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Studies of highly migratory species that increase our understanding of the dynamics of genetic diversity, migratory routes, and genetic connectivity are essential for informing conservation actions. Genetic data for green turtles Chelonia mydas from Ecuador have only been available from Gal·pagos Islands (GPS) rookeries, but not from foraging aggregations. Furthermore, green turtles from habitats associated with mainland Ecuador (Machalilla National Park; MNP) have not been sampled. To assess the genetic relationships between nesting and foraging aggregations from these 2 regions and other regional populations, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was sequenced from 133 turtles. Conventional FST (haplotype frequency) and ΦST (sequence-based) values were low and non-significant between Ecuadorian rookeries, suggesting high connectivity between these sites located ca. 1000 km apart. Mixed stock analysis (MSA) indicated a dominant (>94%) GPS-MNP contribution to both foraging grounds, with small and nearly negligible contributions from other rookeries in the region (e.g. Costa Rica and Mexico). While orphan haplotypes were not included in the MSA because their rookery of origin is not known, their close genetic relationships to Western and Central Pacific mtDNA clades suggests that a relatively large percentage of turtles at the combined foraging sites (>10%) have been involved in transoceanic migration events. The genetic links between GPS and MNP C. mydas nesting populations revealed by our study highlight the need to incorporate the nesting populations from coastal Ecuador in more comprehensive future conservation planning.

Juices of nine prickly pears (Opuntia spp.) were characterized in terms of color, acidity, sugar content, phenolics, flavonoids, betalains and antioxidant activity and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines. The juices had pH s, acidities and sugar ranging from 4.27 to 5.46, 0.03 to 0.27% and 8 to 14.7 degrees Brix, respectively. Juices also varied in color from white to purple and contained total phenolics, flavonoids, betaxanthins, betacyanins and antioxidant capacity ranging from 22 to 226 microg gallic acid eq/g, 95 to 374 microg quercetin eq/g, 3 to 189 microg/g, 1.6 to 300 microg/g and 17 to 25 micromoles Trolox eq./mL, respectively. Among the cancer lines tested, viability of prostate and colon cells were the most affected. Moradillo contained the highest flavonoids and diminished both prostate and colon cancer cell viability without affecting mammary or hepatic cancer cells. Rastrero reduced the growth of the four cancer cell lines without affecting normal fibroblast viability. The research shows intervarietal differences among prickly pears in terms of juice properties and phytochemicals that could prevent oxidative stress and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Lutzomyia (Helcocyrtomyia) hartmanni, as a vector of Leishmania colombiensis and L. columbiana (Verrucarum group), recently incriminated in the transmission of leishmaniasis, and L. pia (Verrucarum group) are reported for the first time in a periurban area of Medellín city. There is thus a risk of leishmaniasis transmission in this town.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) promote adequate intestinal microbiota development and favor the immune system's maturation and cognitive development. In addition to non-modifiable factors, HMOs composition can be influenced by other factors like body mass index and eating habits, but the reports are discrepant. The aim of this work was to describe the correlation between maternal factors and HMOs concentration in colostrum in 70 women from northeastern Mexico categorized into women with normal weight and women with overweight or obesity. The absolute concentration of six HMOs were significantly lower in women with overweight or obesity compared to women with normal weight (LNFPI p = 0.0021, 2'-FL p = 0.0304, LNT p = 0.0492, LNnT p = 0.00026, 3'-SL p = 0.0476, 6'-SL p = 0.00041). Another main finding was that the frequency of consumption of food groups such as vegetables, fruits and meats was positively correlated to specific HMOs (Poblano chili and 2'-FL; r s  = 0.702, p = 0.0012; Orange or tangerine and 3-FL; r s  = 0.428, p = 0.0022; Chicken and 2'-FL; r s  = 0.615, p = 0.0039). This study contributes to the elucidation of how maternal factors influence the composition of HMOs and opens possibilities for future research aimed at mitigating overweight or obesity, consequently improving the quality of human milk., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a common episodic arrhythmia characterized by unpredictable onset and burdensome symptoms including palpitations, dizziness, chest pain, distress, and shortness of breath. Treatment of acute episodes of PSVT in the clinical setting consists of intravenous adenosine, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Etripamil is an intranasally self-administered L-type CCB in development for acute treatment of AV-nodal dependent PSVT in a nonmedical supervised setting., Methods: This paper summarizes the rationale and study design of NODE-303 that will assess the efficacy and safety of etripamil. In the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 RAPID trial, etripamil was superior to placebo in the conversion of single PSVT episodes by 30 minutes post initial dose when administered in the nonhealthcare setting; this study required a mandatory and observed test dosing prior to randomization. The primary objective of NODE-303 is to evaluate the safety of symptom-prompted, self-administered etripamil for multiple PSVT episodes in real-world settings, without the need for test dosing prior to first use during PSVT. Secondary endpoints include efficacy and disease burden. Upon perceiving a PSVT episode, the patient applies an electrocardiographic monitor, performs a vagal maneuver, and, if the vagal maneuver is unsuccessful, self-administers etripamil 70 mg, with an optional repeat dose if symptoms do not resolve within 10 minutes after the first dose. A patient may treat up to four PSVT episodes during the study. Adverse events are recorded as treatment-emergent if they occur within 24 hours after the administration of etripamil., Results: Efficacy endpoints include time to conversion to sinus rhythm within 30 and 60 minutes after etripamil administration, and the proportion of patients who convert at 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. Patient-reported outcomes are captured by the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire, the Short Form Health Survey 36, the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication and a PSVT survey., Conclusions: Overall, these data will support the development of a potentially paradigm-changing long-term management strategy for recurrent PSVT., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Sarah Omodele, Silvia Shardonofsky and David B. Bharucha are employees of Milestone Pharmaceuticals. Bruce S. Stambler received compensation as a consultant for Milestone Pharmaceuticals. Peter Noseworthy declares no conflict of interest. Hanh Bui declares no conflict of interest. A John Camm received compensation as a consultant for Milestone Pharmaceuticals; grants and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Daiichi Sankyo; personal fees from Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Menarini, and Biotronik; and support from Anthos, Sanofi, Abbott, GlaxoSmithKline, and Johnson & Johnson. Benoit Coutu declares no conflict of interest. Maria Leonor Parody declares no conflict of interest. Samuel F Sears received compensation from Medtronic and Abbott as a consultant; he also received speaker compensation from Medtronic, Zoll, and Biotronik; serves as a quality-of-life consultant for Thyve, Tenaya, and Milestone Pharmaceutical. Narendra Singh declares no conflict of interest. Juan Agudelo Uribe declares no conflict of interest. John Vyselaar declares no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Maize-processing wastewater, also known as nejayote, does represent a widespread residue originating from both small- and large-scale factories that produce maize-based products using the alkaline maize-cooking process (nixtamalization). Nejayote is a high-strength wastewater containing significant concentrations of soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic compounds resulting from the disintegration of maize, as well as from the substantial quantity of lime (Ca(OH) 2 ) used in the process. In order to make nixtamalization more sustainable in terms of water usage and to mitigate the health and environmental issues related to nejayote discharges into environmental matrices and public sewage systems, appropriate and effective treatment processes must be applied either before effluent disposal or for water reuse purposes. With this problematic as the central topic, we conducted a comprehensive review of relevant literature addressing this issue spanning from the mid-1980s to the present day. This review covers three primary aspects: i) the extensive variability observed in the physicochemical composition of maize-processing wastewater, ii) the various biological and physicochemical methods developed for its treatment, and iii) the potential for organic and mineral resource recovery from this waste. Although initial efforts to treat nejayote were left behind for decades, recent years have witnessed a resurgence of research interest in these research topics mainly underpinned by the urgency to conserve water resources. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of the existing literature, we identified the existing limitations on nejayote treatment and identified prospects for developing robust and technically feasible treatment possibilities. Within this review, we propose three main approaches for wastewater treatment and water reuse: physicochemical-based technologies, bioprocess in tandem with membrane technology, and low-cost bioprocesses coupled to physicochemical methods., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT), also known as talar osteochondritis dissecans, is minor fracture to the articular cartilage of the talas subchondral bone it is associated with. The literature regarding its impact on patient demographics on post-operative associations of OLT-related repairs is lacking. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was retrospectively reviewed, collecting data on patients with an OLT procedure between the 2008 through 2016. Univariate analysis was utilized to compare patient demographics, potential risk factors, comorbidities, hospital, and operative variables. Finally, Logistic regressions were utilized, adjusting associations of its risk factors and respective associations in a postoperative manner. A total of 491 patients with an OLT were collected for analysis. Hypertension requiring medication was a risk factor for readmission (P = 0.039) and longer lengths of stay (P = 0.021). The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification significantly predicted increased rates of longer lengths of stay, with ASA class III being more likely than ASA class I (odds ratio [OR]: 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.7-14.2]; P = 0.004) or ASA class II (OR: 3.0; 95% CI [1.2-7.4]; P = 0.016) for patients to remain in hospital for longer than one day. Furthermore, patients who underwent an OLT with ASA class III underwent greater than average lengths of stay than ASA class I patients (0.54 ± 0.9 vs. 0.14 ± 0.5 days, respectively; P = 0.011). Hypertension requiring medication and ASA classification predicted, in a positive manner, postoperative complications occurring in patients with an OLT. Despite being related with extended lengths of stay, only hypertension requiring medication were associated with increased rates of readmission. Orthopaedic surgeons may use these findings to counsel patients on their risk factors and subsequently prepare themselves for peri- and post-operative complications.

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient with several functions in cellular and molecular anticancer processes. There is evidence that Se depending on its chemical form and the dosage use could act as a modulator in some anticancer mechanisms. However, the metabolism of organic and inorganic forms of dietary selenium converges on the main pathways. Different selenocompounds have been reported to have crucial roles as chemopreventive agents, such as antioxidant activity, activation of apoptotic pathways, selective cytotoxicity, antiangiogenic effect, and cell cycle modulation. Nowadays, great interest has arisen to find therapies that could enhance the antitumor effects of different Se sources. Herein, different studies are reported related to the effects of combinatorial therapies, where Se is used in combination with proteins, polysaccharides, chemotherapeutic agents or as nanoparticles. Another important factor is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes related to Se metabolism or selenoprotein synthesis which could prevent cancer. These studies and mechanisms show promising results in cancer therapies. This review aims to compile studies that have demonstrated the anticancer effects of Se at molecular levels and its potential to be used as chemopreventive and in cancer treatment., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Nixtamalized flour snacks such as tortilla chips are widely consumed across the world, but they are nutritionally poor and contribute to obesity and other non-communicable diseases. The production of healthy versions of such snacks, by incorporating vegetables and improving the quality of the flours used in their formulation, could help address these nutritional challenges. This study compared the fortification of baked tortilla chips with vegetable leaf powders (kale and wild amaranth at 0%, 4%, 8%, and 16% w/w) and using two types of nixtamalized flour: traditional (TNF) and with ohmic heating (OHF)., Results: Overall, the use of OHF increased 1.88 times the fibre in enriched and non-enriched snacks with respect to TNF, but the latter had 1.85 times more protein. Addition of 16% of vegetable powders increased protein (kale = 1.4-fold; amaranth = 1.3-fold) and dietary fibre (kale = 1.52-fold; amaranth = 1.7-fold). Amaranth enrichment improved total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of chips at least 1.2 and 1.63 times, respectively. OHF chips also had higher bound TPC than TNF ones, regardless of vegetable addition. Combinations of OHF with 16% amaranth produced chips 1.74-fold higher in antioxidant capacity than non-enriched ones, due to increased content of phenolics such as ferulic acid., Conclusion: This work showed that tortilla chips made using nixtamalized flour produced with assisted ohmic heating, alone or in combination with wild amaranth leaf powder, could be used in the production of healthy maize snacks to enhance their prospective antioxidant activity and nutritional value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.)

The aim of this study was to explore the effect of capsaicin and particular phenolic compounds profile from cellulase assisted extracts of Habanero (Capsicum chinense) chili pepper seeds (CPS) on the concentration of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Capsaicin was quantified by HPLC-DAD, and the phenolic profile was determined by UPLC-MS-QqQ. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel 96-well plate assay. Among the 15 different phenolics found in CPS extracts obtained at 120 or 150 min of maceration with 2,500 UI/L at 30 ºC or 45 ºC in a 1:15 (w:v) proportion, the most abundant was vanillic acid (7.97-12.66 µg/g). The extract obtained at 30 ºC and 120 min, showed similar effects than the observed for synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs indomethacin and dexamethasone, and capsaicin standard. Beyond capsaicin, salicylic, protocatechuic and trans-cinnamic acids as well as vanillin in CPS extracts were correlated with the anti-inflammatory effect. On the other hand, capsaicin and chlorogenic acid contents were potential immunostimulants whose concentration varied depending on the cellulase treatment time., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Concentrated agave sap is a product with in vivo proven hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic activities, as well as in vitro anticancer potential. In the present work, a factorial design was used to determine the suitable drying conditions of concentrated agave by studying the effect of inlet temperature (150 °C, 180 °C and 210 °C) and the type of carrier agent (maltodextrin, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, guar gum and xanthan gum). The response variables for each treatment were the product recovery and microencapsulated saponins. Further characterization of concentrated agave powders was performed: solubility in water, hygroscopicity, moisture content, tap density, bulk density, Carr's index followability and morphology by scanning electron microscopy analysis. The hydroxypropyl methylcellulose proved to improve physicochemical properties and enhance product yield, using 210 °C inlet temperature and a mix of carrier agents of maltodextrin/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/xanthan gum at 50/48.5/1.5 (w/w/w) proportion exhibited the highest saponin recovery of 53.81%. Moreover, different carrier agents in powders revealed two shapes, regular spherical shape with smooth surface and collapsed shapes. The use of polymers excipients helped to decrease the stickiness of the desired product and enhanced the powder stability and microencapsulation of the steroidal saponins.

Capsaicinoids are the main bioactive compounds extracted from chili pepper seeds (CPSs) but other bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds may be found. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) improves the extraction of bioactive compounds from fruits and seeds. The aim of this study was to establish the cellulase-assisted extraction conditions of capsaicinoids and phenolic compounds from Habanero CPSs ( Capsicum chinense ) and to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the obtained extracts on murine macrophages. EAE was performed using different temperatures (T1 = 30°C, T2 = 45°C and T3 = 60°C), enzyme concentrations (E1 = 2,500 UI/L and E2 = 250 UI/L), and extraction time periods (0-150 min). Total phenolic compounds were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, capsaicin (CAP) and dihydrocapsaicin (DHC) contents were evaluated by HPLC, and anti-inflammatory activity was performed with Griess assay on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell culture. The highest phenolic compound content (337.96 mg GAE/L) was achieved at 30°C, 2,500 UI/L, and 150 min of extraction. The highest CAP content (310.23 μg/ml) was obtained at 45°C with 250 UI/L for 150 min, while for DHC (167.72 μg/ml), the conditions were 60°C, 2,500 UI/L, and 120 min. The highest anti-inflammatory response was obtained when 60°C, E2, and 150 min were used for the extraction, and nitric oxide (NO) production was reduced to 22.56%. Based on the results obtained in this research, EAE allowed the recovery of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity from CPS using water as a solvent. There was a correlation between the extraction of CAP and DHC. But although a moderate direct correlation between the concentration of capsaicinoids and total phenolic compounds (TPCs) and an inverse correlation of the presence of the bioactive compounds (TPC, CAP, and DHC) with the NO synthesis, these were not statistically significant. We demonstrated that Habanero seeds are an important raw material to recover anti-inflammatory compounds beyond capsaicinoids using water in EAE., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Cortes-Ferre, Antunes-Ricardo and Gutiérrez-Uribe.)

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill (OFI) is considered a natural source of bioactive phytochemicals, mainly isorhamnetin glycosides (IRGs). These compounds have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, among others. The development of a suitable delivery system for these compounds is needed to improve their chemical and biological stability. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of fabrication and characterization of IRG-loaded gelatin (GL) forcespun fibers and crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GTA). Two different percentages (25% and 30% w / v ) of GL were evaluated with 12% ( w / v ) OFI flour to obtain nanofibers GL/OFI1 and GL/OFI2, respectively. The morphology and physicochemical properties of the fibers were investigated. The results indicated that the diameters of the fibers were on the nanoscale. The amount of IRGs was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The IRGs release and the cytocompatibility of the nanofibers were also evaluated. GL concentration significantly affected the IRG release. Among both nanofibers, the GL/OFI2 nanofiber achieved a cumulative IRGs release of 63% after 72 h. Both fibers were shown to be biocompatible with human skin/fibroblast cells. Specifically, GL/OFI1 nanofibers exhibited favorable features for their application as an extract-coupled release system. The IRGs-embedded GL nanofiber mats may become a good alternative for the delivery of phytochemicals for the health sector and biomedical applications.

The objective of this study was to produce maize extrudates supplemented with germinated chickpea flour to increase the contents of resistant starch (RS) and protein. Six extrudates were formulated using maize grits (ME), germinated chickpea flour (GCE) and different blends of maize and 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of germinated chickpea flour (MGCE-10, MGCE-20, MGCE-30, or MGCE-40). Increase of RS was observed in the defatted samples due to germinated chickpea flour addition. In the nondefatted samples, the highest content of RS was observed in GCE followed by ME and the different MGCE. Interaction between fat, starch, and protein by improved intramolecular association was assessed by Fourier transform- infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Amylose-lipid complexes in nondefatted samples increased the content of RS in comparison to defatted samples. The highest expansion index was obtained in MGCE-30 and MGCE-40. ME had the highest hardness and crispiness. Germinated chickpea flour increased the water absorption index (WAI), but reduced water solubility index (WSI) when it was combined with maize grits to produce extrudates. The in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was higher in the GCE and MGCE with more than 20% of germinated chickpea flour compared to ME. MGCE-20 and MGCE-30 showed the highest acceptability of the supplemented extrudates with 50% more protein than ME, a similar IVPD to that of GCE, and good functional characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Combining maize and germinated chickpea flour is a good strategy to have a controlled digestibility of starch and increase the plant based protein content in healthier snacks., (© 2022 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Phenolic compounds (PC), can modulate the immune response. UV-C irradiation, commonly used as a minimal processing method in fresh-foods to reduce the microbial load, increase shelf-life, provide a minimal processing and facilitate the release of PC. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intestinal (IF) and fermented (FF) fractions of non-irradiated (NIPB) and irradiated (IPB) pineapple snack-bars on the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in mice macrophages. IF of NIPB and IPB exerted an immunomodulatory effect by promoting the production of NO (26 pg/mL) in both treatments, COX-2 (438 and 399 pg/mL), and TNF-α (778 and 802 pg/mL) for NIPB and IPB respectively. The TNF-α increased in IF of NIPB and IPB approximately 371 %, and in FF, only increased 132 %. The NO production was not different between IF and FF. COX-2 production was higher in FF., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Recently, Apolipoprotein CIII (Apo-CIII) has gained remarkable attention since its overexpression has been strongly correlated to cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurrence. The aim of this review was to summarize the latest findings of Apo-CIII as a CVDs and diabetes risk factor, as well as the plausible mechanisms involved in the development of these pathologies, with particular emphasis on current clinical and dietetic therapies., Data Synthesis: Apo-CIII is a small protein (∼8.8 kDa) that, among other functions, inhibits lipoprotein lipase, a key enzyme in lipid metabolism. Apo-CIII plays a fundamental role in the physiopathology of atherosclerosis, type-1, and type-2 diabetes. Apo-CIII has become a potential clinical target to tackle these multifactorial diseases. Dietetic (omega-3 fatty acids, stanols, polyphenols, lycopene) and non-dietetic (fibrates, statins, and antisense oligonucleotides) therapies have shown promising results to regulate Apo-CIII and triglyceride levels. However, more information from clinical trials is required to validate it as a new target for atherosclerosis and diabetes types 1 and 2., Conclusions: There are still several pathways involving Apo-CIII regulation that might be affected by bioactive compounds that need further research. The mechanisms that trigger metabolic responses following bioactive compounds consumption are mainly related to higher LPL expression and PPARα activation, although the complete pathways are yet to be elucidated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2021 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nanofibers have emerged as a potential novel platform due to their physicochemical properties for healthcare applications. Nanofibers' advantages rely on their high specific surface-area-to-volume and highly porous mesh. Their peculiar assembly allows cell accommodation, nutrient infiltration, gas exchange, waste excretion, high drug release rate, and stable structure. This review provided comprehensive information on the design and development of natural-based polymer nanofibers with the incorporation of herbal medicines for the treatment of common diseases and their in vivo studies. Natural and synthetic polymers have been widely used for the fabrication of nanofibers capable of mimicking extracellular matrix structure. Among them, natural polymers are preferred because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and similarity with extracellular matrix proteins. Herbal bioactive compounds from natural extracts have raised special interest due to their prominent beneficial properties in healthcare. Nanofiber properties allow these systems to serve as bioactive compound carriers to generate functional matrices with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-viral, and other properties which have been studied in vitro and in vivo, mostly to prove their wound healing capacity and anti-inflammation properties.

There is a lack of understanding of risk factors and postoperative outcomes of syndesmotic injuries with singular versus multipart fractures. A retrospective analysis was done between 2008 and 2016, utilizing the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Improvement Program database. Patients with open reduction and internal fixation of isolated lateral malleolus fractures, bimalleolar fractures, or trimalleolar fractures were identified. A total of 2045 patients underwent syndesmotic fixation. Subjects with bimalleolar or trimalleolar fractures were more likely than those with unimalleolar fractures to be Caucasian (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5 and 1.9), female (OR = 1.8 and 2.9), aged > 65 years (OR = 1.6 and 1.9), or have American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification III (OR =1.5 and 1.4) (all, P ≤ 0.028). Patients with a unimalleolar fracture were more likely than those with a bimalleolar or trimalleolar fracture to be male (OR = 1.8 and 2.9), African American (OR = 1.5 and 1.8), aged < 30 years (OR = 1.4 and 1.8), or present with an ASA I classification (OR = 1.6 and 2.0) (all, P ≤ 0.004). Subjects with bimalleolar or trimalleolar fractures were more likely than those with unimalleolar fractures to have lengthier hospital stays (OR = 1.8 and 2.1), while patients with trimalleolar fractures were more likely than those with unimalleolar fractures to have hypoalbuminemia (OR = 2.3), develop a complication (OR = 2.2) or an open wound (OR = 1.9), or to be readmitted (OR = 2.2) (all, P ≤ 0.036). In this study, comorbidity rates and adverse postoperative outcomes significantly increased as the number-part fractures increased in syndesmotic fixation patients. Risk factors also varied across fracture severity.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica extract (OFI-E) and its glycoside isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-rhamnoside (IGR) on the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and in a xenografted-immunosuppressed mice model. The IC 50 values of OFI-E and IGR on colon cancer cells (HT-29 RFP) were determinate, as well as their effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis induction. OFI-E and IGR produced an increased in apoptosis induction, ROS production and a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In xenografted-inmunosupressed mice, OFI-E and IGR reduced the tumor growth rate, myeloperoxidase activity and total cholesterol levels. OFI-E and IGR reduced the tumor growth through the overexpression of cleaved Caspase-9, Hdac11, and Bai1 proteins. OFI-E reduced the expression of bcl-2. Results demonstrated the chemopreventive effects of OFI-E, and its purified compound IGR, showing their potential as an alternative in the treatment of colorectal cancer., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Extruded polyphenol-rich by-products like mango bagasse (MB) could be used to manufacture functional confections. However, few reports have assessed the extrusion impact on MB polyphenols within a food matrix. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of extrusion on the bioaccessibility, intestinal permeability, and antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds (PC) from non-extruded and extruded MB-added confections (EMBC and MBC, respectively). The inhibition of 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and in silico approaches were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. MBC displayed the highest gastric bioaccessibility (%) of xanthones and flavonoids, whereas selective release of gallic acid, mangiferin, and quercetin glucoside was shown for EMBC. Lower PC' apparent permeability coefficients were found in EMBC compared to MB (0.11 to 0.44-fold change, p < 0.05). EMBC displayed the highest antioxidant capacity by the DPPH method for the non-digestible fraction, being mangiferin the highest in silico contributor (-4 kcal/mol). Our results showed that the extrusion process helps release selective phenolics from MBC, which increases their bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is commonly used as an adjunct to resuscitation and bridge to definitive control of non-compressible torso hemorrhage in patients with hemorrhagic shock. It has also been performed for patients with neurogenic shock to support the central aortic pressure necessary for cerebral, coronary and spinal cord perfusion. Although volume replacement and vasopressors are the cornerstones of the management of neurogenic shock, we believe that a REBOA can be used as an adjunct in carefully selected cases to prevent prolonged hypotension and the risk of further anoxic spinal cord injury. This manuscript aims to propose a new damage control algorithmic approach to refractory neurogenic shock that includes the use of a REBOA in Zone 3. There are still unanswered questions on spinal cord perfusion and functional outcomes using a REBOA in Zone 3 in trauma patients with refractory neurogenic shock. However, we believe that its use in these case scenarios can be beneficial to the overall outcome of these patients., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Colombia Medica.)

Low bacterial diversity in the gut has been associated with the development of several diseases. Agave sap concentrate (ASC) is obtained from the thermal treatment of the fresh sap called "aguamiel", an artisanal Mexican food. In this study, we assessed the microbial diversity from three different ASC producing regions in Mexico using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and evaluated their resistance to an in vitro gastrointestinal process as well as their ability to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Seven phyla and 120 genera were detected in ASC samples; Firmicutes had the highest relative read abundance at the phylum level, whereas Bacillus was the most abundant genus. Bacterial diversity at phylum and genus levels was highly dependent on the region where ASC was produced. The microbiota from a selected sample was resistant to low pH conditions, bile salts and intestinal enzymes. Moreover, bacteria were able to survive and grow in the colonic environment. SCFA production was comparable with that observed for a well-known probiotic, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, that was used as control. These findings demonstrate that ASC contains a bacterial ecosystem with potential probiotic benefits., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To assess the success rate and complications of the surgical interventions used to manage chronic syndesmosis injuries., Methods: Multiple online databases were queried to identify studies reporting operative intervention for chronic syndesmosis injuries., Results: Modalities of operative fixation include suture-button fixation, arthroscopy and debridement, as well as arthrodesis. The use of operative treatment is effective; however, more direct comparison studies are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment., Conclusion: Various operative procedures have been used for the management of chronic syndesmotic injuries but further prospective studies are necessary to determine the type of treatment that should be indicated., (© 2020 Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Current nationwide epidemiological data regarding ankle fractures are scarce. Such information is important towards better quantifying the mortality associated with such injuries, financial impact, as well as the implementation of preventative measures. This study evaluated the epidemiology of ankle fractures that occurred during a 5-year period. Specifically, we evaluated demographics, mechanism of injury, and disposition. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried to identify all patients with ankle fractures that presented to US hospital emergency departments between 2012 and 2016. Census data were used to determine the incidence rates of ankle fractures in terms of age, sex, and race. There was an estimated total of 673,214 ankle fractures that occurred during this period, with an incidence rate of 4.22/10,000 person-years. The mean age of patients with an ankle fracture was 37 ± 22.86 (SD) years; 23.5% of ankle fractures occurred in patients aged 10 to 19 years (7.56/10,000 person-years). In addition, 44% of ankle fractures occurred in men (3.81/10,000 person-years), whereas 56% occurred in women (4.63/10,000 person-years). Data on race/ethnicity were available for 71% of the subjects, with incidence rates of 2.85/10,000 person-years for whites, 3.01/10,000 person-years for blacks, and 4.08/10,000 person-years for others. The most common mechanism of injury was falls (54.83%), followed by sports (20.76%), exercise (16.84%), jumping (4.42%), trauma (2.84%), and other (0.30%). For disposition, 81.84% of patients were treated and released, 1.43% were transferred, 16.01% were admitted, 0.59% were held for observation, and 0.13% left against medical advice. The highest incidence of ankle fractures in men occurred in the 10-to-19-years age group, but women were more commonly affected in all other age groups., (Copyright © 2019 the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules of 19-23 nucleotides of RNA that act as regulators of the expression of proteins in eukaryotic cells. Currently, the participation of miRNAs in the development of different types of cancer has been observed. To evaluate the inhibitory effect of kaempferol-3- O -glycoside on the expression of oncological biomarkers, miR31 and miR92a in a colon cancer cell line (RKO) were analyzed. Cells were cultured and treated with 1 mM kaempferol-3- O -glycoside isolated from black bean. Expression levels of miR31 and miR92a were evaluated by real-time PCR using TaqMan probes; in addition, two oncogenes (KRAS and c-MYC) and two tumor suppressors (AMP-activated protein kinase [AMPK] and adenomatous tumors of polyposis coli [APC]) were quantified to validate the biological effects; normalization of expression levels were carried out by 2 -ΔΔCt . Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The expression levels of miR31, miR92a, KRAS oncogene, and the c-MYC transcription factor were subexpressed upon 72 h post-treatment with kaempferol-3- O -glycoside compared with the control without treatment ( P < .05); in contrast, the tumor suppressor genes AMPK (∼4.85, P  = .005) and APC (∼2.71, P  = .066) tumor suppressors genes were overexpressed. Our results showed the inhibitory effect of isolated black bean flavonoid kaempferol-3- O -glycoside on cancer biomarkers: miR31 and miR92a; based on our results, this flavonoid may have interesting nutritional, therapeutic, and/or prophylactic applications to combat colon cancer.

In search of pharmaceutically active products to control type 2 diabetes, five brown seaweeds ( Silvetia compressa , Cystoseira osmundacea , Ecklonia arborea , Pterygophora californica , and Egregia menziesii ) from the Northwest Mexican Pacific coast were investigated. Proximate composition and total polyphenol content (TPC) as phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE) were determined for the five seaweed powders and their respective hydroethanolic (1 : 1) extracts. Extracts were screened for their radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ORAC) and glycosidase inhibitory activity. HPLC-DAD, HPLC-MS-TOF, and ATR-FT-IR methodologies were used to identify the most abundant phlorotannins and sulfated polysaccharides in the extracts. Hydroethanolic extracts contained minerals (17 to 59% of the dry matter), proteins (4 to 9%), ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides (5.4 to 53%), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) (24.4 to 70.1%), lipids (5 to 12%), and TPC (2.6 to 47.7 g PGE per 100 g dry extract). S. compressa and E. arborea dry extracts presented the lowest ash content (26 and 17%, respectively) and had some of the highest phenolic (47.7 and 15.2 g PGE per 100 g extract), NFE (57.3 and 70.1%), and soluble polysaccharide (19.7 and 53%) contents. S. compressa and E. arborea extracts had the highest antioxidant activity (IC 50 DPPH 1.7 and 3.7 mg mL -1 ; ORAC 0.817 and 0.801 mmol Trolox equivalent/g extract) and the highest α -amylase and α -glucosidase inhibitory capacities (IC 50 940 and 1152  μ g mL -1 against α -amylase and 194 and 647  μ g mL -1 against α -glucosidase). The most abundant phlorotannins identified in the extracts were phloretol, fucophloroethol, and two- and three-phloroglucinol unit (PGU) phlorotannins. Laminarin, fucoidan, and alginate were among the sulfated polysaccharides identified in the extracts. The bioactivities of S. compressa and E. arborea extracts were mainly related with their contents of three PGU phlorotannins and sulfated polysaccharides (e.g., fucoidan, laminarin, and alginate). These results suggest S. compressa and E. arborea are potential candidates for food products and nutraceutical and pharmaceutical preparations, and as additives for diabetes management., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 Ana Rocío Múzquiz de la Garza et al.)

This experiment was conducted to explore rumen carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) species equilibrium. Three lactating, fistulated cattle were consecutively exposed to three dietary treatments tailored to produce low rumen pH and increase the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) by reducing physically effective neutral detergent fiber (Low pe NDF), increasing rumen degradable starch (High RDS) or both (Combined). Under these conditions, high and varied rumen concentrations of the CO 2 associated to water or dissolved CO 2 (dCO 2 ) were found. The results suggest that the activity of dCO 2 and bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) represents an important component of the rumen environment. Rumen CO 2 holdup was associated with high dCO 2 and HCO 3 - activity as well as changes in the viscosity and surface tension of the rumen fluid. All dietary treatments produced low rumen pH, <5.5 for >3 h/d, a condition associated with SARA, but clinical SARA was observed only during CO 2 holdup. This pilot study highlights the possible role of CO 2 holdup and rumen CO 2 species in cattle performance and nutritional diseases. In the future, better estimations of CO 2 species might help clarify these findings., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science.)

This work aimed to evaluate the mechanisms involved in the apoptosis induction of isorhamnetin-3-O-glucosyl-pentoside (IGP) in metastatic human colon cancer cells (HT-29). To achieve this, we assessed phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, cell membrane disruption, chromatin condensation, cell cycle alterations, mitochondrial damage, ROS production, and caspase-dependence on cell death. Our results showed that IGP induced cell death on HT-29 cells through PS exposure (48%) and membrane permeabilization (30%) as well as nuclear condensation (54%) compared with control cells. Moreover, IGP treatment induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Bax/Bcl-2 ratio increased and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (63%) was observed in IGP-treated cells. Finally, as apoptosis is a caspase-dependent cell death mechanism, we used a pancaspase-inhibitor (Q-VD-OPh) to demonstrate that the cell death induced by IGP was caspase-dependent. Overall these results indicated that IGP induced apoptosis through caspase-dependent mitochondrial damage in HT-29 colon cancer cells., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Germination in the presence of selenium (Se) is an alternative to increase the healthy properties of seeds. This study aimed to compare the Se accumulation in different protein fractions from germinated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and the effect on digestibility and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) of protein hydrolysates. Chickpeas were germinated during four days after soaking with sodium selenite (0, 1, or 2 mg/100 g seeds). Total protein (TP) and glutelin (Glu), albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glo) fractions were digested and ultrafiltrated through a 10 kDa membrane. Se accumulated in the order of Glu > Alb > Glo. Ultrafiltrated Glu hydrolysate of four days germinated chickpeas treated with 2 mg Na 2 SeO 3 /100 g increased CAA (51.47%), demonstrating the potential health benefits of selenization. The intensity of vicilin bands (34-37 kDa) increased from the second to the fourth day compared with the control samples. Glo digestibility was higher in selenized chickpea sprouts., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Selenium is an essential mineral in human nutrition. In order to assess its effect on the stability of chickpea oil, seeds were germinated and tested with different amounts of sodium selenite (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/100g seeds) for four days. Oil was extracted from sprouted chickpea and its physical properties, fatty acid profile (FAME), oxidative stability index (OSI), lipase and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities, cellular antioxidant activity (CAA), and phenolics and carotenoids were assessed and compared to chickpea seed oil. The amount of chickpea oil and its acid value (AV) increased during germination. The OSI increased by 28%, 46% and 14% for 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/100g compared with non-selenium treated sprouts. Phenolics increased up to 36% and carotenoids reduced by half in germinated sprouts with and without selenium compared to seeds. Carotenoids increased by 16% in sprouts treated with 1.0 mg/100 g selenium compared to their counterparts without selenium. FAME was not affected by treatments but samples with the highest selenium concentration increased lipase activity by 19% and decreased lipoxygenase activity by 55% compared with untreated sprouts. The CAA of oils increased by 43% to 66% in all germinated treatments compared with seeds. Results suggest that Se-enriched chickpea sprouts could represent an excellent source of oil with a high OSI and CAA, associated with a reduction in LOX activity and an increase in phenolics, respectively.

Different oregano species have been traditionally used as infusions in folk medicine. Oregano medicinal properties, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, have been partially attributed to its polyphenolic content. However, information regarding bioaccessibility of oregano polyphenols is limited. Cell-based antioxidant activity, and in vitro hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic properties of polyphenolic extracts from three species of oregano species, namely, Hedeoma patens (HP), Lippia graveolens (LG) and Lippia palmeri (LP), subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion were evaluated. LC-TOF-MS analysis of HP, LG and LP allowed the identification of 9 flavonoids and 6 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives with nutraceutical significance. Oregano polyphenolic extracts and digests from HP, LG, and LP exhibited cellular antioxidant capacity, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. Altogether, our results suggest that HP, LG and LP polyphenols exhibit potential for use as hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant agents., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Biocompatible and biodegradable membrane treatments for regeneration of bone are nowadays a promising solution in the medical field. Bioresorbable polymers are extensively used in membrane elaboration, where polycaprolactone (PCL) is used as base polymer. The goal of this work was to improve electrospun membranes' biocompatibility and antibacterial properties by adding micro- and nanoparticles such as Ag, TiO₂ and Na₂Ti₆O 13 . Micro/nanofiber morphologies of the obtained membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and a tensile test. Also, for this study optical microscopy was used to observe DAPI-stained cells. Membranes of the different systems were electrospun to an average diameter of 1.02⁻1.76 μm. To evaluate the biological properties, cell viability was studied by growing NIH/3T3 cells on the microfibers. PCL/TiO₂ strength was enhanced from 0.6 MPa to 6.3 MPa in comparison with PCL without particles. Antibacterial activity was observed in PCL/TiO₂ and PCL/Na₂Ti₆O 13 electrospun membranes using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Bioactivity of the membranes was confirmed with simulated body fluid (SBF) treatment. From this study, the ceramic particles TiO₂ and Na₂Ti₆O 13 , combined with a PCL matrix with micro/nanoparticles, enhanced cell proliferation, adhesion and antibacterial properties. The electrospun composite with Na₂Ti₆O 13 can be considered viable for tissue regenerative processes.

It is largely unknown how processing affects bioactive potential of chickpea proteins to prevent bowel inflammatory diseases. The aim was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of protein concentrates from germinated and cooked chickpeas (GC and CC, respectively) and its relationship with protein and isoflavone composition before and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and absorption. Anti-inflammatory activity of GC digests was almost 2-fold higher than CC digests (p < 0.05), which was associated to greater content of peptides, formononetin and biochanin A (p < 0.05). Anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic fraction in digests was 7-fold higher than the protein fraction (p < 0.05). The most active peptide fraction from GC digest (IC 50  = 93 µg/mL) contained a total of 24 peptides derived from legumin and vicilin. In conclusion, this study stands out the potential of germinated chickpea proteins concentrates to exert anti-inflammatory effects in the lower gut which may contribute to the prevention of bowel inflammatory diseases., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Power ultrasound is applied in food technology to intensify extraction processes, due to the phenomena ultrasonic energy induces in the medium, enhancing mass transfer. The purpose of this work was the acoustic characterization of four transducers of different geometries and the evaluation of their performance in the ultrasonically assisted supercritical fluid extraction of antioxidants from oregano. The transducers differed in the amount of energy transmitted into the medium. Designs varied from the base model (T1), a larger cylindrical headmass (T2), a stepped circular section sonotrode (T3) and a multiplate configuration (T4). The highest nominal power density provided according to the calorimetric method was for T4 (151.6 ± 7.1 W/L). The T2 produced a more uniform acoustic field and a higher acoustic pressure (150.6 ± 20.5 kPa). Both parameters had an impact on total phenolics and antioxidants extraction with CO 2 under supercritical conditions (35 MPa, 35 °C, 2.3% ethanol as co-solvent). T4 and T2 were equally efficient (4.0 ± 0.2 and 4.2 ± 0.2 mg GA/g) for phenolic extraction, and with respect to antioxidant capacity, the best performance was that of T4 (26.4 ± 1.1 μmol TE/g). Of the antioxidant compounds extracted, flavones and flavanones were identified. Therefore, transducer geometry influenced the amount and distribution of energy transmitted into the medium, thus determining the efficiency of the extraction process., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Regulating activities of α -amylase and α -glucosidase through the use of specific inhibitors is a main strategy for controlling type 2 diabetes. Smilax aristolochiifolia root decoctions are traditionally used in Mexico as hypoglycemic and for weight loss, but the active principles and mechanisms underlying such putative metabolic effects are yet unknown. Here, we isolated the major bioactive compounds from a hydroethanolic extract of S. aristolochiifolia root by fast centrifugal partition chromatography and evaluated their effects against pancreatic α -amylase and yeast α -glucosidase. A chlorogenic acid-rich fraction (CAF) inhibited α -amylase activity with an IC 50 value of 59.28  μ g/mL in an uncompetitive manner and α -glucosidase activity with an IC 50 value of 9.27  μ g/mL in a noncompetitive mode. Also, an astilbin-rich fraction (ABF) inhibited α -glucosidase activity with an IC 50 value of 12.30  μ g/mL, in a noncompetitive manner. CAF inhibition α -amylase was as active as acarbose while both CAF and ABF were 50-fold more potent inhibitors of α -glucosidase than acarbose. The molecular docking results of chlorogenic acid and astilbin with α -amylase and α -glucosidase enzymes correlated with the inhibition mechanisms suggested by enzymatic assays. Our results prove that S. aristolochiifolia roots contain chlorogenic acid and astilbin, which inhibit carbohydrates-hydrolyzing enzymes, suggesting a new mechanism for the hypoglycemic effect reported for this plant.

Background: We describe a 75-year-old woman who experienced vision loss in her left eye due to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA). She subsequently developed pachymeningitis causing refractory headaches and bilateral optic neuropathy and maculopathy., Methods: Case report with literature review., Results: Eighteen months after the initial diagnosis of GCA, imaging studies in our patient demonstrated pachymeningeal enhancement, and meningeal biopsy confirmed lymphoplasmacytic tissue infiltrates with low frequencies of IgG4+ plasma cells. Laboratory investigation revealed the presence of 3 antiretinal antibodies and antimyeloperoxidase antibodies, consistent with autoimmune retinopathy. Treatment with B-cell-depleting anti-CD20 antibodies suppressed meningeal inflammation and prevented further vision loss., Conclusions: This case illustrates that bilateral vision loss and chronic headaches in patients with GCA may result from retina-directed autoimmunity and pachymeningitis.

Mango ( Mangifera indica cv. Ataulfo) peel contains bound phenolics that may be released by alkaline or acid hydrolysis and may be converted into less complex molecules. Free phenolics from mango cv. Ataulfo peel were obtained using a methanolic extraction, and their cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and permeability were compared to those obtained for bound phenolics released by alkaline or acid hydrolysis. Gallic acid was found as a simple phenolic acid after alkaline hydrolysis along with mangiferin isomers and quercetin as aglycone and glycosides. Only gallic acid, ethyl gallate, mangiferin, and quercetin were identified in the acid fraction. The acid and alkaline fractions showed the highest CAA (60.5% and 51.5%) when tested at 125 µg/mL. The value of the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) across the Caco-2/HT-29 monolayer of gallic acid from the alkaline fraction was higher (2.61 × 10 -6 cm/s) than in the other fractions and similar to that obtained when tested pure (2.48 × 10 -6 cm/s). In conclusion, mango peels contain bound phenolic compounds that, after their release, have permeability similar to pure compounds and exert an important CAA. This finding can be applied in the development of nutraceuticals using this important by-product from the mango processing industry., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Phenolic-protein interactions (PPI), which naturally occur in most food systems, are being intentionally designed to enhance functional performance of phenolic compounds (PC). PPI have been primarily associated with changes related to sensorial, nutritional, and nutraceutical features of foods. Furthermore, these interactions affect properties such as astringency, protein digestibility, absorption, and bioavailability of antioxidants. Therefore, new product development should pay attention to these interactions and not only on the concentration of PC. PPI protect PC from degradation due to enzymatic attack or pH changes in the lumen of the intestinal tract. Due to PPI, PC are delivered to the colon where they are metabolized by the microbiota and generate an antioxidant environment. Interactions with proteins also may enhance the antiproliferative activity of PC in some specific tumor cell lines. In this review, the effects of PPI that affect both food properties and health benefits are discussed.

Background: Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a very common legume seed in Mexican diet. Flavonoids and crude extracts from different plants have been reported as effective agents for chemoprevention and cytotoxicity in several cancer cell lines. We investigated the effects of black bean hulls extract (BBE) and its flavonoid fraction (FF) on lymphoma cells., Methods: BBE and FF were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Viability and flow cytometry assays were carried out. Finally, a mouse model was generated to test the in vivo effect of both fractions., Results: Both BBE and FF inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent way. In addition, cells underwent apoptosis, and the cellular population at S-phase increased after exposure to these fractions. Furthermore, mice treated with BBE or FF increased the overall survival by 5 or 6 days, respectively, in comparison with a placebo group (p = 0.056)., Discussion: BBE and FF had cytotoxic action by driving OCI-Ly7 cells into apoptosis as well as blocking progression to G2/M phase. In addition, BBE and FF treatments were effective in xenograft models., (Copyright: © 2017 SecretarÍa de Salud.)

The routine workup of hallux valgus includes measurements of the distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA). However, this angle may not be a reliable measurement when rotational deformities occur. Eight matched cadaveric feet were evaluated radiographically using fluoroscopy. The intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux valgus angle, and DMAA were evaluated as a baseline. Then, we assessed whether axial rotation of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° affected the accuracy of the IMA and the DMAA significantly. Statistical evaluation was performed using Student's t tests and analysis of variance. The IMA remained stable for each anterior-posterior image despite rotation of the distal segment, with a mean difference of less than 2.5°. However, the DMAA was not constant, having different angles of rotation through the osteotomy site. We were able to demonstrate that measurement of the DMAA varies significantly with rotation of the distal first metatarsal. Using the DMAA to assess first metatarsophalangeal joint congruency should be done cautiously because it may estimate unreliably and inaccurately the 3D deformity often encountered in pathologic hallux valgus.

Isorhamnetin glycosides are representative compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica that possess different biological activities. There is slight information about the changes in bioaccessibility induced by the glycosylation pattern of flavonoids, particularly for isorhamnetin. In this study, the bioaccessibility and permeability of isorhamnetin glycosides extracted from O. ficus-indica were contrasted with an isorhamnetin standard. Also, the plasma stability of these isorhamnetin glycosides after intravenous administration in rats was evaluated. Recoveries of isorhamnetin after oral and gastric digestion were lower than that observed for its glycosides. After intestinal digestion, isorhamnetin glycosides recoveries were reduced to less than 81.0%. The apparent permeability coefficient from apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) direction (Papp (AP-BL) ) of isorhamnetin was 2.6 to 4.6-fold higher than those obtained for its glycosides. Isorhamnetin diglycosides showed higher Papp (AP-BL) values than triglycosides. Sugar substituents affected the Papp (AP-BL) of the triglycosides. Isorhamnetin glycosides were better retained in the circulatory system than the aglycone. After intravenous dose of the isorhamnetin standard, the elimination half-life was 0.64 h but increased to 1.08 h when the O. ficus-indica extract was administered. These results suggest that isorhamnetin glycosides naturally found in O. ficus-indica could be a controlled delivery system to maintain a constant plasmatic concentration of this important flavonoid to exert its biological effects in vivo., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Isoflavonoid compositions, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and antioxidant capacity were evaluated in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sprouts germinated after soaking with different sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3 ) concentrations (0, 1 and 2mg/100g seeds). Chickpea seeds were germinated during four days at 24°C and the isoflavonoid profiles and concentrations evaluated by HPLC-UV daily during four days of germination. Eleven isoflavones and two pterocarpan phytoalexins forms were identified in sprouts, being malonylated formononetin glycoside, formononetin, isoformononetin glycoside and malonylated biochanin A glycoside the major compounds. Compared to untreated sprouts, total isoflavonoid, PAL activity and antioxidant capacity showed a remarkable increase of 83%, 56%, and 33%, respectively in chickpea sprouts that were treated with a high sodium selenite content (2mg/100g seeds). Results suggest that Se-enriched chickpea sprouts could represent a good source of dietary Se and as an upgraded source of isoflavonoids., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Corn lime cooking generates a large amount of wastewater known as nejayote that is composed of suspended solids and solubilized phytochemicals. Spray drying can be an alternative to recover bioactive molecules, such as ferulic acid, from nejayote. Besides the yield, the physicochemical properties (solubility, water activity, pH, moisture, hygroscopicity, total phenolic content, and distribution of free and bound hydroxycinnamic acids) of spray-dried nejayote powders were analyzed. The powders were obtained at 200 °C/100 °C or 150 °C/75 °C (inlet/outlet) air temperatures with the addition of maltodextrin (MD) or 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HBCD) as encapsulating agents. Even when no carrier agent was used, a spray-dried nejayote powder was produced. The use of MD or HBCD as carrier increased the yield from 60.26% to 68.09% or 71.83%, respectively. As expected, a high inlet temperature (200 °C) allowed a satisfactory yield (>70%) and a low powder moisture (2.5%) desired by the industry. Water activity was reduced from 0.586 to 0.307 when HBCD was used in combination with a drying inlet temperature of 150 °C; and from 0.488 to 0.280 when the inlet temperature was set at 200 °C. Around 100% bioaccessibility of the compounds was observed after in vitro digestion. The addition of HBCD increased the release time (P < 0.05). Under simulated physiological conditions, there was no reduction of total phenolics, suggesting a good stability. This paper showed the feasibility to engage the spray drying technology to the corn industry to minimize their residues and reuse their by-products., (© 2017 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

The effects of selenium enrichment on the biological efficiency, phenolic compounds, amino acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) were evaluated in Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies (FB) harvested during three sequential flushes. Sodium selenate was used to reach selenium content of 17.5 or 5.8 mg/kg in the sorghum straw substrate. Biological efficiency and total selenium content increased. One of the main differences among treatments was in ergothioneine content, an indicator of oxidative stress that was positively related with valine and isoleucine contents and negatively related to leucine and phenylalanine. Besides ergothioneine, nucleosides derived from adenine and uracyl were the major peaks observed in all treatments, and coumaric and ferulic acids were found in the bound phenolics extract. Selenium enrichment also affected the antioxidant capacity, and particularly the methanolic extract obtained from the second flush of FB cultivated in selenium-enriched substrate (17.5 mg/kg) had the best CAA.

Obesity and its comorbidities are a severe public health problem worldwide. The use of bioactive compounds found in some foods has been demonstrated to ameliorate the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the bioactive compounds present in aguamiel concentrate (AC) from Agave salmiana could attenuate glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high fat (HF) diet. HPLC-ELSD analysis showed that AC contained several saponins. The consumption of an AC extract rich in saponins reduced weight gain and fat mass and lowered serum glucose, insulin and LDL-cholesterol levels in mice fed a HF diet. Additionally, mice fed the saponin extract exhibited a reduced HOMA index and hepatic lipid levels and increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Saponins increased white adipose tissue browning, AMPK phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle and energy expenditure in mice fed the HF diet. These metabolic changes were accompanied by an increase in the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut microbiota. Therefore, Agave salmiana saponins can be an alternative to attenuate the metabolic changes that accompany obesity.