to 10 first-level and 29 s-level functional areas is obtained by integrating the classification results for natural attributes in high-resolution images and the social attribute functional areas in the scoring evaluation model. The overall accuracy is 87.2%, and the kappa coefficient is 0.86. The spatial structure characteristics of functional areas are analyzed based on spatial syntax, the location entropy index and so on. The main functions of each street core area and high-selectivity area are consistent with the function types, are associated with high location entropy index values and coincide with distribution centres with various functions. This study is conducive to enhancing urban spatial planning, management and decision support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research describes and explains the patterns, costs and limits of daily mobility caused by the urban structure of Ciudad Juarez. The concatenation of classical and contemporary theories of location, urban structure and mobility underpinned the analysis processes and results of this study. Methodologically, Moran's I and Getis-Ord's G spatial autocorrelation techniques were implemented for the analysis of INEGI's economic censuses, which spatially identified the subcenters of total, manufacturing and tertiary employment in the periods 1993, 2004, 2009 and 2014. On the other hand, a two-stage data survey was conducted throughout the city by means of origin-destination surveys, which showed, from a macro scale, mobility patterns in terms of time, distance, origins, destinations, number of trips, transportation preferences, motives, ages and economic costs. At a micro scale, graph theory and network analysis allowed spatial modeling of each intra-urban trip, the results of which are detailed in a Mobility Atlas that includes each of the 64 territorial units into which the city was divided. The research proposes a replicable methodology and provides relevant and current information about the city, useful for other studies, decision making and public policies on urban structuring and mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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